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The Romanian Writers' Society () was a professional association based in
Bucharest Bucharest ( , ; ) is the capital and largest city of Romania. The metropolis stands on the River Dâmbovița (river), Dâmbovița in south-eastern Romania. Its population is officially estimated at 1.76 million residents within a greater Buc ...
,
Romania Romania is a country located at the crossroads of Central Europe, Central, Eastern Europe, Eastern and Southeast Europe. It borders Ukraine to the north and east, Hungary to the west, Serbia to the southwest, Bulgaria to the south, Moldova to ...
, that aided the country's writers and promoted their interests. Founded in 1909, it operated for forty years before the early
communist regime A communist state, also known as a Marxist–Leninist state, is a one-party state in which the totality of the power belongs to a party adhering to some form of Marxism–Leninism, a branch of the communist ideology. Marxism–Leninism was ...
transformed it into the
Writers' Union of Romania The Writers' Union of Romania (), founded in March 1949, is a professional association of writers in Romania. It also has a subsidiary in Chișinău, Republic of Moldova. The Writers' Union of Romania was created by the communist regime by takin ...
.


Background

Towards the end of the 19th century, a growing number of Romanian writers felt the need for a professional association to defend their interests before editors and bookstores and facilitate mutual aid. Although the circle surrounding the ''Literatură și artă'' magazine shared these objectives, the idea of an independent association developed later and under pressure from foreign professional organizations that were concerned about intellectual property rights. Consequently, the circle became the Romanian Society for Literature and Art, which was legally recognized in May 1904. The society included artists of various kinds with diverse interests, as well as artists' descendants and art collectors. Its presidents were Dimitrie C. Ollănescu-Ascanio, Alexandru Dimitrie Xenopol, and George Bengescu-Dabija, while
N. Petrașcu Nicolae Petrovici (; December 5, 1859 – May 24, 1944), known as Nicolae Petrașcu () and commonly rendered as N. Petrașcu or Pĕtrașcu,Garabet Ibrăileanu, "Edițiile poeziilor lui Eminescu (continuare)", in ''Viața Românească'', Nr. 3/192 ...
served as secretary. The society's main achievement was an international congress on intellectual property regulation held in
Bucharest Bucharest ( , ; ) is the capital and largest city of Romania. The metropolis stands on the River Dâmbovița (river), Dâmbovița in south-eastern Romania. Its population is officially estimated at 1.76 million residents within a greater Buc ...
in 1906. Bucharest city hall donated land for the construction of an artists' house, but it appears the lot was used differently. In 1903–1904, the press mentioned other initiatives for establishing a writers' society; one of these belonged to
Transylvania Transylvania ( or ; ; or ; Transylvanian Saxon dialect, Transylvanian Saxon: ''Siweberjen'') is a List of historical regions of Central Europe, historical and cultural region in Central Europe, encompassing central Romania. To the east and ...
ns Ilarie Chendi and
Ștefan Octavian Iosif Ștefan Octavian Iosif (; 11 October 1875 – 22 June 1913) was an Austro-Hungarian-born Romanian poet and translator. Life Born in BraÈ™ov, Transylvania (part of Austria-Hungary at the time), he studied in his native town and in Sibiu befor ...
. In 1908, several poets and prose writers, led by Cincinat Pavelescu, founded an association called the Romanian Writers' Society. The founding meeting took place on April 28, coinciding with the 70th anniversary of the
Société des gens de lettres The Société des gens de lettres de France (SGDLF; ; ) is a writers' association founded in 1838 by the notable French authors George Sand, Honoré de Balzac, Victor Hugo, and Alexandre Dumas. It is a private association recognised in France as ...
' establishment. Twenty writers attended, and the leadership committee consisted of Pavelescu as president,
George Ranetti George or Gheorghe Ranetti, born George Ranete
entry in the University of Floren ...
and
Dimitrie Anghel Dimitrie Anghel (; July 16, 1872 – November 13, 1914) was a Romanian poet. Anghel was of Aromanian descent from his father. His first poem was published in '' Contemporanul'' (1890). His debut editorial ''Traduceri din Paul Verlaine'' was publ ...
as vice presidents, Constantin Sandu-Aldea and
Mihail Sadoveanu Mihail Sadoveanu (; occasionally referred to as Mihai Sadoveanu; 5 November 1880 â€“ 19 October 1961) was a Romanian novelist, short story writer, journalist and political figure, who twice served as acting President of Romania, head of st ...
as accountants, Ioan Adam and
George Murnu George Murnu (; ; 1 January 1868 in Veria, Salonica Vilayet, Ottoman Empire – 17 November 1957 in Bucharest, Romania) was a Romanian university professor, archaeologist, historian, translator, and poet of Aromanian origin. After attending th ...
as treasurers, Emil Gârleanu and Ludovic Dauș as secretaries, Iosif as librarian, and
Virgil Caraivan Virgil Caraivan (February 12, 1879 – 1966) was a Romanian prose writer. Born in Șuletea, Vaslui County, his parents were the schoolteacher Neculai Caraivan and his wife Smaranda. He went to primary school in his native village, followed by ...
as cashier. The original statute does not survive, but later accounts suggest it was inspired by the French model. The small number of participants was due to a lack of interest from older writers, opposition from certain public figures to society's strictly professional character, and the exclusion of literary critics, a clause against which Chendi strongly protested. The event received little attention from the press; Ion Scurtu predicted the "shaky" group would face an "early demise".


Founding

By the middle of the following year, amid a deteriorating literary atmosphere, the need for a relaunch became apparent. In July 1909, Anghel and Iosif launched an appeal for a writers' congress, an effort to which Chendi rallied. However, conditions did not permit the congress to take place, but it was decided that a new writers' society should be established. A sixteen-member committee met in August, presided over by Anghel, and the founding meeting was scheduled for early September. The initiative was promoted in the press, with the editor of the ''Minerva'' newspaper, Vasile Savel, publishing a series of articles on the need for a society and its potential goals. Despite being launched hastily during the summer holidays, the articles were successful, drawing responses from
Constantin Rădulescu-Motru Constantin Rădulescu-Motru (; born Constantin Rădulescu, he added the surname ''Motru'' in 1892; February 15, 1868 â€“ March 6, 1957) was a Romanian philosopher, psychologist, sociologist, logician, academic, dramatist, as well as Left-win ...
, Adam, Chendi,
Eugen Lovinescu Eugen Lovinescu (; 31 October 1881 – 16 July 1943) was a Romanian modernist literary historian, literary critic, academic, and novelist, who in 1919 established the ''Sburătorul'' literary club. He was the father of Monica Lovinescu, and the ...
, Sadoveanu, Scurtu, Anghel, Iosif and Nicolae N. Beldiceanu. Additionally,
Nicolae Iorga Nicolae Iorga (17 January 1871 – 27 November 1940) was a historian, politician, literary critic, memoirist, Albanologist, poet and playwright. Co-founder (in 1910) of the Democratic Nationalist Party (PND), he served as a member of Parliament ...
, Simion Mehedinți,
Corneliu Moldovanu Corneliu Moldovanu (pen name of Corneliu Vasiliu; 15 August 1883 – 2 September 1952) was a Romanian poet, prose writer and playwright. Born in Bârlad, his parents were Dumitrache Vasiliu, a merchant, and his wife Ruxandra (''née'' Rășca ...
, Dimitrie Teleor and Aurel Alexandrescu-Dorna expressed their opinions on the topic in their own periodicals. Among the responders, only Iorga objected, considering the idea materialistic and unsuitable for "the true purposes of national literature". Sadoveanu played a significant role in the preparatory work, enlisting the help of his friends from ''
Viața Românească ''Viața Românească'' (, "The Romanian Life") is a monthly literary magazine published in Romania. Formerly the platform of the left-wing traditionalist trend known as poporanism, it is now one of the Writers' Union of Romania's main venues. ...
''. The constituent meeting took place as scheduled, in the amphitheater of Gheorghe Lazăr High School, under Anghel's direction. Twenty-five writers attended, while another twenty-five, who were then in other parts of the
Romanian Old Kingdom The Romanian Old Kingdom ( or just ''Regat''; or ) is a colloquial term referring to the territory covered by the first independent Romanian nation state, which was composed of the Romanian Principalities: Wallachia and Moldavia. The union of the ...
or in
Bukovina Bukovina or ; ; ; ; , ; see also other languages. is a historical region at the crossroads of Central and Eastern Europe. It is located on the northern slopes of the central Eastern Carpathians and the adjoining plains, today divided betwe ...
and Transylvania, gave their proxy votes to attendees or sent letters of affiliation. Newspaper accounts slightly differ, with some reporting a total of 47 participants. Of the twenty 1908 society founders, sixteen were present. The meeting discussed the society's name, elected the committee, and drafted a plan of action. The name of the Romanian Writers' Society (SSR) was chosen and its objectives of defending and aiding writers were defined. Members were divided into categories of active, honorary, and donors. One of the criteria for active membership was holding Romanian citizenship, which presented a problem for many participants from Transylvania, Bukovina, and Macedonia who were foreign nationals. It was decided that older writers and leading critics would be invited to join, with the exception of Iorga, due to his "negative and offensive" attitude; they would be free to choose between active and honorary status. The elected committee consisted of Sadoveanu as president, Anghel as vice president, Gârleanu as secretary and librarian, Artur Stavri,
Octavian Goga Octavian Goga (; 1 April 1881 – 7 May 1938) was a Romanian far-right politician, poet, playwright, journalist, and translator. Biography Early life Octavian Goga was born on 1 April 1881 in the village of Rășinari, on the northern sl ...
, Iosif, Chendi, Ion Minulescu, Zaharia Bârsan as members, and Lovinescu and Pavelescu as accountants. To give the society a more permanent character, it decided to organize literary meetings in towns and rural areas, as well as in Transylvania and Bukovina, acquire a headquarters, publish a bulletin, and gain legal recognition.


Early years

In the following months, the committee offered the honorary presidency to Queen Elisabeth and attempted to attract older writers. Of these,
Alexandru Vlahuță Alexandru Vlahuță (; 5 September 1858 – 19 November 1919) was a Romanian writer. His best known work is '' România pitorească'', an overview of Romania's landscape in the form of a travelogue. He was also the main editor of ''Sămănătoru ...
appeared most sensitive to the problems of younger writers. After obtaining a pledge of financial aid from Minister
Spiru Haret Spiru C. Haret (; 15 February 1851 – 17 December 1912) was a Romanian mathematician, astronomer, and politician. He made a fundamental contribution to the ''n''-body problem in celestial mechanics by proving that using a third degree approx ...
, he launched a public appeal for a writers' publishing house in the ''
Universul ''Universul'' was a mass-circulation newspaper in Romania. It existed from 1884 to 1953, and was run by Stelian Popescu from 1914 to 1943 (with a two-year break during World War I World War I or the First World War (28 July 1914 – 11 No ...
'' newspaper. He believed the press should operate under its own committee, formed by Vlahuță's generational colleagues. The SSR committee rejected the project, which later failed. Notable writers such as
Titu Maiorescu Titu Liviu Maiorescu (; 15 February 1840 – 18 June 1917) was a Romanian literary critic and politician, founder of the ''Junimea'' Society. As a literary critic, he was instrumental in the development of Culture of Romania, Romanian culture in ...
, Ioan Slavici,
Barbu Ștefănescu Delavrancea Barbu Ștefănescu Delavrancea; pen name of Barbu Ștefan; April 11, 1858 – April 29, 1918) was a Romanian writer and poet, considered one of the greatest figures in the National awakening of Romania. Early life and studies He was born on April ...
, and
Ion Luca Caragiale Ion Luca Caragiale (; According to his birth certificate, published and discussed by Constantin Popescu-Cadem in ''Manuscriptum'', Vol. VIII, Nr. 2, 1977, pp. 179–184 – 9 June 1912), commonly referred to as I. L. Caragiale, was a Romanians, ...
kept their distance from the new organization. Rădulescu-Motru's political views led to his departure, but
Mihail Dragomirescu Mihail Dragomirescu (March 22, 1868 – November 25, 1942) was a Romanian aesthetician, literary theorist and critic. Born in Plătărești, Călărași County, he completed primary school in his native village in 1881, followed by Bucharest's ...
joined in 1911. Upon being invited to join, Imperial Russian-born Jewish critic
Constantin Dobrogeanu-Gherea Constantin Dobrogeanu-Gherea (born Solomon Katz; 21 May 1855 – 7 May 1920) was a Romanian Marxist theorist, politician, sociologist, literary critic, and journalist. He was also an entrepreneur in the city of PloieÈ™ti. Constantin Dobroge ...
wrote an open letter to Anghel, lamenting that membership was based not on the value of one's work but on one's birth certificate. He ironically observed that he could not obtain it, as a trip to Russia would be hazardous for him. Anghel replied that Gherea could join, as he held Romanian citizenship. However, a number of non-citizen Jewish writers and critics sided with Gherea, creating an unfavorable atmosphere for the SSR. Amid rising polemics, in January 1910, the society asked the Romanian Parliament to reject a law granting citizenship to Jewish critic Eugen Porn. The appearance of ''Cumpăna'' magazine, edited by four SSR leaders (Anghel, Chendi, Iosif, and Sadoveanu), appeared to be a secessionist gesture and nearly led to the society's dissolution. The break in friendship between Anghel and Iosif also proved unfortunate. Nevertheless, the SSR remained active, organizing meetings in
Ploiești Ploiești ( , , ), formerly spelled Ploești, is a Municipiu, city and county seat in Prahova County, Romania. Part of the historical region of Muntenia, it is located north of Bucharest. The area of Ploiești is around , and it borders the Ble ...
,
Buzău Buzău (; formerly spelled ''Buzeu'' or ''Buzĕu'') is a city in the historical region of Muntenia, Romania, and the county seat of Buzău County. It lies near the right bank of the Buzău River, between the south-eastern curvature of the Carp ...
,
Galați Galați ( , , ; also known by other #Etymology and names, alternative names) is the capital city of Galați County in the historical region of Western Moldavia, in eastern Romania. Galați is a port town on the river Danube. and the sixth-larges ...
, and
Piatra NeamÈ› Piatra NeamÈ› (; ; ) is the capital city of NeamÈ› County, in the historical region of Western Moldavia, in northeastern Romania. Because of its very privileged location in the Divisions of the Carpathians, Eastern Carpathian mountains, it is con ...
, as well as a tour through Bukovina within its first six months. A temporary headquarters, with a library and donated artistic objects, was set up in a hotel apartment, but it was destroyed by fire in January 1911. Conferences in Transylvania's
Sibiu Sibiu ( , , , Hungarian: ''Nagyszeben'', , Transylvanian Saxon: ''Härmeschtat'' or ''Hermestatt'') is a city in central Romania, situated in the historical region of Transylvania. Located some north-west of Bucharest, the city straddles th ...
(March 1911) and Arad (April–May 1911) proved invigorating and had a notable impact on the Romanian literary scene. The second general meeting, held that November, saw the admission of at least 37 new members, including
Alexandru Macedonski Alexandru Macedonski (; also rendered as Al. A. Macedonski, Macedonschi or Macedonsky; 14 March 1854 – 24 November 1920) was a Romanian poet, novelist, dramatist and literary critic, known especially for having promoted French Symbolism (arts ...
, Ioan Alexandru Brătescu-Voinești (later considered a founder),
Duiliu Zamfirescu Duiliu Zamfirescu (; 30 October 1858 – 3 June 1922) was a Romanian novelist, poet, short story writer, lawyer, nationalist politician, journalist, diplomat and memoirist. In 1909, he was elected a member of the Romanian Academy, and, for a whi ...
, and Dragomirescu, as well as young writers like
Tudor Arghezi Ion Nae Theodorescu (21 May 1880 – 14 July 1967) was a Romanian writer who wrote under the pen name Tudor Arghezi (. He is best known for his unique contribution to poetry and children's literature. Biography Early life He graduated from Sai ...
,
Gala Galaction Gala Galaction (; the pen name of Grigore or Grigorie PiÈ™culescu ; April 16, 1879—March 8, 1961) was a Romanian Orthodox clergyman, theologian, writer, journalist, left-wing activist, as well as a political figure of the People's Republic ...
, and
Nicolae Davidescu Nicolae Davidescu (; October 24, 1888 – June 12, 1954) was a Romanian symbolist poet and novelist. Works Poetry * 1910: ''La fântâna Castaliei'' ("At Castalia's Well") - parnassianist poems * 1916: ''Inscripţii'' ("Engravings") - influ ...
. A new committee was chosen, with Gârleanu as president. Soon, a law recognizing the SSR as a legal entity was adopted, coming into effect in March 1912. Henceforth, it could receive donations and subsidies. A first subsidy, granted by Constantin C. Arion, amounted to 3000 lei and was divided among the members. An almanac for 1912 and 1913 was printed, although the planned bulletin had yet to appear. The society continued to consolidate after its November 1912 congress, when Dragomirescu was elected president. Although Alexandru Davila, Brătescu-Voinești, Anghel, Natalia Anghel, Sadoveanu, and his colleagues from
Iași Iași ( , , ; also known by other #Etymology and names, alternative names), also referred to mostly historically as Jassy ( , ), is the Cities in Romania, third largest city in Romania and the seat of Iași County. Located in the historical ...
(some of whom later returned) subsequently withdrew, ten new members joined in 1912, eighteen in 1914, and ten in 1915. The first bulletin was published in 1916, noting that in June 1915, at the end of George Diamandy's first term as president, there were 108 members, including 33 founders. However, this number was incorrect, as six founders were omitted, which was later corrected. The SSR accumulated wealth due to the annual 3,000-leu subsidy, a bequest of 10,000 lei from the late
King Carol I Carol I or Charles I of Romania (born Karl Eitel Friedrich Zephyrinus Ludwig von Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen; 20 April 1839 – ), was the monarch of Romania from 1866 to his death in 1914, ruling as Prince (''Domnitor'') from 1866 to 1881, and as ...
, membership fees, and admission fees to lectures and theatrical shows. By the mid-1910s, society began commemorating deceased writers and building monuments in their honor.


World War I

The society's activities diminished once Romania entered World War I in 1916. Its presidents during the war and its aftermath were Zamfirescu (1916), Sadoveanu (1917-1919), and Dragomirescu (1919-1921). During Dragomirescu's tenure, the congress in March 1920 decided to expel writers proven to have collaborated with the pro-German press during the wartime occupation of Bucharest. However, this measure was not implemented, as individuals such as Arghezi, Galaction, and Dem. Theodorescu continued to appear in the membership lists.


Interwar period

Following the 1918 union of
Transylvania Transylvania ( or ; ; or ; Transylvanian Saxon dialect, Transylvanian Saxon: ''Siweberjen'') is a List of historical regions of Central Europe, historical and cultural region in Central Europe, encompassing central Romania. To the east and ...
, the Banat, Bukovina, and
Bessarabia Bessarabia () is a historical region in Eastern Europe, bounded by the Dniester river on the east and the Prut river on the west. About two thirds of Bessarabia lies within modern-day Moldova, with the Budjak region covering the southern coa ...
with Romania, there was a significant influx of new members. Moldovanu, who served as president from 1921 to 1923, even declared that he wanted all Romanian writers to join. At the beginning of his second term, there were 223 active members, with another 40 joining during the subsequent presidencies of Sadoveanu (1923-1924) and Goga (1925).
Liviu Rebreanu Liviu Rebreanu (; November 27, 1885 – September 1, 1944) was a Romanian novelist, playwright, short story writer, and journalist. Life Born in Felsőilosva (now Târlișua, Bistrița-Năsăud County, Transylvania), then part of the King ...
later became president, serving until February 1932. During his term, there was an attempt to address the issue of numerous dilettantes who had become members. The statutes were modified, and committees were established to remove those who did not fulfill the admission conditions. A 1928 list reveals that as of January 1925, there were 18 honorary and 155 active members; by the beginning of 1939, there were 239 active members. The prestige that the SSR had acquired ensured that a secessionist group founded by Romulus Dianu in 1933, the Association of Independent Writers, proved to be a failure, and regional writers' groups in
Oltenia Oltenia (), also called Lesser Wallachia in antiquated versions – with the alternative Latin names , , and between 1718 and 1739 – is a historical province and geographical region of Romania in western Wallachia. It is situated between the Da ...
, Transylvania, and
Bessarabia Bessarabia () is a historical region in Eastern Europe, bounded by the Dniester river on the east and the Prut river on the west. About two thirds of Bessarabia lies within modern-day Moldova, with the Budjak region covering the southern coa ...
remained of marginal importance. Thanks to the importance of contemporary writers and the symbolic capital acquired by some of them, such as Goga,
Alexandru Lapedatu Alexandru I. Lapedatu (14 September 1876 – 30 August 1950) was Cults and Arts and State minister of Romania, President of the Senate of Romania, member of the Romanian Academy, its president and general secretary. Family Alexandru Lapedatu wa ...
,
Ion Pillat Ion Pillat (31 March 1891 – 17 April 1945) was a distinguished Romanian poet. He is best known for his volume ''Pe ArgeÈ™ în sus'' (''Upstream on the ArgeÈ™'') and ''Poeme într-un vers'' (''One-line poems''), and for his embryonic love f ...
,
Nichifor Crainic Nichifor Crainic (; pseudonym of Ion Dobre ; 22 December 1889, Bulbucata, Giurgiu County â€“ 20 August 1972, MogoÈ™oaia) was a Romanian writer, editor, philosopher, poet and theologian famed for his traditionalist activities. Crainic was ...
, Rebreanu, and Mihai Ralea, as well as their presence in influential government and legislative posts, the SSR received a series of subsidies from certain ministries (
Education Education is the transmission of knowledge and skills and the development of character traits. Formal education occurs within a structured institutional framework, such as public schools, following a curriculum. Non-formal education als ...
,
Arts The arts or creative arts are a vast range of human practices involving creativity, creative expression, storytelling, and cultural participation. The arts encompass diverse and plural modes of thought, deeds, and existence in an extensive ...
,
Finance Finance refers to monetary resources and to the study and Academic discipline, discipline of money, currency, assets and Liability (financial accounting), liabilities. As a subject of study, is a field of Business administration, Business Admin ...
,
Labor Labour or labor may refer to: * Childbirth, the delivery of a baby * Labour (human activity), or work ** Manual labour, physical work ** Wage labour, a socioeconomic relationship between a worker and an employer ** Organized labour and the labour ...
, Interior) as well as other institutions. In certain years, funding also came from the profits of the
Constanța Casino The Constanța Casino () is a casino located in Constanța, Romania. Designated by the Ministry of Culture and National Patrimony (Romania), Romanian Ministry of Culture and National Patrimony as a Monument istoric, historic monument, the casino ...
, fees received during the month-long festival of Bucharest, and fairly generous sums paid by studios for film censorship. After many unfulfilled promises, in 1934, the city hall granted a lot for a Writers' Palace, centrally located on Carol I Boulevard and valued at around 4.5 million lei. The following year, a building fund was set up under the initiative of Nicolae M. Condiescu, who served as president from 1935 to 1939. Due to generous donations from Condiescu's associate King Carol II, as well as from ministries and banks, the fund quickly reached 6.8 million lei. Membership fees, tickets to conferences and plays, and admissions to balls represented only a small part of SSR's revenue. The society tried its hand in various businesses, including a lottery, two movie theaters (in
Brașov Brașov (, , ; , also ''Brasau''; ; ; Transylvanian Saxon dialect, Transylvanian Saxon: ''Kruhnen'') is a city in Transylvania, Romania and the county seat (i.e. administrative centre) of Brașov County. According to the 2021 Romanian census, ...
and Arad), postcards with famous writers' faces, and medals, which either resulted in small revenues or losses. In 1931, the failure of the Marmorosch Blank Bank severely impacted the society, which had deposits of over 10 million lei, of which only a small part was recovered. Nevertheless, the SSR managed to somewhat meet its statutory objectives with the remaining funds. Starting just after World War I, the society granted pensions to the widows and children of deceased writers (Macedonski, Chendi,
George Coșbuc George Coșbuc (; 20 September 1866 – 9 May 1918) was a Romanian poet, translator, teacher, and journalist, best remembered for his verses describing, praising and eulogizing rural life, its many travails but also its occasions for joy. In 19 ...
, Gârleanu, Slavici and
Panait Istrati Panait Istrati (; sometimes rendered as ''Panaït Istrati''; (August 10, 1884 – April 16, 1935) was a Romanian working class writer, who wrote in French and Romanian, nicknamed ''The Maxim Gorky of the Balkans''. Istrati appears to be th ...
, as well as to the sisters of Mihail Eminescu). It also financed writers who found themselves in difficult situations, such as Maria Cunțan, Ion Gorun, Panait Mușoiu, Artur Enășescu, Eugen Boureanul, Caton Theodorian, Alexandru Obedenaru and
George Bacovia George Bacovia (; the pen name of Gheorghe Vasiliu ; – 22 May 1957) was a Romanian symbolist poet. While he initially belonged to the local Symbolist movement, launched as a poet by Alexandru Macedonski with the poem and poetry collection (" ...
. In 1939, this burden was somewhat alleviated when the Ralea-led Labor Ministry founded the Writers' Pension Fund. Every year, the society gave out aid that amounted to almost twice what it paid in pensions. From 1929 to 1931, two travel grants of 50,000 lei each were awarded, and another one was given for 1936–1937. The SSR granted ''
Căile Ferate Române Căile Ferate Române (; abbreviated as the CFR) was the state railway carrier of Romania. The company was dissolved on 1 October 1998 by splitting into several successor companies. CFR as an entity existed from 1880, even though the first ra ...
'' rail passes to its members and funded rest trips to the Sâmbăta de Sus palace and the main hotel in
Bușteni Bușteni () is a small mountain town in the north of Prahova County, Muntenia, Romania. It is located in the Prahova Valley, at the bottom of the Bucegi Mountains, that have a maximum altitude of . Its name literally means Logging, tree-logs in Ro ...
. In 1936, the Bucharest city hall decided to grant house lots to five writers annually, but the measure ended up being purely financial. A substantial annual expenditure for the SSR were loans it provided to its members which were rarely paid back on time.


Prizes

The society's prizes served a dual purpose: providing material rewards for writers and building their reputations. According to a 1924 statute, the prizes were divided into two categories: those established by the society itself and those initiated by private individuals, institutions, or authorities on the society's behalf. The first category included three annual prizes; the first two were for poetry and prose, while the third had varying purposes such as debut works, translation, or sonnets. The second category included other prizes, generally more substantial: the I. Al. Brătescu-Voinești prize for the novel (20,000 and later 25,000 lei); the C. A. Rosetti prize, started by ''Viitorul'' newspaper (20,000 lei); the Socec prize for poetry, from 1924 to 1930 (10,000 lei); the King Carol II prize, from 1934 to 1940 (25,000 lei). Others came from private donations, such as the Ștefan I. Costacopol prize for criticism, involving 6000 lei and awarded from 1931 to 1945; or from prize money that was returned. The statute specified that the awarding committee was to be selected by the SSR leadership. The interwar press was rife with disgruntled comments and contestations of successive prize committees, but overall, very few obvious mistakes were made. The prose prize went to:
Calistrat Hogaș Calistrat Hogaș (born Calistrat Dumitriu; April 19, 1848 – August 28, 1917) was a Moldavian, later Romanian prose writer. The son of a Tecuci priest, he studied at the Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, University of Iași before beginning an ove ...
(1922), Gheorghe Brăescu (1923), Lucia Mantu,
Jean Bart Jean Bart (; ; 21 October 1650 – 27 April 1702) was a Flemish naval commander and privateer. Early life Jean Bart was born in Dunkirk in 1650 to a seafaring family, the son of Jean-Cornil Bart (c. 1619–1668) who has been described various ...
and Rebreanu (1924),
Henriette Yvonne Stahl Henriette Yvonne Stahl (January 9, 1900 – May 25/26, 1984) was a Romanian novelist, short story writer and translator. Biography Born in Sankt Avold, Alsace-Lorraine, in the German Empire (now Saint-Avold in the Moselle department of Fran ...
, Brăescu and Davidescu (1925), Boureanul, Rebreanu and I. A. Bassarabescu (1926), Boureanul,
Vasile Demetrius Vasile Demetrius (pen name of Vasile Dumitrescu; October1, 1878March15, 1942) was an Austria-Hungary, Austro-Hungarian-born Romanian prose writer, poet and translator. Born in Șcheii Brașovului, his parents were Dumitru Ogea, who built and ma ...
and Savel (1927),
Hortensia Papadat-Bengescu Hortensia Papadat-Bengescu (; 8 December 1876 – 5 March 1955 in Bucharest) was a novelist of the Romanian interwar period. Life Hortensia Bengescu was born in Ivești, Galați, Ivești, Galați County, on 8 December 1876. She was the daughter o ...
,
Emanoil Bucuța Emanoil Bucuța (born Emanoil Popescu; 27 June 1887 – 7 October 1946) was a Romanian prose writer, poet, cultural official, and Corresponding Member of the Romanian Academy. Early life and education Bucuța was born in Bolintin-Deal, Giurgi ...
and Ion Foti (1928),
I. C. Vissarion Iancu Constantin Vissarion (born Iancu Visarion, also credited as Ion Vissarion; 2 February 1879 – 5 November 1951) was a Romanian prose writer, poet, and political agitator, also known as an inventor, esotericist, and promoter of pseudoscien ...
, Davidescu and Demetrius (1929), Alexandru Cazaban, Brăescu and
Mateiu Caragiale Mateiu Ion Caragiale (; – 17 January 1936), also credited as Matei or Matheiu, or in the antiquated version Mateiŭ,Sorin Antohi"Romania and the Balkans. From Geocultural Bovarism to Ethnic Ontology" in ''Tr@nsit online'', Institut für die Wi ...
(1930), Ion Petrovici and
Camil Petrescu Camil Petrescu (; 9/21 April 1894 – 14 May 1957) was a Romanian playwright, novelist, philosopher and poet. He marked the end of the traditional novel era and laid the foundation of the modern novel era in Romania. He was a member of the Sbur ...
(1931),
Sergiu Dan Sergiu Dan (; born Isidor Rotman or Rottman; December 29, 1903 – March 13, 1976) was a Romanian novelist, journalist, Holocaust survivor and political prisoner of the communist regime. Dan, the friend and collaborator of Romulus Dianu, was n ...
and George Mihail Zamfirescu (1932), G. M. Vlădescu and Galaction (1933),
Mircea Damian Mircea Damian (pen name of Constantin MătuÈ™a; March 14, 1899–June 16, 1948) was a Romanian prose writer and journalist. Biography Born in Izvoru, Olt County, he attended primary school in his native village, followed by high school in ...
and
Victor Ion Popa Victor Ion Popa (; July 29, 1895 – March 30, 1946) was a Romania, Romanian dramatist. Biography He was born in Bârlad, the first of three children of Ion Popa and Aspasia, née Pavelescu. He went to primary school in Călmățui, a village in ...
(1934), Anton Holban, Neagu Rădulescu, Horia Furtună, Mihail Celarianu and Octav Dessila (1935), Papadat-Bengescu and
Mircea Eliade Mircea Eliade (; – April 22, 1986) was a Romanian History of religion, historian of religion, fiction writer, philosopher, and professor at the University of Chicago. One of the most influential scholars of religion of the 20th century and in ...
(1936), Mircea Gesticone, Dauș and Ioan Missir (1938), Zamfirescu and Radu Boureanu (1939). The poetry prize recipients were: George Gregorian and Al. T. Stamatiad (1922), Claudia Millian and G. Talaz (1923), Davidescu and Moldovanu (1924), Foti, Constantin Râuleț and
Adrian Maniu Adrian Maniu (February 6, 1891 – April 20, 1968) was a Romanian poet, prose writer, playwright, essayist, and translator. Born in Bucharest, his father Grigore, a native of Lugoj, was a jurist and professor of commercial law at the University o ...
(1925),
Aron Cotruș Aron Cotruș (; 2 January 1891 – 1 November 1961) was a Romanian poet, diplomat, and member of the Fascism, fascist Iron Guard. Life He was born in 1891 in Loamneș, Hașag, Sibiu County, at the time in Austria-Hungary. After attending secondar ...
, Ion Dongorozi,
Radu Gyr Radu Gyr (; pen name of Radu Ștefan Demetrescu ; March 2, 1905 – 29 April 1975) was a Romanian poet, essayist, playwright, journalist and fascist activist. Biography Early life Born in Câmpulung-Muscel, Gyr was the son of actor Ștefan ...
and Bacovia (1926),
Perpessicius Perpessicius (; pen name of Dumitru S. Panaitescu, also known as Panait Șt. Dumitru, D. P. Perpessicius and Panaitescu-Perpessicius; October 22, 1891 – March 29, 1971) was a Romanian literary historian and critic, poet, essayist and fiction wr ...
, George Dumitrescu, Artur Enășescu and Pillat (1927),
Vasile Voiculescu Vasile Voiculescu (, 27 November 1884 – 26 April 1963) was a Romanian poet, short-story writer, playwright, and physician who wrote under the literary pseudonym V. Voiculescu. Biography Early life and education Voiculescu was born in Pâr ...
, Zaharia Stancu and Boureanu (1928), Celarianu, Arghezi and Talaz (1929), Ion Barbu,
Lucian Blaga Lucian Blaga (; 9 May 1895 – 6 May 1961) was a Romanians, Romanian philosopher, poet, playwright, poetry translator and novelist. He is considered one of the greatest philosophers and poets of Romania, and a prominent philosopher of the twenti ...
and Eugen Jebeleanu (1930),
Eugeniu Sperantia Eugeniu Sperantia ( – January 11/12, 1972) was a Romanian poet, aesthetician, essayist, sociologist and philosopher. He was born in Bucharest to folklorist Theodor SperanÈ›ia and his wife Elena (''née'' Cruceanu), a relative of poet Mihail ...
and Stamatiad (1931),
Ilarie Voronca Ilarie Voronca (pen name of Eduard Isidor Marcus; 31 December 1903, Brăila – 8 April 1946, Paris) was a Romanian avant-garde poet and essayist. Life and career Voronca was of History of the Jews in Romania, Jewish ethnicity. In his early yea ...
, D. Nanu and Virgil Gheorghiu (1932), Boureanu and Dan Botta (1933), Dumitrescu, N. Crevedia,
Simion Stolnicu Simion Stolnicu (pen name of Alexandru I. Botez; November 6, 1905 – November 29, 1966) was a Romanian poet. Born in Puchenii-MoÈ™neni, Prahova County, his parents were Al. Botez, a ''Căile Ferate Române'' clerk, and his wife Ecaterina ...
and Maria Banuș (1934), Mircea Streinul, Emil Gulian, Maniu and Vlaicu Bârna (1935),
Ștefan Baciu Ștefan Aurel Baciu (, ; October 29, 1918 – January 6, 1993) was a Romanian and Brazilian poet, novelist, publicist and academic who lived his later life in Hawaii. A precocious, award-winning, young author in interwar Romania, he was involved ...
(1936),
Iulian Vesper Iulian Vesper (pen name of Teodor C. Grosu; November 22, 1908–February 11, 1986) was an Austro-Hungarian-born Romanian poet and prose writer. Born in Horodnic de Sus, Suceava County, in the Bukovina region, his parents were Constantin Grosu ...
, Teofil Lianu and
Șerban Bascovici Șerban Bascovici (born Șerban-Vasile Bascovitz; January 1, 1891–March 19, 1968) was a Romanian poet Born in Bucharest to Gheorghe Bascovitz and his wife Ecaterina, he attended Matei Basarab High School. Upon graduating in 1911, he attempt ...
(1938), Celarianu,
Emil Giurgiuca Emil Giurgiuca (December 27, 1906–March 3, 1992) was an Austro-Hungarian-born Romanian poet. Born in Diviciorii Mari, Cluj County, in the Transylvania region, his parents were Ioan Giurgiuca, a priest, and his wife Pelaghia (''née'' Băie� ...
, Gyr and Aurel Chirescu (1939). During the same period, the society hosted or participated in events to commemorate deceased writers and celebrate living ones for various occasions. Relations with
PEN International PEN International (known as International PEN until 2010) is a worldwide professional association, association of writers, founded in London in 1921 to promote friendship and intellectual co-operation among writers everywhere. The association ...
and foreign writers' societies were strengthened, with representatives welcomed to Romania. Likewise, SSR committee members were invited to societies and congresses abroad.


World War II

The outbreak of World War II had significant ramifications for the society's activities. At the time, its president was N. I. Herescu, who took over after Condiescu's death. Following substantial territorial losses by Romania during the summer of 1940, a significant number of writers became refugees. They received aid from the society, which dramatically depleted its funds. After the
National Legionary State The National Legionary State () was a Totalitarianism, totalitarian Fascism, fascist regime which governed Kingdom of Romania, Romania for five months, from 14 September 1940 until its official dissolution on 14 February 1941. The regime was led ...
came to power that September, the committee aligned itself with regime policy, and in early October decided to expel eleven Jewish writers:
Felix Aderca Felix Aderca (; born Froim-Zelig ''Froim-ZeilicAderca; March 13, 1891 – December 12, 1962), , in '' Realitatea Evreiască'', Nr. 280-281 (1080-1081), August–September 2007 Boris Marian, , in '' Realitatea Evreiască'', Nr. 292-293 (1092-109 ...
,
Camil Baltazar Camil Baltazar (; pen name of Leibu Goldenstein or Leopold Goldstein; August 25, 1902 in FocÈ™aniAccording to some sources, he was born in Moara, Putna County. – April 27, 1977 in Bucharest) was a Romanian-Jewish poet A poet is a per ...
, Dan, A. Dominic, Scarlat Froda, Virgil Monda, I. Peltz,
Mihail Sebastian Mihail Sebastian (; born Iosif Mendel Hechter; October 18, 1907 – May 29, 1945) was a Romanian playwright, essayist, journalist and novelist. Life Sebastian was born to a Jewish family in Brăila, the son of Mendel and Clara Hechter (née We ...
, Leopold Stern, A. Toma and Voronca. The project for a Writers' Palace was temporarily abandoned, with its fund loaned for the benefit of the army. (The promissory notes probably became invalid after the nationalization of the banks in June 1948.) Due to a fall in subsidies and other revenue and a rise in aid and loans disbursed, the number of prizes awarded fell. Thus, the only honorees were Nicolae Ottescu, Ruxanda Levente, George Lesnea,
Pompiliu Constantinescu Pompiliu Constantinescu (May 17, 1901 – May 9, 1946) was a Romanian literary critic. Biography He was born on May 17, 1901, in Bucharest, "''in a place where he saw the light of day for the first time, on Sabines Street no. 109, the son of J ...
, Gheorghiu, George Ionescu and Bascovici in 1940; Stahl, Demetrius, Alexandru Busuioceanu, Eugen Bălan,
Radu Tudoran Radu Tudoran (; born Nicolae Bogza; March 8, 1910 – November 18, 1992) was a popular Romanian novelist. He was born Nicolae Bogza in Blejoi, Prahova County, the younger brother of Geo Bogza, and son of . After graduating from the military high ...
, Dumitru AlmaÈ™,
Dragoș Protopopescu Dragoș Protopopescu (17 October 1892 – 11 April 1948) was a Romanian writer, poet, critic, philosopher, and far-right politician. He is considered by some to be greatest Anglicist from interwar Romania. Early life and education Protopopescu ...
, Otilia Cazimir, Ion Buzdugan and Stelian Constantin-Stelian, in 1941; Alexandru Al. Philippide, Mihail Șerban, Cotruș, Ovidiu Papadima, Boureanu, Octav Sargețiu, Mircea Mărcoiu and Laura Dragomirescu in 1942. The society continued to maintain relations with similar bodies in Italy, Germany, Spain, France, Croatia, Slovakia and Finland. The events of 23 August 1944 forced another radical change for the society. In early September, a group of thirty writers called for a general assembly, citing the absence of Herescu (who was abroad and unable to return) and the presence in the committee of individuals compromised by collaboration with the deposed
Ion Antonescu Ion Antonescu (; ; – 1 June 1946) was a Romanian military officer and Mareșal (Romania), marshal who presided over two successive Romania during World War II, wartime dictatorships as Prime Minister of Romania, Prime Minister and ''Conduc� ...
regime. The meeting occurred later in the month, and despite the absence of many members who did not reside in Bucharest, it was declared valid. The assembly, attended by the Jewish writers removed in 1940, elected a new committee, with the most votes going to the list headed by
Victor Eftimiu Victor Eftimiu (; 24 January 1889 – 27 November 1972) was a Romanian poet and playwright. He was a contributor to ''Sburătorul'', a Romanian literary magazine. His works have been performed in the State Jewish Theater of Romania. Eftimi ...
as president. The new committee members were
N. D. Cocea N. D. Cocea (common rendition of Nicolae Dumitru Cocea, , also known as Niculae, Niculici or Nicu Cocea; November 29, 1880 – February 1, 1949) was a Romanian journalist, novelist, critic and left-wing political activist, known as a major but c ...
, Papadat-Bengescu,
Cezar Petrescu Cezar Petrescu (; December 1, 1892–March 9, 1961) was a Romanian journalist, novelist, and children's literature, children's writer. He was born in Cotnari, Hodora, IaÈ™i County, the son of Dimitrie Petrescu, an engineer and a teacher. Af ...
, Cazaban, Celarianu, Stancu (who resigned and was replaced by Perpessicius),
Mihai Beniuc Mihai Beniuc (; 20 November 1907 – 24 June 1988) was a Romanian socialist realist poet, dramatist, and novelist. Biography He was born in 1907 in Sebiș, Arad County (at the time in Austria-Hungary), the son of Athanasie and Vaseline Beniuc. H ...
,
Lucia Demetrius Lucia Aurora Demetrius (February 16, 1910–July 29, 1992) was a Romanian novelist, poet, playwright and translator. Life Born in Bucharest, her parents were the writer Vasile Demetrius and his wife Antigona (''née'' Rabinovici). Her father ...
, Boureanu, Cicerone Theodorescu and Jebeleanu. By the end of November, successive meetings of the committee had resulted in an unknown number of expulsions, with a further 46 members suspended but given the possibility of accounting for their past deeds. The list presented in the 1945 bulletin indicates that 28 members were purged. Not among these were several who had already received public opprobrium (Davidescu, Crevedia, Marta Rădulescu), or those who had gone into voluntary exile (Cotruș, Eliade, Busuioceanu). In their place, Cocea proposed inviting 51 new members, of whom twenty mainly left-leaning individuals were accepted: Banuș, Ury Benador,
Geo Bogza Geo Bogza (; born Gheorghe Bogza; February 6, 1908 – September 14, 1993) was a Romanian avant-garde theorist, poet, and journalist, known for his left-wing and Communism, communist political convictions. As a young man in the interwar period, h ...
,
George Călinescu George Călinescu (; 19 June 1899 – 12 March 1965) was a Romanian literary critic, historian, novelist, academician and journalist, and a writer of classicist and humanist tendencies. He is currently considered one of the most important Romani ...
,
Ion Călugăru Ion Călugăru (; born Ștrul Leiba Croitoru, Ion Călugăru, Ioan Lăcustă''"Uzina care încearcă să gonească morții". Note nepublicate (1948)'' at thMemoria Digital Library retrieved February 17, 2010 also known as Buium sin Strul-Leiba Cro ...
, Emil Dorian, Alexandru Kirițescu,
Barbu Lăzăreanu Barbu Lăzăreanu (born Avram Lazarovici,Valentin Chifor, "Lăzăreanu Barbu", in Aurel Sasu (ed.), ''Dicționarul biografic al literaturii române'', Vol. I, pp. 839–840. Pitești: Editura Paralela 45, 2004. or Bercu Leizerovici,Constantin Ior ...
, George Magheru, Alexandru Mironescu, Dinu Nicodin,
Miron Radu Paraschivescu __NOTOC__ Miron Radu Paraschivescu (; 2 October 1911 – 17 February 1971) was a Romanian poet, essayist, journalist, and translator. Born in Zimnicea, Teleorman County, he went to high school in Ploiești, after which he studied fine arts, first ...
, Dan Petrașincu,
Ion Pas Ion Pas (born Ioan M. Pascu; October 6, 1895 – May 20, 1974) was a Romanian novelist, translator and left-wing politician. He was born in Bucharest in to a family of small craftsman. He attended primary school in the slum where he grew up, but w ...
, Alexandru Rosetti,
George Silviu George Silviu (pen name of Silvius Goliger; January 2, 1901 – May 16, 1971) was a Romanian poet, playwright, translator and lawyer. Born into a Jewish family in FocÈ™ani, his parents were Iancu Goliger, an architect, and his wife Hermina. A ...
, Henric Sanielevici,
Tudor Teodorescu-BraniÈ™te Tudor Teodorescu-BraniÈ™te (April 12, 1899 – March 23, 1969) was a Romanian journalist. He was editor at a number of newspapers, including ''Cuvântul Liber (1924), Cuvântul Liber'' from 1933 to 1936, ''Aurora'', ''Adevărul'' and, from 1944 ...
, Tudoran and Gheorghe Zane.


Final years

By May 1945, Eftimiu justified the purges and welcomed the rising Soviet influence in response to the policies of the new
Romanian Communist Party The Romanian Communist Party ( ; PCR) was a communist party in Romania. The successor to the pro-Bolshevik wing of the Socialist Party of Romania, it gave an ideological endorsement to a communist revolution that would replace the social system ...
-dominated government. These policies aimed to transform the SSR into a tool for achieving the party's objective of a literary activity entirely subordinate to the authorities. Meanwhile, the society's professional role was largely ceded for a time to the Union of Artists', Writers' and Journalists' Syndicates, a body founded in August 1945. This organization, which was much easier to manipulate, began handling both material rewards and penalties, such as the purges of October 1947. Following the membership overhaul of 1944–1945, the total number of affiliates rose to 268. A further 32 writers were admitted during the May 1946 congress, and probably as many were taken in at the September 1947 assembly that re-elected Eftimiu as president. The new committee also included Galaction, Cocea, Cezar Petrescu, Celarianu, Ion Popescu-Puțuri, Lucia Demetrius, Călugăru, Theodorescu, Dinu Bondi and Stancu as members; Carol Ardeleanu and Dumitru Corbea as accountants; Vintilă Russu-Șirianu, Bogza, Teofil Rudenco, Agatha Bacovia, Toma and C. Argeșanu as the honoring jury; and Baltazar, Aurel Baranga, Oscar Lemnaru, Tudor Șoimaru and
SaÈ™a Pană SaÈ™a Pană (; pen name of Alexandru Binder; 8 August 1902—22 August 1981) was a Romanian avant-garde poet, novelist, and short story writer. Biography Born to a Jewish family in Bucharest, he trained as a physician in IaÈ™i and Bucharest, ...
as alternate members. During the same assembly, Stancu condemned those who were resisting the nascent regime and its cultural policies. Near the end of the month, a meeting of ethnic Hungarian writers in
Cluj Cluj-Napoca ( ; ), or simply Cluj ( , ), is a city in northwestern Romania. It is the second-most populous city in the country and the seat of Cluj County. Geographically, it is roughly equidistant from Bucharest (), Budapest () and Belgrade ( ...
decided to join the SSR, leading the organization to change its name to the Society of Writers from Romania in January 1948. Stancu was elected to replace Eftimiu, who went on to chair the
National Theatre Bucharest The National Theatre Bucharest () is one of the national theatres of Romania, located in the capital city of Bucharest. Founding It was founded as the ''Teatrul cel Mare din București'' ("Grand Theatre of Bucharest") in 1852, its first director ...
. In early 1949, a reorganization assembly was announced, which took place in late March, in the presence of the state and party leadership. The Society of Writers from the Romanian People's Republic was transformed into the Union of Writers from the Romanian People's Republic, now known as the
Writers' Union of Romania The Writers' Union of Romania (), founded in March 1949, is a professional association of writers in Romania. It also has a subsidiary in Chișinău, Republic of Moldova. The Writers' Union of Romania was created by the communist regime by takin ...
. A new statute was adopted, and a literary fund was established. Victor Durnea
"Societatea scriitorilor români"
, in ''Dacia literară'', nr. 2/2008


Presidents

*
Mihail Sadoveanu Mihail Sadoveanu (; occasionally referred to as Mihai Sadoveanu; 5 November 1880 â€“ 19 October 1961) was a Romanian novelist, short story writer, journalist and political figure, who twice served as acting President of Romania, head of st ...
(1909-1911) * Emil Gârleanu (1911-1912) *
Mihail Dragomirescu Mihail Dragomirescu (March 22, 1868 – November 25, 1942) was a Romanian aesthetician, literary theorist and critic. Born in Plătărești, Călărași County, he completed primary school in his native village in 1881, followed by Bucharest's ...
(1912-1914) * George Diamandy (1914-1916) *
Duiliu Zamfirescu Duiliu Zamfirescu (; 30 October 1858 – 3 June 1922) was a Romanian novelist, poet, short story writer, lawyer, nationalist politician, journalist, diplomat and memoirist. In 1909, he was elected a member of the Romanian Academy, and, for a whi ...
(1916-1917) *Mihail Sadoveanu (1917-1919) *Mihai Dragomirescu (1919-1921) *
Corneliu Moldovanu Corneliu Moldovanu (pen name of Corneliu Vasiliu; 15 August 1883 – 2 September 1952) was a Romanian poet, prose writer and playwright. Born in Bârlad, his parents were Dumitrache Vasiliu, a merchant, and his wife Ruxandra (''née'' Rășca ...
(1921-1923) *Mihail Sadoveanu (1923-1924) *
Octavian Goga Octavian Goga (; 1 April 1881 – 7 May 1938) was a Romanian far-right politician, poet, playwright, journalist, and translator. Biography Early life Octavian Goga was born on 1 April 1881 in the village of Rășinari, on the northern sl ...
(1924-1925) *
Liviu Rebreanu Liviu Rebreanu (; November 27, 1885 – September 1, 1944) was a Romanian novelist, playwright, short story writer, and journalist. Life Born in Felsőilosva (now Târlișua, Bistrița-Năsăud County, Transylvania), then part of the King ...
(1925-1932) *Corneliu Moldovanu (1932-1935) * Nicolae M. Condiescu (1935-1939) * N. I. Herescu (1939-1944) *
Victor Eftimiu Victor Eftimiu (; 24 January 1889 – 27 November 1972) was a Romanian poet and playwright. He was a contributor to ''Sburătorul'', a Romanian literary magazine. His works have been performed in the State Jewish Theater of Romania. Eftimi ...
(1944-1948)


References

{{Authority control 1909 establishments in Romania Organizations established in 1909 1949 disestablishments in Romania Romanian writers' organizations