START (StAR-related lipid-transfer) is a lipid-binding domain in StAR, HD-ZIP and signalling proteins. The archetypical domain is found in StAR (

Steroidogenic acute regulatory protein The steroidogenic acute regulatory protein, commonly referred to as StAR (STARD1), is a transport protein that regulates cholesterol transfer within the mitochondria, which is the rate-limiting step in the production of steroid hormones. It is p ...

), a mitochondrial protein that is synthesized in

steroid A steroid is a biologically active organic compound with four rings arranged in a specific molecular configuration. Steroids have two principal biological functions: as important components of cell membranes that alter membrane fluidity; and ...

-producing cells. StAR initiates steroid production by mediating the delivery of cholesterol to the first enzyme in steroidogenic pathway. The START domain is critical for this activity, perhaps through the binding of cholesterol. Following the discovery of StAR, 15 START-domain-containing proteins (termed STARD1 through STARD15) were subsequently identified in vertebrates as well as other that are related. Thousands of proteins containing at least one START domain have been determined in

invertebrates Invertebrates are a paraphyletic group of animals that neither possess nor develop a vertebral column (commonly known as a ''backbone'' or ''spine''), derived from the notochord. This is a grouping including all animals apart from the chordate ...

bacteria Bacteria (; singular: bacterium) are ubiquitous, mostly free-living organisms often consisting of one biological cell. They constitute a large domain of prokaryotic microorganisms. Typically a few micrometres in length, bacteria were am ...

and plants to form a larger superfamily, variously known as START, Bet v1-like or SRPBCC (START/RHOalphaC/ PITP/Bet v1/CoxG/CalC) domain proteins, all of which bind hydrophobic ligands. In the case of plants, many of the START proteins fall into the category of putative lipid/sterol-binding homeodomain (HD) transcription factors or HD-START proteins. Representatives of the START domain family bind different substances or ligands such as sterols (e.g., StAR or STARD1) and lipids like

phosphatidylcholine Phosphatidylcholines (PC) are a class of phospholipids that incorporate choline as a headgroup. They are a major component of biological membranes and can be easily obtained from a variety of readily available sources, such as egg yolk or so ...

( phosphatidylcholine transfer protein, also called PCTP or STARD2) and have enzymatic activities. Ligand binding by the START domain in multidomain proteins can also regulate the activities of the other domains, such as the RhoGAP domain, the homeodomain and the thioesterase domain.

Structure

The crystal structure of START domain of human MLN64 shows an alpha/beta fold built around a U-shaped incomplete beta-barrel. Most importantly, the interior of the protein encompasses a 26 × 12 × 11-Angstrom hydrophobic tunnel that is apparently large enough to bind a single cholesterol molecule. The START domain structure revealed an unexpected similarity to that of the birch pollen allergen Bet v 1 and to bacterial polyketide cyclases/aromatases.

Human proteins containing the START domain

START domain-containing proteins in the human are divided into five subfamilies. An exception is StarD9 whose activity remains unknown. Other proteins also exist in the human with domains that are members of the START-based superfamily such as PITP, but are not part of the START domain itself. Mutations in STAR D9 ( KIF16A) have been associated with a syndrome that includes severe ID, characteristic features, epilepsy, acquired microcephaly, and blindness.Okamoto N, Tsuchiya Y, Miya F, Tsunoda T, Yamashita K, Boroevich KA, Kato M, Saitoh S, Yamasaki M, Kanemura Y, Kosaki K, Kitagawa D (2017) A novel genetic syndrome with STARD9 mutation and abnormal spindle morphology. Am J Med Genet The STAR D9 gene encodes a 4.7 kiloDalton amino acid protein which is a member of the kinesin superfamily. C-terminally truncated STAR D9 mutants are known from experimental work to induce spindle assembly defects. In the reported case, several mitotic defects including multipolar spindle formation, fragmentation of pericentriolar materials, and centrosome amplification were found.

Cholesterol/oxysterol binding StarD1/D3 subfamily

These proteins are primarily concerned with cholesterol transport :StAR (STARD1) :MLN64 ( STARD3)

StarD4 subfamily

These proteins are involved in cholesterol and oxysterol transport : STARD4 : STARD5 :STARD6

Phospholipid/sphingolipid binding StarD2 subfamily

: Phosphatidylcholine transfer protein (PCTP/STARD2) : STARD7 : STARD10 : Collagen type IV alpha-3-binding protein (COL4A3BP/Ceramide transfer protein (CERT)/STARD11)

SAM-RhoGAP-START subfamily

These proteins contain both the START domain and Rho-GTPase signaling activity : STARD8 (DLC-3) : DLC1 (STARD12) : STARD13 (DLC-2)

Acyl-CoA thioesterase subfamily

The members of this subfamily possess the START domain and thioesterase activity : ACOT11 (STARD14) : ACOT12 (STARD15)

References

{{InterPro content, IPR002913 Peripheral membrane proteins Protein domains Water-soluble transporters