French_expeditionary_corps_landing_in_Beyrouth_16_August_1860

The ''Règlement Organique'' ("Organic Regulation") was a series of international conventions, between 1860 and 1864, between the

Ottoman Empire The Ottoman Empire (), also called the Turkish Empire, was an empire, imperial realm that controlled much of Southeast Europe, West Asia, and North Africa from the 14th to early 20th centuries; it also controlled parts of southeastern Centr ...

and the European Powers, which led to the creation of the

Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate The Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate (1861–1918, ; ) was one of the Ottoman Empire's subdivisions following the 19th-century Tanzimat reform. After 1861, there existed an autonomous Mount Lebanon with a Christian Mutasarrif (governor), which had be ...

. The

1860 Lebanon conflict Year 186 ( CLXXXVI) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Aurelius and Glabrio (or, less frequently, year 939 ''Ab urbe condita''). The denomination 186 for this ...

led

France France, officially the French Republic, is a country located primarily in Western Europe. Overseas France, Its overseas regions and territories include French Guiana in South America, Saint Pierre and Miquelon in the Atlantic Ocean#North Atlan ...

to intervene and stop the massacre of Christian civilians after Ottoman troops had been aiding Islamic forces by either direct support or by disarming Christian forces. France, led by

Napoleon III Napoleon III (Charles-Louis Napoléon Bonaparte; 20 April 18089 January 1873) was President of France from 1848 to 1852 and then Emperor of the French from 1852 until his deposition in 1870. He was the first president, second emperor, and last ...

, recalled its ancient role as protector of Christians in the Ottoman Empire which was established in a treaty in 1523. Following the massacre and an international outcry, the Ottoman Empire agreed on 3 August 1860 to the dispatch of up to 12,000 European soldiers to reestablish order.''Just war or just peace?: humanitarian intervention and international law'' by Simón Chesterman p.32''ff''
/ref> The

region of Syria Syria, ( or ''Shaam'') also known as Greater Syria or Syria-Palestine, is a historical region located east of the Mediterranean Sea in West Asia, broadly synonymous with the Levant. The region boundaries have changed throughout history. Howe ...

was then part of the

. The agreement was further formalized in a convention on 5 September 1860 with

Austria Austria, formally the Republic of Austria, is a landlocked country in Central Europe, lying in the Eastern Alps. It is a federation of nine Federal states of Austria, states, of which the capital Vienna is the List of largest cities in Aust ...

Great Britain Great Britain is an island in the North Atlantic Ocean off the north-west coast of continental Europe, consisting of the countries England, Scotland, and Wales. With an area of , it is the largest of the British Isles, the List of European ...

Prussia Prussia (; ; Old Prussian: ''Prūsija'') was a Germans, German state centred on the North European Plain that originated from the 1525 secularization of the Prussia (region), Prussian part of the State of the Teutonic Order. For centuries, ...

and

Russia Russia, or the Russian Federation, is a country spanning Eastern Europe and North Asia. It is the list of countries and dependencies by area, largest country in the world, and extends across Time in Russia, eleven time zones, sharing Borders ...

. France was to supply half of that number, and other countries were to send supplementary forces as needed. The agreement was signed in Paris on 5 September 1860. An important consequence of the French expedition was the establishment of the autonomy of the

from Syria, with the nomination by the Sultan of an

Armenian Armenian may refer to: * Something of, from, or related to Armenia, a country in the South Caucasus region of Eurasia * Armenians, the national people of Armenia, or people of Armenian descent ** Armenian diaspora, Armenian communities around the ...

Christian Governor from

Constantinople Constantinople (#Names of Constantinople, see other names) was a historical city located on the Bosporus that served as the capital of the Roman Empire, Roman, Byzantine Empire, Byzantine, Latin Empire, Latin, and Ottoman Empire, Ottoman empire ...

named

Daud Pasha Daud () is a male Arabic given name and surname corresponding to David. The Persian form is Davud or Davoud. Other variant spellings in the Latin alphabet include Da'ud, Daut, Daoud, Dawud, Dawood, Davood, Daood and Davut. The meaning of Daud is ...

on 9 June 1861. On the same day, through a further agreement, termed the Beyoglu Protocol,

Stanford J. Shaw Stanford Jay Shaw (5 May 1930 – 16 December 2006) was an American historian, best known for his works on the late Ottoman Empire, Turkish Jews, and the early Turkish Republic. Shaw's works have been criticized for denial of the Armenian gen ...

, Ezel Kural Shaw
History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey, Volume 2
p.142-144 signed between the Ottoman Empire and the European Powers in

Beyoğlu Beyoğlu (; ) is a municipality and Districts of Turkey, district of Istanbul Province, Istanbul Province, Turkey. Its area is 9 km2, and its population is 225,920 (2022). It is on the European side of Istanbul, Turkey, separated from the o ...

, Istanbul, gave that agreement international recognition. The protocol was introduced initially for a period of three years. In September 1864, a further convention was signed, which confirmed the permanent character of the statute and made minor changes to it. An additional

Maronite Maronites (; ) are a Syriac Christianity, Syriac Christian ethnoreligious group native to the Eastern Mediterranean and the Levant (particularly Lebanon) whose members belong to the Maronite Church. The largest concentration has traditionally re ...

district was formed and the council under the governor was reorganised (it now had twelve members-four Maronites, three Druzes, three Greek Orthodoxes and Greek Uniates, one Sunnite and one Shi’a). The Règlement Organique of Lebanon remained in that form up till 1914.

5 September 1860 Agreement

Articles

*Article 1: A body of European troops, which may be increased to twelve thousand men, will be headed to Syria to help restore peace. *Article 2: His Majesty the Emperor of the French immediately agrees to provide half of the body of troops. If it becomes necessary to increase its workforce to the number stipulated in the previous article, the High Powers would agree without delay with the Porte, by the ordinary diplomatic channels, the designation of those of them who would have to be filled. *Article 3: The commander of the expedition will, upon his arrival in communication with the Special Commissioner of the Porte, to combine all the steps required by the circumstances, and taking positions that will be necessary to take care of fulfill the purpose of this Act. *Article 4: Their Majesties the Emperor of Austria, the Emperor of the French, the Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, His Royal Highness the Prince Regent of Prussia and His Majesty the Emperor of all the Russias promise maintain sufficient naval forces to contribute to the success of joint efforts to restore peace on the coast of Syria. *Article 5: The High Contracting Parties, convinced that this time will be sufficient to achieve the goal of peace they have in view, set the duration to six months of the occupation of European troops in Syria. *Article 6: The Sublime Porte undertakes to facilitate, as far as it will depend on the supply and livelihoods of the expeditionary corps. *Article 7: The present Convention shall be ratified and the ratifications exchanged at Paris within five weeks or sooner if possible.

Signatories

Édouard Thouvenel Édouard is both a French given name and a surname, equivalent to Edward in English. Notable people with the name include: * Édouard Balladur (born 1929), French politician * Édouard Boubat (1923–1999), French photographer * Édouard Colonne ...

for the

Second French Empire The Second French Empire, officially the French Empire, was the government of France from 1852 to 1870. It was established on 2 December 1852 by Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte, president of France under the French Second Republic, who proclaimed hi ...

* Richard von Metternich, ambassador of the

Austrian Empire The Austrian Empire, officially known as the Empire of Austria, was a Multinational state, multinational European Great Powers, great power from 1804 to 1867, created by proclamation out of the Habsburg monarchy, realms of the Habsburgs. Duri ...

to France *

Henry Wellesley, 1st Earl Cowley Henry Richard Charles Wellesley, 1st Earl Cowley (17 June 1804 – 15 July 1884), known as The Lord Cowley between 1847 and 1857, was a British diplomat. He served as British Ambassador to France between 1852 and 1867. Background and educat ...

, British Ambassador to France *

Heinrich VII, Prince Reuss of Köstritz Heinrich VII, Prince Reuss of Köstritz (; 14 July 1825 – 2 May 1906) was a German diplomat. Early life Prince Heinrich VII Principality of Reuss-Gera, Reuss of Köstritz was born at Klipphausen on 14 July 1825. He was the fifth child a ...

, diplomat (''Legationsrat'') at the Prussian embassy to France *

Pavel Kiselyov Count Pavel Dmitrievich Kiselyov or Kiseleff (; , Moscow – , Paris) is generally regarded as the most brilliant Russian reformer during Nicholas I's generally conservative reign. Kiselyov was plenipotentiary president ( de facto governor) ...

, Russian ambassador to France

9 June 1861 Agreement

Announcement

The draft Règlement, dated May 1, 1861, having been, after amendments by mutual agreement, converted into a final settlement will be enacted in the form of a
firman A firman (; ), at the constitutional level, was a royal mandate or decree issued by a sovereign in an Islamic state. During various periods such firmans were collected and applied as traditional bodies of law. The English word ''firman'' co ...
by His Imperial Majesty the Sultan, and officially communicated to the Representatives of Five Great Powers.
Article I has led to the following statement made by His Highness Aali Pasha, and accepted by the five Representatives: "The Christian Governor responsible for the administration of Lebanon will be chosen by the Porte, which will report directly. He will have the title of
Mushir () is an Arabic word meaning "counsellor" or "advisor". It is related to the word shura, meaning consultation or "taking counsel". As an official title, it historically indicates a personal advisor to the ruler. In this use it is roughly comp ...
, and ordinarily reside in
Deir el Qamar Deir al-Qamar () is a city south-east of Beirut in south-central Lebanon. It is located five kilometres outside of Beit ed-Dine in the Chouf District of the Mount Lebanon Governorate at 800 m of average altitude. History Crusader period The ol ...
, which is placed under his direct authority. Invested with this authority for three years he will still be removable, but his dismissal may not be pronounced as a result of a judgment. Three months before the expiry of its mandate, the Porte is to prepare a new agreement with the representatives of the Great Powers."
It was also understood that the power conferred by the Porte to the officer, under its responsibility to appoint the Administrative Agent, would be given permanently, at which time it would have the authority, rather than for each appointment.
In relation to Article X, which relates to trials between subjects protected by a foreign power, on the one hand, and the inhabitants of the mountain on the other hand, it was agreed that a Joint Commission sitting in Beirut would verify and revise the "titres de protection".
To maintain the security and freedom of the road from Damascus to Beirut, the Sublime Porte will establish a
blockhouse A blockhouse is a small fortification, usually consisting of one or more rooms with loopholes, allowing its defenders to fire in various directions. It is usually an isolated fort in the form of a single building, serving as a defensive stro ...
on the aforesaid road as it may deem most suitable.
The Governor of Lebanon may disarm the Mountain when the circumstances are favorable.

Signatories

Mehmed Emin Âli Pasha Mehmed Emin Âlî Pasha, also spelled as Mehmed Emin Aali (5 March 1815 – 7 September 1871), commonly known as Ali Pasha, was a Turkish people, Turkish–Ottoman Empire, Ottoman statesman during the Tanzimat period, best known as the architec ...

on behalf of the

Charles, marquis de La Valette Charles Jean Marie Félix, marquis de La Valette (25 November 1806 – 2 May 1881) was a French politician and diplomat. Career Charles de La Valette was Minister of the Interior and of Foreign Affairs in the government of Emperor Napoleon III. ...

, French Ambassador to the Ottoman Empire *

Anton von Prokesch-Osten Anton von Prokesch-Osten (; 10 December 1795, Graz – 26 October 1876, Vienna) was an Austrian diplomat, statesman and general. Life Anton von Prokesch was a man of great versatility, whose multi-faceted career as a soldier, then as a diploma ...

, Austrian Ambassador to the Ottoman Empire *

Henry Bulwer, 1st Baron Dalling and Bulwer William Henry Lytton Earle Bulwer, 1st Baron Dalling and Bulwer, (13 February 180123 May 1872) was a British Liberal Party (UK), Liberal politician, diplomat and writer. Background and education Bulwer was the second son of General William Bul ...

, British Ambassador to the Ottoman Empire * Robert von der Goltz, Prussian Ambassador to the Ottoman Empire *

Aleksey Lobanov-Rostovsky Prince Aleksey Borisovich Lobanov-Rostovsky () ( in Voronezh Governorate – ) was a Russian politician, statesman, probably best remembered for having concluded the Li-Lobanov Treaty with China, the Peace of Constantinople (1879), Peace of Const ...

, Russian Ambassador to the Ottoman Empire

References

{{DEFAULTSORT:Reglement Organique (Lebanon) Ottoman period in Lebanon 1860 in Ottoman Syria Christianity in the Ottoman Empire

5 September 1860 Agreement

Articles

Signatories

9 June 1861 Agreement

Announcement

Signatories

See also

Further reading

References