Royal Robbins

Royal Robbins (February 3, 1935 – March 14, 2017) was one of the pioneers of American rock climbing. After learning to climb at Tahquitz Rock, he went on to make first ascents of many big wall routes in Yosemite. As an early proponent of boltless, pitonless clean climbing, he, along with Yvon Chouinard, was instrumental in changing the climbing culture of the late 1960s and early 1970s by encouraging the use and preservation of the natural features of the rock. He went on to become a well-known kayaker.

Notable ascents

* 1952 First free ascent (FFA) of Open Book (Tahquitz), the first route to be rated 5.9 in the Yosemite Decimal System.
* 1957 '' Northwest Face'' of Half Dome, Yosemite, CA. First grade VI climb in America. With Mike Sherrick and Jerry Gallwas.
* 1960 '' The Nose'', El Capitan, Yosemite, CA. With Tom Frost, Chuck Pratt, and Joe Fitschen, Second Ascent completed in 7 days
* 1961 ''Salathé Wall'', El Capitan, Yosemite, CA. Hardest big wall grade VI climb in world at time of first ascent. With Tom Frost and Chuck Pratt.
* 1962 ''American Direct'', Aiguille du Dru, Mont Blanc Range, France. With Gary Hemming.
* 1963 ''Direct NW Face'' of Half Dome, Yosemite, CA. With Dick McCracken.
* 1963 ''Robbins Route'', Mount Proboscis, Logan Mountains, NWT, Canada. With Jim McCarthy, Layton Kor and Dick McCracken.
* 1964 ''North America Wall'', El Capitan, Yosemite, CA. With Tom Frost, Chuck Pratt and Yvon Chouinard.
* 1964 ''North Face'', Mount Hooker, Wind River Range, Wyoming. With Dick McCracken and Charlie Raymond.
* 1964 ''Danse Macabre'', Devils Tower, Wyoming.
* 1964 ''Final Exam'', Castle Rock, Boulder, CO. With Pat Ament.
* 1964 ''Athlete's Feat'', Castle Rock, Boulder, CO.
* 1965 ''American Direttissima'', Aiguille du Dru, Mont Blanc Range, France. With John Harlin.
* 1965 ''Dihedral Wall'', El Capitan, Yosemite National Park, United States. With Tom Frost. First Continuous Ascent.

* 1967 ''Nutcracker'', Yosemite, CA. An early all-nut protected route, now a Yosemite classic.
* 1967 ''West Face'', El Capitan, Yosemite Valley – First ascent with TM Herbert.
* 1967 ''North Face'', VI 5.9 A3, Mount Geikie, Canadian Rockies, first ascent with John Hudson.
* 1967 ''North Face'', Mount Edith Cavell, Canadian Rockies – First solo ascent.
* 1968 Muir Wall, El Capitan, Yosemite Valley, CA – First Solo Ascent.
* 1969 Mount Jeffers, Cathedral Spires, Kichatna Mountains, Alaska. First ascent of peak with Fitschen and Raymond.
* 1969 ''The Prow'', Washington Column, Yosemite, CA. With Glen Denny.
* 1969 ''Tis-sa-ack'', Half Dome, Yosemite, CA. With Don Peterson.
* 1970 ''Arcturus'', Half Dome, Yosemite, CA. With Dick Dorworth.

Dawn Wall

In 1971, Robbins completed the second ascent, with Don Lauria, of the Dawn Wall on El Capitan, with the (controversial) intention of erasing the route as they climbed it.

Their ascent closely followed the 1970 first ascent by Warren Harding and Dean Caldwell, completed with protective bolts – a method that offended Robbins and other clean climbing advocates. Harding had left all his bolts in the rock; Robbins and Lauria used the bolts to repeat the climb; and Robbins then chopped the heads off the bolts behind them. After two pitches, Robbins stopped chopping the bolts because (according to Lauria) "the quality of the aid climbing was much higher than he had ever expected of Harding or Caldwell and, of course, it was also taking us an awful long time to chop all those goddam bolts."

Royal Robbins Clothing

Following his success as a climber, Robbins founded an eponymous outdoor apparel company with his wife Liz Robbins. Royal Robbins, LLC Royal Robbins LLC is a San Francisco based clothing company built off of Royal's love for climbing and the outdoors by specializing in outdoor and travel focused attire. In 2018 the company was bought by the Swedish company Fenix Outdoor International AG, which also owns brands like Fjällräven, Primus, Brunton, Tierra and Hanwag as well as the European outdoor retailers Globetrotter, Naturkompaniet, Friluftsland and Partioaitta. Liz Robbins rejoined the company in December 2015 as a senior advisor.

Other climbing achievements

* 1960 '' The Nose'', El Capitan, Yosemite, CA. Second ascent.
* 1963 ''West Face'', Leaning Tower, Yosemite, CA. Second ascent and Yosemite's first wall done solo (Grade V).
* 1968 ''Muir Wall'', El Capitan, Yosemite, CA. First Grade VI solo (and therefore the first solo of El Capitan).

Climbing philosophy in ''Advanced Rockcraft''

Robbins authored two seminal books, ''Basic Rockcraft'' and ''Advanced Rockcraft'',Robbins, Royal, ''Advanced Rockcraft'' (La Siesta Press, Glendale, CA, 1973) which emphasized free climbing skills and a clean-climbing ethic. In a section of ''Advanced Rockcraft'' called ''Values'', he described his climbing philosophy. He believes that "a first ascent is a creation in the same sense as is a painting or a song", and that choosing a climbing line may well be "an act of brilliant creativity". Another creative aspect of a first ascent involves the aids that the leader of the climb rejects. With modern technology of aid climbing available, a first ascent is more artistic if it consciously rejects the use of certain climbing aids that are not essential to the success of the climb. He places emphasis on using equipment which is non-destructive to the mountain environment. He opposes climbs done outside the accepted mores of a given climbing center, or the prevailing style of an area. He favors what he calls "upward variations", or completing a climb using more stringent standards than used on the first ascent. In Robbins' view, the decision to place a single piton is a matter of "enormous importance" because "like a single word in a poem, it can affect the entire composition".

Kayaking

In 1978, Robbins developed psoriatic arthritis, which prevented serious climbing. He took up adventure kayaking instead, completing first descents of challenging rivers from high mountain elevations. His early kayaking partners included Doug Tompkins and Reg Lake. In 1980, the three descended the San Joaquin River Gorge from Devil's Postpile to the Mammoth Pool Reservoir, 5000 feet lower and 32 miles away. In 1981, they carried their kayaks over Mount Whitney Pass at 13,777 foot elevation, into Sequoia National Park and descended 55 miles down the Kern Trench. In 1982, joined by Neusom Holmes, they descended the Middle Fork of the Kings River in Kings Canyon National Park, the largest and steepest of these three High Sierra descents. In 1983, Robbins descended the Tuolumne River in Yosemite National Park from Tuolumne Meadows to Hetch Hetchy Reservoir. He was accompanied by Reg Lake, Chuck Stanley, Lars Holbek, John Armstrong and Richard Montgomery.

He then developed an interest in descending smaller mountain creeks by kayak during their flood stage following heavy rains. His first such project in May, 1984 was the descent of Sespe Creek, which runs through the Los Padres National Forest. He was accompanied by Yvon Chouinard, Reg Lake, John Wasserman and Jackson Frischman. Robbins called this type of trip "flash boating", and later used the technique on the Fresno River, the Chowchilla River and the middle fork of the Mokelumne River.

Publications

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Biographies

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* Peter Mortimer, Nick Rosen (2014) ''Valley Uprising''

Gallery

File:Royal Robbins by Tom Frost.jpg, Royal Robbins leading the third pitch of the Salathé Wall on El Capitan in Yosemite Valley.
File:Tom Frost - Robbins ventures up - 1961.jpg, Royal Robbins on first ascent of Salathé Wall, El Capitan.
File:North America Wall team by Tom Frost.jpg, Frost, Robbins, Pratt and Chouinard at the completion of the first ascent of the North America Wall on El Capitan.

References

External links

Royal Robbins website
apparel company site

{{DEFAULTSORT:Robbins, Royal
1935 births
2017 deaths
American rock climbers
American mountain climbers
People from Point Pleasant, West Virginia
Sierra Club awardees