Roman Time on:
[Wikipedia]
[Google]
[Amazon]
The following
*
*
Troops
*** Alae
*** 
Military history of ancient Rome
* Borders of the Roman Empire
* Roman military frontiers and fortifications
** Castra
* Roman military engineering, Military engineering of ancient Rome
* Military establishment of the Roman kingdom
* Military establishment of the Roman Republic
* Political history of the Roman military
* Strategy of the Roman military
* Structural history of the Roman military
* Technological history of the Roman military
Assassination of Julius Caesar
*
Augustus
**** Tiberius (ruled 14-37 AD) – stepson of Augustus. He was one of Rome's greatest generals, conquering Pannonia, Dalmatia, Raetia, and temporarily Germania; laying the foundations for the northern frontier. But he came to be remembered as a dark, reclusive, and sombre ruler who never really desired to be emperor; Pliny the Elder called him tristissimus hominum, "the gloomiest of men."
**** Caligula
**** Claudius
**** Nero
*** Year of the Four Emperors (69 AD) – these four emperors were Galba, Otho, Vitellius, and Vespasian. Vespasian's rule marked the beginning of the Flavian dynasty.
**** Galba
**** Otho
**** Vitellius
**** Vespasian
*** Flavian dynasty (69-96 AD)
*** Nerva–Antonine dynasty (96-192 AD) – dynasty of seven Roman Emperors who ruled over the Roman Empire from 96 AD to 192 AD. These Emperors were Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Antoninus Pius, Marcus Aurelius, Lucius Verus, and Commodus.
**** Nerva
**** Hadrian
**** Antoninus Pius
**** Marcus Aurelius
**** Lucius Verus
**** Commodus
*** Severan dynasty (193-235 AD)
**** 
Crisis of the Third Century (235-284 AD) – period in which the Roman Empire nearly collapsed under the combined pressures of invasion, civil war, plague, and economic depression. The Crisis began with the assassination of Emperor Alexander Severus at the hands of his own troops, initiating a fifty-year period in which 20–25 claimants to the title of Emperor, mostly prominent Roman army generals, assumed imperial power over all or part of the Empire.
***** Barracks emperor – any Roman Emperor who seized power by virtue of his command of the army. Barracks emperors were especially common in the period from 235 through 284, during the Crisis of the Third Century.
****** List of barracks emperors
*****Gallic Empire (260-274 AD) – modern name for a breakaway realm of the Roman Empire, founded by Postumus in 260 in the wake of barbarian invasions and instability in Rome, and at its height included the territories of Germania, Gaul, Britannia, and (briefly) Hispania.
*****Palmyrene Empire (260-273) – splinter empire, that broke away from the Roman Empire during the Crisis of the Third Century. It encompassed the Roman provinces of Syria Palaestina, Egypt and large parts of Asia Minor.
** Dominate (284-476 AD) – 'despotic' latter phase of government in the ancient Roman Empire from the conclusion of the Third Century Crisis until the collapse of the Western Empire. The Emperor Diocletian abandoned the appearances of the Republic for the sake of control, and introduced a novel system of joint rule by four monarchs known as the Tetrarchy.
*** Decline of the Roman Empire – process spanning many centuries; there is no consensus when it might have begun but many dates and time lines have been proposed by historians.
**** 
Tetrarchy (293-313 AD) – Diocletian designated the general Maximian as co-emperor, first as ''Caesar'' (junior emperor) in 285, and then promoted him to ''Augustus'' in 286. Diocletian took care of matters in the Eastern regions of the Empire while Maximian similarly took charge of the Western regions. In 293, feeling more focus was needed on both civic and military problems, Diocletian, with Maximian's consent, expanded the imperial college by appointing two ''Caesars'' (one responsible to each ''Augustus''). The tetrarchy collapsed, however, in 313 and a few years later Constantine I reunited the two administrative divisions of the Empire as sole Augustus.; .
***** First Tetrarchy – created by Diocletian with Maximian's consent in 293 by the appointment of two subordinate ''Caesars''.
****** Diocletian (''Augustus'')
******* Galerius (''Caesar'')
****** Maximian (''Augustus'')
******* Constantius Chlorus (''Caesar'')
***** Second Tetrarchy – in 305, the senior emperors jointly abdicated and retired, elevating Constantius and Galerius to the rank of ''Augusti''. They in turn appointed two new ''Caesars''.
****** Galerius (''Augustus'')
******* Maximinus II, Maximinus (''Caesar'')
****** Constantius Chlorus (''Augustus'')
******* Flavius Valerius Severus (''Caesar'')
***** Civil wars of the Tetrarchy – series of conflicts between the co-emperors of the Roman Empire, starting in 306 AD with the usurpation of Maxentius and the defeat of Severus, and ending with the defeat of Licinius at the hands of Constantine I in 324 AD.
**** Constantinian dynasty – informal name for the ruling family of the Roman Empire from Constantius Chlorus (†305) to the death of Julian in 363. It is named after its most famous member, Constantine the Great who became the sole ruler of the empire in 324. It is also called the Neo-Flavian dynasty.
**** Migration Period#First wave, First phase of the Migration Period
**** 
Division of the Roman Empire – in order to maintain control and improve administration, various schemes to divide the work of the Roman Emperor by sharing it between individuals were tried between 285 and 324, from 337 to 350, from 364 to 392, and again between 395 and 480. Although the administrative subdivisions varied, they generally involved a division of labour between East and West. Each division was a form of power-sharing (or even job-sharing), for the ultimate ''imperium'' was not divisible and therefore the empire remained legally one state—although the co-emperors often saw each other as rivals or enemies rather than partners.
***** Western Roman Empire – In 285, Emperor Diocletian (r. 284–305) divided the Roman Empire's administration into western and eastern halves. In 293, Rome lost its capital status, and Milan became the capital.
***** Outline of the Byzantine Empire, Byzantine Empire (Eastern Roman Empire) – term used by modern historians to distinguish the Constantinople-centered Roman Empire of the Middle Ages from its earlier classical existence.
****** Nicomedia – Nicomedia was the metropolis of Bithynia under the Roman Empire, and Diocletian made it the eastern capital city of the Roman Empire in 286 when he introduced the Tetrarchy system.
****** Constantinople – founded in AD 330, at ancient Byzantium as the new capital of the entire Roman Empire by Constantine the Great, after whom it was named.
******* Walls of Constantinople
** 
Fall of the Western Roman Empire (476 AD) – the two halves of the Roman Empire ended at different times, with the Western Roman Empire coming to an end in 476 AD (the end of Ancient Rome). The Eastern Roman Empire (referred to by historians as the Byzantine Empire) survived for nearly a thousand years more, and eventually engulfed much of the Western Roman Empire's former territory.
*** Fall of the Western Roman Empire – this was not sudden, and took over a hundred years. By 476, when Odoacer deposed the Emperor Romulus, the Western Roman Empire wielded negligible military, political, or financial power and had no effective control over the scattered Western domains that still described themselves as Roman.
**** Odoacer – Germanic soldier, who in 476 became the first King of Italy (476-493). His reign is commonly seen as marking the end of the Western Roman Empire."Odoacer was the first barbarian who reigned over Italy, over a people who had once asserted their just superiority above the rest of mankind." Edward Gibbon, ''The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire'', Chapter XXXVI
*** 
Outline of the Byzantine Empire, Byzantine Empire (Byzantium) – after the Western Roman Empire fragmented and collapsed, the Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantium) continued to thrive, existing for nearly another thousand years until it fell to the Ottoman Empire, Ottoman Turks in 1453. Its citizens referred to it as the Roman Empire, and saw it as a direct continuation of it. Historians consider it to be a distinctly different empire, with some overlap, but generally not included in the period referred to as Ancient Rome. Byzantium differed in major ways, including its primary language, which was Greek rather than Latin. It also differed religiously, with Roman mythology being replaced by Christianity.
* Legacy of the Roman Empire – what the Roman Empire passed on, in the form of cultural values, religious beliefs, as well as technological and other achievements, and through which it continued to shape other civilizations, a process which continues to this day.
** Cultural heritage of the Roman Empire
*** Last of the Romans
** History of the Romans in Arabia
** Legacy of Byzantium
** Third Rome
Culture of ancient Rome
* Associations in Ancient Rome
**Collegium (ancient Rome), Collegium
* ''Dignitas (Roman concept), Dignitas''
* Family in ancient Rome
** Pater familias
** Adoption in ancient Rome
** Birth registration in ancient Rome
** Childhood in ancient Rome
* Marriage in ancient Rome
** Confarreatio
** Diffarreation
** Manus marriage
** Weddings in ancient Rome
* ''Mos maiorum''
* Patronage in ancient Rome
*
Religion in ancient Rome
* Roman imperial cult, Imperial cult
* Persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire
* Religious persecution in the Roman Empire
* Collegium Pontificum
** Vestal Virgin
** Rex Sacrorum
** Pontifex maximus
** Flamen
* Augur
* Quindecimviri sacris faciundis
* Epulones
Roman economy
* Agriculture in ancient Rome, Roman agriculture
** Deforestation during the Roman period, Deforestation
** Cura Annonae, Grain supply to the city of Rome
* Roman commerce
**Sino-Roman relations, Roman trade with China
**Indo-Roman trade relations, Roman trade with India
* Roman finance
** Banking in ancient Rome
** Taxation in ancient Rome
* Roman currency
** Roman Republican currency
** Roman provincial currency
* Roman metallurgy
** Mining in ancient Rome
***Mining in Roman Britain
Ancient Rome
resources for students from the Courtenay Middle School Library.
History of Ancient Rome
OpenCourseWare from the University of Notre Dame providing free resources including lectures, discussion questions, assignments and exams.
Ancient Rome portal at ''Encarta Encyclopedia''
* [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/home.html Lacus Curtius]
Livius.Org
Nova Roma - Educational Organization
about "All Things Roman"
by Harold Whetstone Johnston
United Nations of Roma Victrix (UNRV) History
Water and Wastewater Systems in Imperial Rome
Ancient Rome
at The History Channel {{DEFAULTSORT:Ancient Rome Ancient Rome-related lists, Outlines of geography and places Wikipedia outlines
The following outline
Outline or outlining may refer to:
* Outline (list), a document summary, in hierarchical list format
* Code folding, a method of hiding or collapsing code or text to see content in outline form
* Outline drawing, a sketch depicting the outer edg ...
is provided as an overview of and topical guide to ancient Rome:
Ancient Rome
In modern historiography, ancient Rome refers to Roman civilisation from the founding of the city of Rome in the 8th century BC to the collapse of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century AD. It encompasses the Roman Kingdom (753–50 ...
– former civilization
A civilization (or civilisation) is any complex society characterized by the development of a state, social stratification, urbanization, and symbolic systems of communication beyond natural spoken language (namely, a writing system).
C ...
that thrived on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 8th century BC. Located along the Mediterranean Sea
The Mediterranean Sea is a sea connected to the Atlantic Ocean, surrounded by the Mediterranean Basin and almost completely enclosed by land: on the north by Western and Southern Europe and Anatolia, on the south by North Africa, and on the ...
and centered on the city of Rome
, established_title = Founded
, established_date = 753 BC
, founder = King Romulus ( legendary)
, image_map = Map of comune of Rome (metropolitan city of Capital Rome, region Lazio, Italy).svg
, map_caption ...
, it expanded to become one of the largest empire
An empire is a "political unit" made up of several territories and peoples, "usually created by conquest, and divided between a dominant center and subordinate peripheries". The center of the empire (sometimes referred to as the metropole) ex ...
s in the ancient world
Ancient history is a time period from the beginning of writing and recorded human history to as far as late antiquity. The span of recorded history is roughly 5,000 years, beginning with the Sumerian cuneiform script. Ancient history cove ...
.
Essence of Ancient Rome
*Civilization
A civilization (or civilisation) is any complex society characterized by the development of a state, social stratification, urbanization, and symbolic systems of communication beyond natural spoken language (namely, a writing system).
C ...
* Classical antiquity
Classical antiquity (also the classical era, classical period or classical age) is the period of cultural history between the 8th century BC and the 5th century AD centred on the Mediterranean Sea, comprising the interlocking civilizations ...
* Ancient Rome
In modern historiography, ancient Rome refers to Roman civilisation from the founding of the city of Rome in the 8th century BC to the collapse of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century AD. It encompasses the Roman Kingdom (753–50 ...
* Greco-Roman world
The Greco-Roman civilization (; also Greco-Roman culture; spelled Graeco-Roman in the Commonwealth), as understood by modern scholars and writers, includes the geographical regions and countries that culturally—and so historically—were dir ...
Geography of ancient Rome
* Roman province
The Roman provinces (Latin: ''provincia'', pl. ''provinciae'') were the administrative regions of Ancient Rome outside Roman Italy that were controlled by the Romans under the Roman Republic and later the Roman Empire. Each province was rule ...
s
** Achaia
Achaea () or Achaia (), sometimes transliterated from Greek as Akhaia (, ''Akhaïa'' ), is one of the regional units of Greece. It is part of the region of Western Greece and is situated in the northwestern part of the Peloponnese peninsula. T ...
** Africa
Africa is the world's second-largest and second-most populous continent, after Asia in both cases. At about 30.3 million km2 (11.7 million square miles) including adjacent islands, it covers 6% of Earth's total surface area ...
** Alpes Graiae et Poeninae
The Alpes Graiae et Poeninae, later known as Alpes Atrectianae et Poeninae (officially Alpes Atrectianae et Vallis Poenina), were a small Alpine province of the Roman Empire created after the merging of the ''Alpes Poeninae'' (or ''Vallis Poenina' ...
** Arabia Petraea
Arabia Petraea or Petrea, also known as Rome's Arabian Province ( la, Provincia Arabia; ar, العربية البترائية; grc, Ἐπαρχία Πετραίας Ἀραβίας) or simply Arabia, was a frontier province of the Roman Empi ...
** Arcadia Aegypti
Arcadia or Arcadia Aegypti was a Late Roman province in northern Egypt. It was named for one of the reigning ''Augusti'' of the Roman Empire, Arcadius () of the Theodosian dynasty when it was created in the late 4th century. Its capital was Oxyrh ...
** Asia
Asia (, ) is one of the world's most notable geographical regions, which is either considered a continent in its own right or a subcontinent of Eurasia, which shares the continental landmass of Afro-Eurasia with Africa. Asia covers an ...
** Assyria
Assyria (Neo-Assyrian cuneiform: , romanized: ''māt Aššur''; syc, ܐܬܘܪ, ʾāthor) was a major ancient Mesopotamian civilization which existed as a city-state at times controlling regional territories in the indigenous lands of the As ...
** Bithynia and Pontus
Bithynia and Pontus ( la, Provincia Bithynia et Pontus, Ancient Greek ) was the name of a province of the Roman Empire on the Black Sea coast of Anatolia (modern-day Turkey). It was formed during the late Roman Republic by the amalgamation of the ...
** Britannia
Britannia () is the national personification of Britain as a helmeted female warrior holding a trident and shield. An image first used in classical antiquity, the Latin ''Britannia'' was the name variously applied to the British Isles, Gr ...
** Byzacena
Byzacena (or Byzacium) ( grc, Βυζάκιον, ''Byzakion'') was a Late Roman province in the central part of Roman North Africa, which is now roughly Tunisia, split off from Africa Proconsularis.
History
At the end of the 3rd century AD, t ...
** Cappadocia
Cappadocia or Capadocia (; tr, Kapadokya), is a historical region in Central Anatolia, Turkey. It largely is in the provinces Nevşehir, Kayseri, Aksaray, Kırşehir, Sivas and Niğde.
According to Herodotus, in the time of the Ionian Re ...
** Cilicia
Cilicia (); el, Κιλικία, ''Kilikía''; Middle Persian: ''klkyʾy'' (''Klikiyā''); Parthian language, Parthian: ''kylkyʾ'' (''Kilikiyā''); tr, Kilikya). is a geographical region in southern Anatolia in Turkey, extending inland from th ...
** Coele Syria
Coele-Syria (, also spelt Coele Syria, Coelesyria, Celesyria) alternatively Coelo-Syria or Coelosyria (; grc-gre, Κοίλη Συρία, ''Koílē Syría'', 'Hollow Syria'; lat, Cœlē Syria or ), was a region of Syria in classical antiquit ...
** Crete and Cyrenaica
Crete and Cyrenaica ( la, Provincia Creta et Cyrenaica, Ancient Greek ) was a senatorial province of the Roman Republic and later the Roman Empire, established in 67 BC. It comprised the island of Crete and the region of Cyrenaica in present-day ...
** Cyprus
Cyprus ; tr, Kıbrıs (), officially the Republic of Cyprus,, , lit: Republic of Cyprus is an island country located south of the Anatolian Peninsula in the eastern Mediterranean Sea. Its continental position is disputed; while it is ...
** Dacia
Dacia (, ; ) was the land inhabited by the Dacians, its core in Transylvania, stretching to the Danube in the south, the Black Sea in the east, and the Tisza in the west. The Carpathian Mountains were located in the middle of Dacia. It thus ...
** Dacia Aureliana
Dacia Aureliana was a province in the eastern half of the Roman Empire established by Roman Emperor Aurelian in the territory of former Moesia Superior after his evacuation of Dacia Traiana beyond the Danube in 271. Between 271/275 and 285, i ...
** Dalmatia
Dalmatia (; hr, Dalmacija ; it, Dalmazia; see names in other languages) is one of the four historical regions of Croatia, alongside Croatia proper, Slavonia, and Istria. Dalmatia is a narrow belt of the east shore of the Adriatic Sea, stre ...
** Danubian provinces
The Danubian provinces of the Roman Empire were the Roman province, provinces of the Lower Danube, within a geographical area encompassing the middle and lower Danube basins, the Eastern Alps, the Dinarides, and the Balkan mountains, Balkans. They ...
** Dardania
** Egypt
Egypt ( ar, مصر , ), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a transcontinental country spanning the northeast corner of Africa and southwest corner of Asia via a land bridge formed by the Sinai Peninsula. It is bordered by the Med ...
** Galatia
Galatia (; grc, Γαλατία, ''Galatía'', "Gaul") was an ancient area in the highlands of central Anatolia, roughly corresponding to the provinces of Ankara and Eskişehir, in modern Turkey. Galatia was named after the Gauls from Thrace (c ...
** Gallia Aquitania
Gallia Aquitania ( , ), also known as Aquitaine or Aquitaine Gaul, was a province of the Roman Empire. It lies in present-day southwest France, where it gives its name to the modern region of Aquitaine. It was bordered by the provinces of Galli ...
** Gallia Belgica
Gallia Belgica ("Belgic Gaul") was a province of the Roman Empire located in the north-eastern part of Roman Gaul, in what is today primarily northern France, Belgium, and Luxembourg, along with parts of the Netherlands and Germany.
In 5 ...
** Gallia Lugdunensis
Gallia Lugdunensis (French: ''Gaule Lyonnaise'') was a province of the Roman Empire in what is now the modern country of France, part of the Celtic territory of Gaul formerly known as Celtica. It is named after its capital Lugdunum (today's Lyo ...
** Gallia Narbonensis
Gallia Narbonensis (Latin for "Gaul of Narbonne", from its chief settlement) was a Roman province located in what is now Languedoc and Provence, in Southern France. It was also known as Provincia Nostra ("Our Province"), because it was the ...
** Gaul
Gaul ( la, Gallia) was a region of Western Europe first described by the Romans. It was inhabited by Celtic and Aquitani tribes, encompassing present-day France, Belgium, Luxembourg, most of Switzerland, parts of Northern Italy (only durin ...
** Germania Antiqua :''Germania Antiqua is the title of a 1616 work by Philipp Clüver.''
''Germania'' (also sometimes called Germania Antiqua) was a short-lived Roman province
for the duration of 16 years under Augustus, from 7 BC to AD 9. The possible capital ...
** Germania Inferior
Germania Inferior ("Lower Germania") was a Roman province from AD 85 until the province was renamed Germania Secunda in the fourth century, on the west bank of the Rhine bordering the North Sea. The capital of the province was Colonia Agrippine ...
** Germania Superior
Germania Superior ("Upper Germania") was an imperial province of the Roman Empire. It comprised an area of today's western Switzerland, the French Jura and Alsace regions, and southwestern Germany. Important cities were Besançon ('' Vesontio ...
** Hispania Baetica
Hispania Baetica, often abbreviated Baetica, was one of three Roman provinces in Hispania (the Iberian Peninsula). Baetica was bordered to the west by Lusitania, and to the northeast by Hispania Tarraconensis. Baetica remained one of the basic d ...
** Hispania Balearica
Hispania Balearica was a Roman province encompassing the Balearic Islands off the east coast of modern Spain. Formerly a part of Hispania Tarraconensis, Balearica gained its autonomy due to its geographic separation and economic independence from ...
** Hispania Carthaginensis
Hispania Carthaginensis was a Roman province segregated from Hispania Tarraconensis in the new division of Hispania by emperor Diocletian in 298.
The capital of the new province was settled in Carthago Nova, now Cartagena.
It encompassed the ...
** Hispania Citerior
Hispania Citerior (English: "Hither Iberia", or "Nearer Iberia") was a Roman province in Hispania during the Roman Republic. It was on the eastern coast of Iberia down to the town of Cartago Nova, today's Cartagena in the autonomous community of ...
** Hispania Tarraconensis
Hispania Tarraconensis was one of three Roman provinces in Hispania. It encompassed much of the northern, eastern and central territories of modern Spain along with modern northern Portugal. Southern Spain, the region now called Andalusia was the ...
** Illyricum
** Islands
An island or isle is a piece of subcontinental land completely surrounded by water. Very small islands such as emergent land features on atolls can be called islets, skerries, cays or keys. An island in a river or a lake island may be cal ...
** Judea
Judea or Judaea ( or ; from he, יהודה, Standard ''Yəhūda'', Tiberian ''Yehūḏā''; el, Ἰουδαία, ; la, Iūdaea) is an ancient, historic, Biblical Hebrew, contemporaneous Latin, and the modern-day name of the mountainous south ...
** Lycia et Pamphylia
Lycia et Pamphylia was the name of a province of the Roman empire, located in southern Anatolia. It was created by the emperor Vespasian (69–79), who merged Lycia and Pamphylia into a single administrative unit. In 43 AD, the emperor Claudiu ...
** Lusitania
** Macedonia
Macedonia most commonly refers to:
* North Macedonia, a country in southeastern Europe, known until 2019 as the Republic of Macedonia
* Macedonia (ancient kingdom), a kingdom in Greek antiquity
* Macedonia (Greece), a traditional geographic reg ...
** Mauretania Caesariensis
Mauretania Caesariensis (Latin for " Caesarean Mauretania") was a Roman province located in what is now Algeria in the Maghreb. The full name refers to its capital Caesarea Mauretaniae (modern Cherchell).
The province had been part of the Ki ...
** Mauretania Tingitana
Mauretania Tingitana (Latin for " Tangerine Mauretania") was a Roman province, coinciding roughly with the northern part of present-day Morocco. The territory stretched from the northern peninsula opposite Gibraltar, to Sala Colonia (or Chell ...
** Mesopotamia
Mesopotamia ''Mesopotamíā''; ar, بِلَاد ٱلرَّافِدَيْن or ; syc, ܐܪܡ ܢܗܪ̈ܝܢ, or , ) is a historical region of Western Asia situated within the Tigris–Euphrates river system, in the northern part of the F ...
** Moesia
Moesia (; Latin: ''Moesia''; el, Μοισία, Moisía) was an ancient region and later Roman province situated in the Balkans south of the Danube River, which included most of the territory of modern eastern Serbia, Kosovo, north-eastern Alban ...
** Numidia
Numidia ( Berber: ''Inumiden''; 202–40 BC) was the ancient kingdom of the Numidians located in northwest Africa, initially comprising the territory that now makes up modern-day Algeria, but later expanding across what is today known as Tuni ...
** Pannonia Inferior
Pannonia Inferior, lit. Lower Pannonia, was a province of the Roman Empire. Its capital was Sirmium. It was one of the border provinces on the Danube. It was formed in the year 103 AD by Emperor Trajan who divided the former province of Pannonia ...
** Pannonia Prima
Pannonia Prima was an ancient Roman province. It was formed in the year 296, during the reign of Emperor Diocletian. Previously, it was a part of the province of Pannonia Superior, which, along with Pannonia Inferior, was gradually divided into ...
** Pannonia Savia
Pannonia Savia or simply Savia, also known as Pannonia Ripariensis, was a Late Roman province. It was formed in the year 295, during the Tetrarchy reform of Roman emperor Diocletian, and assigned to the civil diocese of Pannonia, which was at ...
** Pannonia Secunda
Pannonia Secunda was one of the provinces of the Roman Empire. It was formed in the year 296, during the reign of emperor Diocletian. The capital of the province was Sirmium (today Sremska Mitrovica). Pannonia Secunda included parts of present-d ...
** Pannonia Superior
Pannonia Superior, lit. Upper Pannonia, was a province of the Roman Empire. Its capital was Carnuntum. It was one on the border provinces on the Danube. It was formed in the year 103 AD by Emperor Trajan who divided the former province of Pann ...
** Pannonia Valeria
The Pannonia Valeria or simply Valeria, also known as Pannonia Ripensis, was one of the provinces of the Roman Empire. It was formed in the year 296, during the reign of emperor Diocletian, in a division of Pannonia Inferior. The capital of the ...
** Raetia
Raetia ( ; ; also spelled Rhaetia) was a province of the Roman Empire, named after the Rhaetian people. It bordered on the west with the country of the Helvetii, on the east with Noricum, on the north with Vindelicia, on the south-west w ...
** Sardinia and Corsica
The Province of Sardinia and Corsica ( la, Provincia Sardinia et Corsica) was an ancient Roman province including the islands of Sardinia and Corsica.
Pre-Roman times
The Nuragic civilization flourished in Sardinia from 1800 to 500 BC. The ...
** Sicilia
(man) it, Siciliana (woman)
, population_note =
, population_blank1_title =
, population_blank1 =
, demographics_type1 = Ethnicity
, demographics1_footnotes =
, demographi ...
** Syria
** Tres Alpes
''Tres Alpes'' (literally, "Three Alps"), was the collective term used by the Romans to denote three small provinces of the Roman empire situated in the western Alps mountain range, namely Alpes Graiae (or Poeninae) (Val d'Aosta, Italy); Alpes Cot ...
***Alpes Cottiae
The Alpes Cottiae (; English: 'Cottian Alps') were a small province of the Roman Empire founded in 63 AD by Emperor Nero. It was one of the three provinces straddling the Alps between modern France and Italy, along with the Alpes Graiae et Poenin ...
***Alpes Graiae et Poeninae
The Alpes Graiae et Poeninae, later known as Alpes Atrectianae et Poeninae (officially Alpes Atrectianae et Vallis Poenina), were a small Alpine province of the Roman Empire created after the merging of the ''Alpes Poeninae'' (or ''Vallis Poenina' ...
***Alpes Maritimae
The Alpes Maritimae (; English: 'Maritime Alps') were a small province of the Roman Empire founded in 63 AD by Nero. It was one of the three provinces straddling the Alps between modern France and Italy, along with the Alpes Graiae et Poeninae an ...
* Cities founded by the Romans
* Climate of ancient Rome
The climate of ancient Rome varied throughout the existence of that civilization. In the first half of the 1st millennium BC the climate of Italy was more humid and cool than now and the presently arid south saw more precipitation. The northern reg ...
* Demography of the Roman Empire
Demographically, as in other more recent and thus better documented pre-modern societies, papyrus evidence from Roman Egypt suggests the demographic profile of the Roman Empire had high infant mortality, a low marriage age, and high fertility ...
* Roman geographers
;Pre-Hellenistic Classical Greece
*Homer
* Anaximander
* Hecataeus of Miletus
*Massaliote Periplus
*Scylax of Caryanda (6th century BC)
*Herodotus
;Hellenistic period
*Pytheas (died c. 310 BC)
*''Periplus of Pseudo-Scylax'' (3rd or 4th century B ...
* Topography of ancient Rome
The topography of ancient Rome is the description of the built environment of the city of ancient Rome. It is a multidisciplinary field of study that draws on archaeology, epigraphy, cartography and philology. The word 'topography' here has ...
** ''Lexicon Topographicum Urbis Romae
The ''Lexicon Topographicum Urbis Romae'' (1993–2000) is a six-volume, multilingual reference work considered to be the major, modern work covering the topography of ancient Rome. The editor is Eva Margareta Steinby, and the publisher is Edizioni ...
'' (1993–2000)
Government and politics of ancient Rome
* Curia
Curia (Latin plural curiae) in ancient Rome referred to one of the original groupings of the citizenry, eventually numbering 30, and later every Roman citizen was presumed to belong to one. While they originally likely had wider powers, they came ...
* Forum
Forum or The Forum (plural forums or fora) may refer to:
Common uses
*Forum (legal), designated space for public expression in the United States
*Forum (Roman), open public space within a Roman city
**Roman Forum, most famous example
*Internet ...
* Cursus honorum
The ''cursus honorum'' (; , or more colloquially 'ladder of offices') was the sequential order of public offices held by aspiring politicians in the Roman Republic and the early Roman Empire. It was designed for men of senatorial rank. The ...
* Collegiality
Collegiality is the relationship between colleagues. A colleague is a fellow member of the same profession.
Colleagues are those explicitly united in a common purpose and respect each other's abilities to work toward that purpose. A colleague is ...
* Emperor
An emperor (from la, imperator, via fro, empereor) is a monarch, and usually the sovereign ruler of an empire or another type of imperial realm. Empress, the female equivalent, may indicate an emperor's wife ( empress consort), mother ( e ...
* Legatus
A ''legatus'' (; anglicised as legate) was a high-ranking Roman military officer in the Roman Army
The Roman army (Latin: ) was the armed forces deployed by the Romans throughout the duration of Ancient Rome, from the Roman Kingdom (c. 50 ...
* Dux
''Dux'' (; plural: ''ducēs'') is Latin for "leader" (from the noun ''dux, ducis'', "leader, general") and later for duke and its variant forms ( doge, duce, etc.). During the Roman Republic and for the first centuries of the Roman Empire, ...
* Officium
* Praefectus
''Praefectus'', often with a further qualification, was the formal title of many, fairly low to high-ranking, military or civil officials in the Roman Empire, whose authority was not embodied in their person (as it was with elected Magistrates) but ...
* Princeps senatus
The ''princeps senatus'' ( ''principes senatus'') was the first member by precedence on the membership rolls of the Roman Senate. Although officially out of the '' cursus honorum'' and possessing no ''imperium'', this office conferred prestige on ...
* Populares
Optimates (; Latin for "best ones", ) and populares (; Latin for "supporters of the people", ) are labels applied to politicians, political groups, traditions, strategies, or ideologies in the late Roman Republic. There is "heated academic dis ...
* Vicarius
''Vicarius'' is a Latin word, meaning ''substitute'' or ''deputy''. It is the root of the English word "vicar".
History
Originally, in ancient Rome, this office was equivalent to the later English " vice-" (as in " deputy"), used as part of t ...
* Vigintisexviri
__NOTOC__The ''vigintisexviri'' ( ''vigintisexvir''; ) were a college ( ''collegium'') of minor magistrates (''magistratus minores'') in the Roman Republic. The college consisted of six boards:
* the ''decemviri stlitibus judicandis'' – 1 ...
* Lictor
A lictor (possibly from la, ligare, "to bind") was a Roman civil servant who was an attendant and bodyguard to a magistrate who held ''imperium''. Lictors are documented since the Roman Kingdom, and may have originated with the Etruscans.
Orig ...
* Magister militum
(Latin for "master of soldiers", plural ) was a top-level military command used in the later Roman Empire, dating from the reign of Constantine the Great. The term referred to the senior military officer (equivalent to a war theatre commander, ...
* Imperator
The Latin word ''imperator'' derives from the stem of the verb la, imperare, label=none, meaning 'to order, to command'. It was originally employed as a title roughly equivalent to ''commander'' under the Roman Republic. Later it became a part o ...
* Pontifex maximus
* Augustus
Caesar Augustus (born Gaius Octavius; 23 September 63 BC – 19 August AD 14), also known as Octavian, was the first Roman emperor; he reigned from 27 BC until his death in AD 14. He is known for being the founder of the Roman Pr ...
* Caesar
Gaius Julius Caesar (; ; 12 July 100 BC – 15 March 44 BC), was a Roman general and statesman. A member of the First Triumvirate, Caesar led the Roman armies in the Gallic Wars before defeating his political rival Pompey in a civil war, an ...
* SPQR
SPQR, an abbreviation for (; en, "The Roman Senate and People"; or more freely "The Senate and People of Rome"), is an emblematic abbreviated phrase referring to the government of the ancient Roman Republic. It appears on Roman currency, at ...
* Tetrarch
Tetrarch, Tetrarchs, or Tetrarchy may refer to:
* Tetrarchy, the four co-emperors of the Roman Empire instituted by the Emperor Diocletian
* Portrait of the Four Tetrarchs - a sculpture of the four co-emperors of the Roman Empire
* Herodian Tetrar ...
Political institutions of ancient Rome
Political institutions of ancient Rome
Various lists regarding the political institutions of ancient Rome are presented. Each entry in a list is a link to a separate article. Categories included are: constitutions (5), laws (5), and legislatures (7); state offices (28) and office holde ...
* of ancient Rome in general
** Roman Senate
The Roman Senate ( la, Senātus Rōmānus) was a governing and advisory assembly in ancient Rome. It was one of the most enduring institutions in Roman history, being established in the first days of the city of Rome (traditionally founded in ...
** Roman assemblies
The Roman Assemblies were institutions in ancient Rome. They functioned as the machinery of the Roman legislative branch, and thus (theoretically at least) passed all legislation. Since the assemblies operated on the basis of a direct democracy, o ...
*** Curiate Assembly
The Curiate Assembly (''comitia curiata'') was the principal assembly that evolved in shape and form over the course of the Roman Kingdom until the Comitia Centuriata organized by Servius Tullius. During these first decades, the people of Rome we ...
*** Centuriate Assembly
The Centuriate Assembly (Latin: ''comitia centuriata'') of the Roman Republic was one of the three voting assemblies in the Roman constitution. It was named the Centuriate Assembly as it originally divided Roman citizens into groups of one hundre ...
*** Tribal Assembly
The Tribal Assembly (''comitia populi tributa'') was an assembly consisting of all Roman citizens convened by tribes (''tribus'').
In the Roman Republic, citizens did not elect legislative representatives. Instead, they voted themselves on legisl ...
*** Plebeian Council
The ''Concilium Plebis'' ( English: Plebeian Council., Plebeian Assembly, People's Assembly or Council of the Plebs) was the principal assembly of the common people of the ancient Roman Republic. It functioned as a legislative/judicial assembly, ...
** Executive magistrates
* of the Roman Kingdom
The Roman Kingdom (also referred to as the Roman monarchy, or the regal period of ancient Rome) was the earliest period of Roman history when the city and its territory were ruled by kings. According to oral accounts, the Roman Kingdom began wi ...
** Senate of the Roman Kingdom
The Senate of the Roman Kingdom was a political institution in the ancient Roman Kingdom. The word ''senate'' derives from the Latin word '' senex'', which means "old man". Therefore, ''senate'' literally means "board of old men" and translates as ...
** Legislative Assemblies of the Roman Kingdom
The Legislative Assemblies of the Roman Kingdom were political institutions in the ancient Roman Kingdom. While one assembly, the Curiate Assembly, had some legislative powers,Abbott, p.18 these powers involved nothing more than a right to symbolic ...
** Executive magistrates of the Roman Kingdom
The executive magistrates of the Roman Kingdom were elected officials of the ancient Roman Kingdom. During the period of the Roman Kingdom, the Roman King was the principal executive magistrate.Abbott, 8 His power, in practice, was absolute. He w ...
* of the Roman Republic
The Roman Republic ( la, Res publica Romana ) was a form of government of Rome and the era of the classical Roman civilization when it was run through public representation of the Roman people. Beginning with the overthrow of the Roman Kingd ...
** Senate of the Roman Republic
The Senate was the governing and advisory assembly of the aristocracy in the ancient Roman Republic. It was not an elected body, but one whose members were appointed by the consuls, and later by the censors. After a Roman magistrate served his ...
** Legislative Assemblies of the Roman Republic
The legislative assemblies of the Roman Republic were political institutions in the ancient Roman Republic. According to the contemporary historian Polybius, it was the people (and thus the assemblies) who had the final say regarding the election ...
** Executive magistrates of the Roman Republic
The executive magistrates of the Roman Republic were officials of the ancient Roman Republic (c. 510 BC – 44 BC), elected by the spqr, People of Rome. Ordinary magistrates (''magistratus'') were divided into several ranks according to their role ...
* of the Roman Empire
The Roman Empire ( la, Imperium Romanum ; grc-gre, Βασιλεία τῶν Ῥωμαίων, Basileía tôn Rhōmaíōn) was the post- Republican period of ancient Rome. As a polity, it included large territorial holdings around the Medite ...
** Senate of the Roman Empire
The Senate of the Roman Empire was a political institution in the ancient Roman Empire. After the fall of the Roman Republic, the constitutional balance of power shifted from the Roman Senate to the Roman Emperor. Beginning with the first empero ...
** Legislative Assemblies of the Roman Empire
The legislative assemblies of the Roman Empire were political institutions in the ancient Roman Empire. During the reign of the second Roman Emperor, Tiberius, the powers that had been held by the Roman assemblies (the ''comitia'') were transferre ...
** Executive magistrates of the Roman Empire
The executive magistrates of the Roman Empire were elected individuals of the ancient Roman Empire. During the transition from monarchy to republic, the constitutional balance of power shifted from the executive (the Roman King) to the Roman Sena ...
Magistrates
Roman magistrate
The Roman magistrates were elected officials in Ancient Rome.
During the period of the Roman Kingdom, the King of Rome was the principal executive magistrate.Abbott, 8 His power, in practice, was absolute. He was the chief priest, lawgiver, ju ...
= Ordinary magistrates
=Ordinary magistrate
The Roman magistrates were elected officials in Ancient Rome.
During the period of the Roman Kingdom, the King of Rome was the principal executive magistrate.Abbott, 8 His power, in practice, was absolute. He was the chief priest, lawgiver, j ...
* Tribune
Tribune () was the title of various elected officials in ancient Rome. The two most important were the tribunes of the plebs and the military tribunes. For most of Roman history, a college of ten tribunes of the plebs acted as a check on the ...
* Quaestor
A ( , , ; "investigator") was a public official in Ancient Rome. There were various types of quaestors, with the title used to describe greatly different offices at different times.
In the Roman Republic, quaestors were elected officials who ...
* Aedile
''Aedile'' ( ; la, aedīlis , from , "temple edifice") was an elected office of the Roman Republic. Based in Rome, the aediles were responsible for maintenance of public buildings () and regulation of public festivals. They also had powers to enf ...
* Praetor
Praetor ( , ), also pretor, was the title granted by the government of Ancient Rome to a man acting in one of two official capacities: (i) the commander of an army, and (ii) as an elected ''magistratus'' (magistrate), assigned to discharge vario ...
* Consul
Consul (abbrev. ''cos.''; Latin plural ''consules'') was the title of one of the two chief magistrates of the Roman Republic, and subsequently also an important title under the Roman Empire. The title was used in other European city-states th ...
* Censor
* Promagistrate
In ancient Rome a promagistrate ( la, pro magistratu) was an ex-consul or ex-praetor whose '' imperium'' (the power to command an army) was extended at the end of his annual term of office or later. They were called proconsuls and propraetors. T ...
* Governor
A governor is an administrative leader and head of a polity or political region, ranking under the head of state and in some cases, such as governors-general, as the head of state's official representative. Depending on the type of political ...
= Extraordinary magistrates
=Extraordinary magistrate
The Roman magistrates were elected officials in Ancient Rome.
During the period of the Roman Kingdom, the King of Rome was the principal executive magistrate.Abbott, 8 His power, in practice, was absolute. He was the chief priest, lawgiver, jud ...
* Dictator
A dictator is a political leader who possesses absolute power. A dictatorship is a state ruled by one dictator or by a small clique. The word originated as the title of a Roman dictator elected by the Roman Senate to rule the republic in ti ...
* Master of the Horse
Master of the Horse is an official position in several European nations. It was more common when most countries in Europe were monarchies, and is of varying prominence today.
(Ancient Rome)
The original Master of the Horse ( la, Magister Equitu ...
* Decemviri
The decemviri or decemvirs (Latin for "ten men") were some of the several 10-man commissions established by the Roman Republic.
The most important were those of the two Decemvirates, formally the " decemvirate with consular power for writing ...
* Consular tribune
A consular tribune was putatively a type of magistrate in the early Roman Republic. According to Roman tradition, colleges of consular tribunes held office throughout the fifth and fourth centuries BC during the so-called " Conflict of the ...
* Triumvir
A triumvirate ( la, triumvirātus) or a triarchy is a political institution ruled or dominated by three individuals, known as triumvirs ( la, triumviri). The arrangement can be formal or informal. Though the three leaders in a triumvirate are ...
* Rex
Rex may refer to:
* Rex (title) (Latin: king, ruler, monarch), a royal title
** King of Rome (Latin: Rex Romae), chief magistrate of the Roman Kingdom
People
* Rex (given name), for people with the given name
* Rex (surname), for people with t ...
* Interrex
The interrex (plural interreges) was literally a ruler "between kings" (Latin ''inter reges'') during the Roman Kingdom and the Roman Republic. He was in effect a short-term regent.
History
The office of ''interrex'' was supposedly created follo ...
Roman law
Roman law
Roman law is the legal system of ancient Rome, including the legal developments spanning over a thousand years of jurisprudence, from the Twelve Tables (c. 449 BC), to the '' Corpus Juris Civilis'' (AD 529) ordered by Eastern Roman emperor Jus ...
* Constitution (Roman law)
In Roman law, a constitution is a generic name for a legislative enactment by a Roman emperor. It includes ''edicts'', ''decrees'' (judicial decisions) and ''rescripts'' (written answers to officials or petitioners). ''Mandata'' (instructions) ...
* Roman laws
This is a partial list of Roman laws. A Roman law (Latin: ''lex'') is usually named for the sponsoring legislator and designated by the adjectival form of his ''gens'' name ('' nomen gentilicum''), in the feminine form because the noun ''lex'' (pl ...
* Twelve Tables
The Laws of the Twelve Tables was the legislation that stood at the foundation of Roman law. Formally promulgated in 449 BC, the Tables consolidated earlier traditions into an enduring set of laws.Crawford, M.H. 'Twelve Tables' in Simon Hornblowe ...
* Roman citizenship
Citizenship in ancient Rome (Latin: ''civitas'') was a privileged political and legal status afforded to free individuals with respect to laws, property, and governance. Citizenship in Ancient Rome was complex and based upon many different laws, t ...
* Auctoritas
''Auctoritas'' is a Latin word which is the origin of English " authority". While historically its use in English was restricted to discussions of the political history of Rome, the beginning of phenomenological philosophy in the 20th century ...
* Imperium
In ancient Rome, ''imperium'' was a form of authority held by a citizen to control a military or governmental entity. It is distinct from '' auctoritas'' and '' potestas'', different and generally inferior types of power in the Roman Republic ...
* Status in Roman legal system
In Roman law, ''status'' describes a person's legal status. The individual could be a Roman citizen (''status civitatis''), unlike foreigners; or he could be free (''status libertatis''), unlike slaves; or he could have a certain position in a ...
* Roman litigation The history of Roman law can be divided into three systems of procedure: that of '' legis actiones'', the formulary system, and '' cognitio extra ordinem''. Though the periods in which these systems were in use overlapped one another and did not hav ...
* Roman Constitution
The Roman Constitution was an uncodified set of guidelines and principles passed down mainly through precedent.Byrd, 161 The Roman constitution was not formal or even official, largely unwritten and constantly evolving. Having those characteristic ...
** History of the Roman Constitution
History (derived ) is the systematic study and the documentation of the human activity. The time period of event before the invention of writing systems is considered prehistory. "History" is an umbrella term comprising past events as well ...
** Constitution of the Roman Kingdom
The Constitution of the Roman Kingdom was an unwritten set of guidelines and principles originating mainly through precedent.Byrd, 161 During the years of the Roman Kingdom, the constitutional arrangement was centered on the king, who had the powe ...
*** History of the Constitution of the Roman Kingdom
** Constitution of the Roman Republic
The constitution of the Roman Republic was a set of uncodified norms and customs which, together with various written laws, guided the procedural governance of the Roman Republic. The constitution emerged from that of the Roman kingdom, evolv ...
*** History of the Constitution of the Roman Republic
The history of the Constitution of the Roman Republic is a study of the ancient Roman Republic that traces the progression of Roman political development from the founding of the Roman Republic in 509 BC until the founding of the Roman Empire in 2 ...
*** Constitutional reforms of Sulla
The constitutional reforms of Sulla were a series of laws enacted by the Roman dictator Lucius Cornelius Sulla between 82 and 80 BC, reforming the Constitution of the Roman Republic in a revolutionary way.
In the decades before Sulla had bec ...
*** Constitutional reforms of Julius Caesar
The constitutional reforms of Julius Caesar were a series of laws to the Constitution of the Roman Republic enacted between 49 and 44 BC, during Caesar's dictatorship. Caesar was murdered in 44 BC before the implications of his constitutional ac ...
** Constitution of the Roman Empire
The Constitution of the Roman Empire was an unwritten set of guidelines and principles passed down mainly through precedent. After the fall of the Roman Republic, the constitutional balance of power shifted from the Roman Senate to the Roman Empe ...
*** History of the Constitution of the Roman Empire
The history of the constitution of the Roman Empire begins with the establishment of the Principate in 27 BC and is considered to conclude with the abolition of that constitutional structure in favour of the Dominate at Diocletian's accession in AD ...
** Constitution of the Late Roman Empire
The constitution of the late Roman Empire was an unwritten set of guidelines and principles passed down, mainly through precedent, which defined the manner in which the late Roman Empire was governed. As a matter of historical convention, the late ...
*** History of the Constitution of the Late Roman Empire
The History of the Constitution of the Late Roman Empire is a study of the ancient Roman Empire that traces the progression of Roman political development from the abolition of the Roman Principate around the year 200 until the fall of the Western ...
(post Diocletian)
Military of ancient Rome
Military of ancient Rome
The military of ancient Rome, according to Titus Livius, one of the more illustrious historians of Rome over the centuries, was a key element in the rise of Rome over "above seven hundred years" from a small settlement in Latium to the capital of ...
* Roman generals
* Weapons
** Ballista
The ballista (Latin, from Greek βαλλίστρα ''ballistra'' and that from βάλλω ''ballō'', "throw"), plural ballistae, sometimes called bolt thrower, was an ancient missile weapon that launched either bolts or stones at a distant ...
** Battering ram
A battering ram is a siege engine that originated in ancient times and was designed to break open the masonry walls of fortifications or splinter their wooden gates. In its simplest form, a battering ram is just a large, heavy log carried ...
** Catapulta
A catapulta was a Roman machine for throwing arrows and javelins, or long, at the enemy. The name comes from the Greek ''katapeltes'' (καταπέλτης), because it could pierce or 'go through' (''kata'') shields (''peltas''). The design was ...
** Gladius
''Gladius'' () is a Latin word meaning "sword" (of any type), but in its narrow sense it refers to the sword of ancient Roman foot soldiers. Early ancient Roman swords were similar to those of the Greeks, called '' xiphe'' (plural; singular ''xi ...
** Onager
The onager (; ''Equus hemionus'' ), A new species called the kiang (''E. kiang''), a Tibetan relative, was previously considered to be a subspecies of the onager as ''E. hemionus kiang'', but recent molecular studies indicate it to be a distinct ...
** Pilum
The ''pilum'' (; plural ''pila'') was a javelin commonly used by the Roman army in ancient times. It was generally about long overall, consisting of an iron shank about in diameter and long with a pyramidal head, attached to a wooden shaft b ...
** Scorpio
Scorpio is the Latin word for scorpion. The name may refer to:
Astronomy and astrology
* Scorpio (astrology), a sign of the Zodiac
* Scorpius, a constellation often called Scorpio
People with the name
* Eddie Morris, a member of the hip-hop grou ...
** Siege tower
A Roman siege tower or breaching tower (or in the Middle Ages, a belfry''Castle: Stephen Biesty's Cross-Sections''. Dorling Kindersley Pub (T); 1st American edition (September 1994). Siege towers were invented in 300 BC. ) is a specialized siege ...
** Spatha
The spatha was a type of straight and long sword, measuring between 0.5 and 1 m (19.7 and 39.4 in), with a handle length of between 18 and 20 cm (7.1 and 7.9 in), in use in the territory of the Roman Empire during the 1st to 6th centuries AD ...
* Roman military diploma
A Roman military diploma was a document inscribed in bronze certifying that the holder was honourably discharged from the Roman armed forces and/or had received the grant of Roman citizenship from the emperor as reward for service.
The diploma ...
** Honesta missio
The ''honesta missio'' was the honorable discharge from the military service in the Roman Empire. The status conveyed particular privileges (''praemia militiae''). Among other things, an honorably discharged legionary was paid discharge money fro ...
* Praetorian Guard
The Praetorian Guard (Latin: ''cohortēs praetōriae'') was a unit of the Imperial Roman army that served as personal bodyguards and intelligence agents for the Roman emperors. During the Roman Republic, the Praetorian Guard were an escort f ...
* Victory titles
A victory title is an honorific title adopted by a successful military commander to commemorate his defeat of an enemy nation. The practice is first known in Ancient Rome and is still most commonly associated with the Romans, but it was also adop ...
Roman armed forces
*Roman army
The Roman army (Latin: ) was the armed forces deployed by the Romans throughout the duration of Ancient Rome, from the Roman Kingdom (c. 500 BC) to the Roman Republic (500–31 BC) and the Roman Empire (31 BC–395 AD), and its medieval contin ...
** Early Roman army The Early Roman army was deployed by ancient Rome during its Regal Era and into the early Republic around 300 BC, when the so-called "Polybian" or manipular legion was introduced.
Until c. 550 BC, there was probably no "national" Roman army, but a ...
** Roman army of the mid-Republic
The Roman army of the mid-Republic, also called the manipular Roman army or the Polybian army, refers to the armed forces deployed by the mid-Roman Republic, from the end of the Samnite Wars (290 BC) to the end of the Social War (88 BC). The fi ...
** Roman army of the late Republic
The Roman army of the late Republic refers to the armed forces deployed by the late Roman Republic, from the beginning of the first century BC until the establishment of the Imperial Roman army by Augustus in 30 BC.
Shaped by major social, politi ...
** Imperial Roman army
The Imperial Roman army was the military land force of the Roman Empire from about 30 BC to 476 AD, and the final incarnation in the long history of the Roman army. This period is sometimes split into the Principate (30 BC – 284 AD) and the Do ...
** Late Roman army
In modern scholarship, the "late" period of the Roman army begins with the accession of the Emperor Diocletian in AD 284, and ends in 480 with the death of Julius Nepos, being roughly coterminous with the Dominate. During the period 395–47 ...
** East Roman army
The Eastern Roman army refers to the army of the eastern section of the Roman Empire, from the empire's definitive split in 395 AD to the army's reorganization by themes after the permanent loss of Syria, Palestine and Egypt to the Arabs in the ...
* Size of the Roman army By the size of the Roman army is meant the changes (increases and reductions) in the number of its contingents: legions, auxiliaries, Praetorian cohorts, Urban cohorts, vigiles, and naval forces over the course of twelve centuries – from 753 BC ...
** Troops
*** Alae
*** Cohort
Cohort or cohortes may refer to:
* Cohort (educational group), a group of students working together through the same academic curriculum
* Cohort (floating point), a set of different encodings of the same numerical value
* Cohort (military unit) ...
s
***Auxiliaries
Auxiliaries are support personnel that assist the military or police but are organised differently from regular forces. Auxiliary may be military volunteers undertaking support functions or performing certain duties such as garrison troops, ...
****Alpine regiments of the Roman army
The Alpine regiments of the Roman army were those auxiliary units of the army that were originally raised in the Alpine provinces of the Roman Empire: Tres Alpes, Raetia and Noricum. All these regions were inhabited by predominantly Rhaetians, Rh ...
*** Cavalry
****Turmae
A ''turma'' (Latin for "swarm, squadron", plural ''turmae''), (Greek: τούρμα) was a cavalry unit in the Roman army of the Republic and Empire. In the Byzantine Empire, it became applied to the larger, regiment-sized military-administrative ...
*** Centuria
''Centuria'' (, plural ''centuriae'') is a Latin term (from the stem ''centum'' meaning one hundred) denoting military units originally consisting of 100 men. The size of the century changed over time, and from the first century BC through most ...
e
*** Contubernia
A ''contubernium'' was a quasi-marital relationship in ancient Rome between a free citizen and a slave or between two slaves. A slave involved in such relationship was called ''contubernalis''.
The term describes a wide range of situations, from ...
*** Legions
****Vexillationes
A ''vexillatio'' (plural ''vexillationes'') was a detachment of a Roman legion formed as a temporary task force created by the Roman army of the Principate. It was named from the standard carried by legionary detachments, the '' vexillum'' (plural ...
***Limitanei
The ''līmitāneī'' (Latin, also called ''rīpēnsēs''), meaning respectively "the soldiers in frontier districts" (from the Latin phrase līmēs, meaning a military district of a frontier province) or "the soldiers on the riverbank" (from the ...
**** Numeri
*** Maniples
*** Palatini
** Roman infantry tactics
Roman infantry tactics refers to the theoretical and historical deployment, formation, and manoeuvres of the Roman infantry from the start of the Roman Republic to the fall of the Western Roman Empire. The focus below is primarily on Roman tact ...
**Testudo formation
In ancient Roman warfare, the ''testudo'' or tortoise formation was a type of shield wall formation commonly used by the Roman legions during battles, particularly sieges.
Formation
In the ''testudo'' formation, the men would align their s ...
* Military equipment
** Roman military personal equipment
Roman military personal equipment was produced in large numbers to established patterns, and used in an established manner. These standard patterns and uses were called the ''res militaris'' or ''disciplina''. Its regular practice during the Roma ...
** Roman siege engines
* Roman navy, Navy
** Roman navy#Fleets, Fleet
* Roman military decorations and punishments, Decorations and punishments
**Roman triumph
***Ovation
** Decimation (Roman army), ''Decimatio''
** ''Fustuarium''
* Economics of the Roman army
* Ancient Roman military clothing, Roman military clothing
Military history of Rome
Military history of ancient Rome
* Borders of the Roman Empire
* Roman military frontiers and fortifications
** Castra
* Roman military engineering, Military engineering of ancient Rome
* Military establishment of the Roman kingdom
* Military establishment of the Roman Republic
* Political history of the Roman military
* Strategy of the Roman military
* Structural history of the Roman military
* Technological history of the Roman military
Military conflict
* Campaign history of the Roman military * List of Roman wars, Roman wars * List of Roman battles, Roman battles ** Battle of Cannae ** Battle of Cape Ecnomus ** Battle of ActiumGeneral history of ancient Rome
Roman era * History of Rome ** Founding of Rome *Roman Kingdom, Kingdom of Rome **Kings of Rome *Roman Republic
The Roman Republic ( la, Res publica Romana ) was a form of government of Rome and the era of the classical Roman civilization when it was run through public representation of the Roman people. Beginning with the overthrow of the Roman Kingd ...
**Conflict of the Orders (494-287 BC)
**Punic Wars (264-146 BC) – series of three wars fought between Rome and ancient Carthage
*** First Punic War (264-241 BC)
**** Ebro Treaty
*** Second Punic War (218-201 BC) – marked by Hannibal's surprising overland journey and his costly crossing of the Alps, followed by his reinforcement by Gaulish allies and crushing victories over Roman armies in the battle of the Trebia and the giant ambush at Trasimene.
**** Hannibal – Punic Carthaginian military commander, generally considered one of the greatest military commanders in history. Hannibal occupied much of Italy for 15 years, but a Roman counter-invasion of North Africa forced him to return to Carthage, where he was decisively defeated by Scipio Africanus at the Battle of Zama.
***** Conquests of Hannibal
****** Hannibal's Crossing of the Alps
****** Battle of the Trebia
****** Battle of Lake Trasimene
****** Battle of Cannae
***** Battle of Zama – marked the final and decisive end of the Second Punic War. A Roman army led by Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus defeated a Carthaginian force led by the legendary commander Hannibal. Soon after this defeat on their home ground, the Carthaginian senate sued for peace, which was given to them by the Roman Republic on rather humiliating terms, ending the 17-year war.
*** Third Punic War (149-146 BC) – involved an extended siege of Carthage, ending in the city's thorough destruction. The resurgence of the struggle can be explained by growing anti-Roman agitations in Hispania and Greece, and the visible improvement of Carthaginian wealth and martial power in the fifty years since the Second Punic War.
**** Siege of Carthage (Third Punic War), Siege of Carthage (c. 149 BC)
**Crisis of the Roman Republic (134 BC-44 BC) – extended period of political instability and social unrest that culminated in the demise of the Roman Republic and the advent of the Roman Empire.
*** Assassination of Julius Caesar
*Roman Empire
The Roman Empire ( la, Imperium Romanum ; grc-gre, Βασιλεία τῶν Ῥωμαίων, Basileía tôn Rhōmaíōn) was the post- Republican period of ancient Rome. As a polity, it included large territorial holdings around the Medite ...
** Principate (27 BC-284 AD) – first period of the Roman Empire, extending from the beginning of the reign of Caesar Augustus to the Crisis of the Third Century, after which it was replaced with the Dominate. During the Principate, the constitution of the Roman Republic was never formally abolished. It was amended in such a way as to maintain a politically correct façade of Republican government. This ended following the Crisis of the Third Century (235–284), during the reign of Diocletian.
*** Julio-Claudian dynasty (27 BC-68 AD) – the first five Roman Emperors, including Augustus, Tiberius, Caligula (also known as Gaius), Claudius, and Nero. The dynasty ended when Nero committed suicide.
**** Augustus
**** Tiberius (ruled 14-37 AD) – stepson of Augustus. He was one of Rome's greatest generals, conquering Pannonia, Dalmatia, Raetia, and temporarily Germania; laying the foundations for the northern frontier. But he came to be remembered as a dark, reclusive, and sombre ruler who never really desired to be emperor; Pliny the Elder called him tristissimus hominum, "the gloomiest of men."
**** Caligula
**** Claudius
**** Nero
*** Year of the Four Emperors (69 AD) – these four emperors were Galba, Otho, Vitellius, and Vespasian. Vespasian's rule marked the beginning of the Flavian dynasty.
**** Galba
**** Otho
**** Vitellius
**** Vespasian
*** Flavian dynasty (69-96 AD)
*** Nerva–Antonine dynasty (96-192 AD) – dynasty of seven Roman Emperors who ruled over the Roman Empire from 96 AD to 192 AD. These Emperors were Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Antoninus Pius, Marcus Aurelius, Lucius Verus, and Commodus.
**** Nerva
**** Hadrian
**** Antoninus Pius
**** Marcus Aurelius
**** Lucius Verus
**** Commodus
*** Severan dynasty (193-235 AD)
**** Crisis of the Third Century (235-284 AD) – period in which the Roman Empire nearly collapsed under the combined pressures of invasion, civil war, plague, and economic depression. The Crisis began with the assassination of Emperor Alexander Severus at the hands of his own troops, initiating a fifty-year period in which 20–25 claimants to the title of Emperor, mostly prominent Roman army generals, assumed imperial power over all or part of the Empire.
***** Barracks emperor – any Roman Emperor who seized power by virtue of his command of the army. Barracks emperors were especially common in the period from 235 through 284, during the Crisis of the Third Century.
****** List of barracks emperors
*****Gallic Empire (260-274 AD) – modern name for a breakaway realm of the Roman Empire, founded by Postumus in 260 in the wake of barbarian invasions and instability in Rome, and at its height included the territories of Germania, Gaul, Britannia, and (briefly) Hispania.
*****Palmyrene Empire (260-273) – splinter empire, that broke away from the Roman Empire during the Crisis of the Third Century. It encompassed the Roman provinces of Syria Palaestina, Egypt and large parts of Asia Minor.
** Dominate (284-476 AD) – 'despotic' latter phase of government in the ancient Roman Empire from the conclusion of the Third Century Crisis until the collapse of the Western Empire. The Emperor Diocletian abandoned the appearances of the Republic for the sake of control, and introduced a novel system of joint rule by four monarchs known as the Tetrarchy.
*** Decline of the Roman Empire – process spanning many centuries; there is no consensus when it might have begun but many dates and time lines have been proposed by historians.
**** Tetrarchy (293-313 AD) – Diocletian designated the general Maximian as co-emperor, first as ''Caesar'' (junior emperor) in 285, and then promoted him to ''Augustus'' in 286. Diocletian took care of matters in the Eastern regions of the Empire while Maximian similarly took charge of the Western regions. In 293, feeling more focus was needed on both civic and military problems, Diocletian, with Maximian's consent, expanded the imperial college by appointing two ''Caesars'' (one responsible to each ''Augustus''). The tetrarchy collapsed, however, in 313 and a few years later Constantine I reunited the two administrative divisions of the Empire as sole Augustus.; .
***** First Tetrarchy – created by Diocletian with Maximian's consent in 293 by the appointment of two subordinate ''Caesars''.
****** Diocletian (''Augustus'')
******* Galerius (''Caesar'')
****** Maximian (''Augustus'')
******* Constantius Chlorus (''Caesar'')
***** Second Tetrarchy – in 305, the senior emperors jointly abdicated and retired, elevating Constantius and Galerius to the rank of ''Augusti''. They in turn appointed two new ''Caesars''.
****** Galerius (''Augustus'')
******* Maximinus II, Maximinus (''Caesar'')
****** Constantius Chlorus (''Augustus'')
******* Flavius Valerius Severus (''Caesar'')
***** Civil wars of the Tetrarchy – series of conflicts between the co-emperors of the Roman Empire, starting in 306 AD with the usurpation of Maxentius and the defeat of Severus, and ending with the defeat of Licinius at the hands of Constantine I in 324 AD.
**** Constantinian dynasty – informal name for the ruling family of the Roman Empire from Constantius Chlorus (†305) to the death of Julian in 363. It is named after its most famous member, Constantine the Great who became the sole ruler of the empire in 324. It is also called the Neo-Flavian dynasty.
**** Migration Period#First wave, First phase of the Migration Period
**** Division of the Roman Empire – in order to maintain control and improve administration, various schemes to divide the work of the Roman Emperor by sharing it between individuals were tried between 285 and 324, from 337 to 350, from 364 to 392, and again between 395 and 480. Although the administrative subdivisions varied, they generally involved a division of labour between East and West. Each division was a form of power-sharing (or even job-sharing), for the ultimate ''imperium'' was not divisible and therefore the empire remained legally one state—although the co-emperors often saw each other as rivals or enemies rather than partners.
***** Western Roman Empire – In 285, Emperor Diocletian (r. 284–305) divided the Roman Empire's administration into western and eastern halves. In 293, Rome lost its capital status, and Milan became the capital.
***** Outline of the Byzantine Empire, Byzantine Empire (Eastern Roman Empire) – term used by modern historians to distinguish the Constantinople-centered Roman Empire of the Middle Ages from its earlier classical existence.
****** Nicomedia – Nicomedia was the metropolis of Bithynia under the Roman Empire, and Diocletian made it the eastern capital city of the Roman Empire in 286 when he introduced the Tetrarchy system.
****** Constantinople – founded in AD 330, at ancient Byzantium as the new capital of the entire Roman Empire by Constantine the Great, after whom it was named.
******* Walls of Constantinople
** Fall of the Western Roman Empire (476 AD) – the two halves of the Roman Empire ended at different times, with the Western Roman Empire coming to an end in 476 AD (the end of Ancient Rome). The Eastern Roman Empire (referred to by historians as the Byzantine Empire) survived for nearly a thousand years more, and eventually engulfed much of the Western Roman Empire's former territory.
*** Fall of the Western Roman Empire – this was not sudden, and took over a hundred years. By 476, when Odoacer deposed the Emperor Romulus, the Western Roman Empire wielded negligible military, political, or financial power and had no effective control over the scattered Western domains that still described themselves as Roman.
**** Odoacer – Germanic soldier, who in 476 became the first King of Italy (476-493). His reign is commonly seen as marking the end of the Western Roman Empire."Odoacer was the first barbarian who reigned over Italy, over a people who had once asserted their just superiority above the rest of mankind." Edward Gibbon, ''The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire'', Chapter XXXVI
*** Outline of the Byzantine Empire, Byzantine Empire (Byzantium) – after the Western Roman Empire fragmented and collapsed, the Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantium) continued to thrive, existing for nearly another thousand years until it fell to the Ottoman Empire, Ottoman Turks in 1453. Its citizens referred to it as the Roman Empire, and saw it as a direct continuation of it. Historians consider it to be a distinctly different empire, with some overlap, but generally not included in the period referred to as Ancient Rome. Byzantium differed in major ways, including its primary language, which was Greek rather than Latin. It also differed religiously, with Roman mythology being replaced by Christianity.
* Legacy of the Roman Empire – what the Roman Empire passed on, in the form of cultural values, religious beliefs, as well as technological and other achievements, and through which it continued to shape other civilizations, a process which continues to this day.
** Cultural heritage of the Roman Empire
*** Last of the Romans
** History of the Romans in Arabia
** Legacy of Byzantium
** Third Rome
Roman historiography
Roman historiography * Historiography of the fall of the Western Roman Empire * Prosopography of ancient RomeWorks on Roman history
* ''Ab urbe condita (book), Ab urbe condita'' by Titus Livius (around 59 BC-17 AD), a monumental history of Rome, from its founding (traditionally dated to 753 BC). * ''Annals (Tacitus), Annals'' and ''Histories (Tacitus), Histories'' by Tacitus * ''De re militari by Vegetius * ''Res Gestae'' by Ammianus Marcellinus *''The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire'' by Edward GibbonCulture of ancient Rome
Culture of ancient RomeArchitecture of ancient Rome
Ancient Roman architecture * Roman Architectural Revolution **Roman concrete * Roman brick Types of buildings and structures * Roman amphitheatre **List of Roman amphitheatres * Roman aqueduct **List of aqueducts in the city of Rome **List of aqueducts in the Roman Empire * Roman bridge ** List of Roman bridges * List of Roman canals, Roman canal * Circus (building), Roman circus * List of Roman cisterns, Roman cistern * List of Roman dams and reservoirs, Roman dams and reservoirs * Ancient Roman defensive walls, Roman defensive walls * List of Roman domes, Roman domes *Forum
Forum or The Forum (plural forums or fora) may refer to:
Common uses
*Forum (legal), designated space for public expression in the United States
*Forum (Roman), open public space within a Roman city
**Roman Forum, most famous example
*Internet ...
** Roman Forum
***List of monuments of the Roman Forum
* Roman gardens
* Horreum, Roman horreum
* Insula (building)
* Roman roads
* List of Greco-Roman roofs, Roman roofs
* Roman temple
**List of Ancient Roman temples
* Roman theatre (structure), Roman theatre
** List of Roman theatres
* Thermae
** List of Roman public baths
* Tholos (Ancient Rome), Tholos
* List of Roman triumphal arches, Roman triumphal arches
* Roman villa
**Villa rustica
Art in ancient Rome
Roman art *Art collection in ancient Rome * Decorative arts of ancient Rome **Ancient Roman pottery **Roman glass **Roman mosaic * Latin literature, Literature ** Augustan literature (ancient Rome), Augustan literature *** Augustan poetry * Ancient Roman music, Music of ancient Rome * Painting of ancient Rome ** Pompeian Styles * Sculpture of ancient Rome **Roman sculpture **Roman portraiture * Theatre of ancient Rome * Ancient Roman bathing, Bathing in ancient Rome * Roman calendar, Calendar **Julian calendar * Ancient Roman cuisine, Cuisine of ancient Rome **Food and dining in the Roman Empire ** Ancient Rome and wine, Wine in Roman culture ***Alban wine ***Caecuban wine ***Falernian wine * Education in ancient Rome **Athenaeum (ancient Rome), Athenaeum **Paedagogus (occupation), Paedagogus * Fashion in ancient Rome ** Clothing in ancient Rome ***Abolla ***Palla (garment), Palla ***Pallium (Roman cloak), Pallium ***Stola ***Synthesis (clothing), Synthesis ***Toga ****Angusticlavia ***Trabea ** Cosmetics in Ancient Rome ** Roman hairstyles ***Caesar cut ** Roman jewelry * Roman festivals, Festivals ** Ludi Romani ** Lupercalia ** Saturnalia * Fiction set in ancient Rome * Roman folklore * Roman jokes * Legacy of the Roman Empire **Museum of Roman Civilization * Medicine in ancient Rome ** Dentistry in ancient Rome ** Disability in ancient Rome ** Disease in Imperial Rome ** Food and diet in ancient medicine ** Gynecology in ancient Rome ** Medical community of ancient Rome ** Mental illness in ancient Rome ** Surgery in ancient Rome * Roman naming conventions, Naming conventions * People in ancient Rome **List of ancient Romans * Roman philosophy, Philosophy in ancient Rome * Public entertainment ** Chariot racing ** Gladiator, Gladiator combat ** ''Ludi'' * Sexuality in ancient Rome ** Homosexuality in ancient Rome ** Prostitution in ancient Rome, Prostitution * Ancient Roman technology, Technology ** Roman engineering, Engineering in ancient Rome ** Ancient Roman units of measurement, Units of measurement ***Roman timekeeping ** Sanitation in ancient RomeSocial order in ancient Rome
* Associations in Ancient Rome
**Collegium (ancient Rome), Collegium
* ''Dignitas (Roman concept), Dignitas''
* Family in ancient Rome
** Pater familias
** Adoption in ancient Rome
** Birth registration in ancient Rome
** Childhood in ancient Rome
* Marriage in ancient Rome
** Confarreatio
** Diffarreation
** Manus marriage
** Weddings in ancient Rome
* ''Mos maiorum''
* Patronage in ancient Rome
* Roman citizenship
Citizenship in ancient Rome (Latin: ''civitas'') was a privileged political and legal status afforded to free individuals with respect to laws, property, and governance. Citizenship in Ancient Rome was complex and based upon many different laws, t ...
* Romanization (cultural), Romanization
* Slavery in ancient Rome
* Social class in ancient Rome
** Patrician (ancient Rome), Patricians
** Equites
** Plebs
***Conflict of the Orders
***Secessio plebis
** Equestrian order
** Gens
** Roman tribe, Tribes
** Poverty in ancient Rome
* Women in ancient Rome
** Naming conventions for women in ancient Rome
Religion in ancient Rome
Religion in ancient Rome
* Roman imperial cult, Imperial cult
* Persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire
* Religious persecution in the Roman Empire
Roman mythology
Roman mythology * Roman Gods ** Capitoline Triad ***Juno (mythology), Juno ***Jupiter (god), Jupiter ***Minerva * Heroes ** Hercules in ancient Rome *** Great Altar of Hercules *** Temple of Hercules Victor * Roma (mythology), Roma (deity)Roman religious institutions
* Collegium Pontificum
** Vestal Virgin
** Rex Sacrorum
** Pontifex maximus
** Flamen
* Augur
* Quindecimviri sacris faciundis
* Epulones
Roman religious practices
* Animal sacrifice ** Lustratio **October Horse **Taurobolium * Roman funerary practices **Roman funerary art **Ancient Roman sarcophagi, Roman sarcophagiLanguage in ancient Rome
Latin * Romance languages * History of Latin ** Old Latin ** Classical Latin ** Vulgar Latin * Latin alphabet **Latin letters used in mathematics * Roman numerals * List of Latin phrases, Latin phrases * Latin-script calligraphy **Roman cursive **Roman square capitals **Rustic capitals Languages of the Roman EmpireEconomy of ancient Rome
Roman economy
* Agriculture in ancient Rome, Roman agriculture
** Deforestation during the Roman period, Deforestation
** Cura Annonae, Grain supply to the city of Rome
* Roman commerce
**Sino-Roman relations, Roman trade with China
**Indo-Roman trade relations, Roman trade with India
* Roman finance
** Banking in ancient Rome
** Taxation in ancient Rome
* Roman currency
** Roman Republican currency
** Roman provincial currency
* Roman metallurgy
** Mining in ancient Rome
***Mining in Roman Britain
Scholars
Ancient
* Apuleius * Catullus * Cicero * Quintus Curtius Rufus, Curtius * Horace * Julius Caesar * Juvenal * Livy * Lucretius * Ovid * Petronius * Plautus * Pliny the Elder * Pliny the Younger * Propertius * Sallust * Seneca the Elder * Seneca the Younger * Suetonius * Tacitus * Marcus Terentius Varro, Varro * Virgil * VitruviusModern
* Edward GibbonAncient Roman lists
* List of adjectival and demonymic forms of place names#Regions in Greco-Roman antiquity, Adjectival and demonymic forms of regions in Greco-Roman antiquity * Alphabetized list of notable List of ancient Romans, ancient Romans * Glossary of ancient Roman religion * List of ancient monuments in Rome, Ancient monuments in Rome * List of ancient Roman fasti, Ancient Roman fasti * List of Ancient Roman temples, Ancient Roman temples * List of ancient Romans, Ancient Romans * List of aqueducts in the city of Rome, Aqueducts in the city of Rome * List of aqueducts in the Roman Empire, Aqueducts in the Roman Empire * List of censors of the Roman Republic, Censors of the Roman Republic * Cities founded by the Romans * List of Roman civil wars and revolts, Civil wars and revolts * List of condemned Roman emperors, Condemned Roman emperors * List of governors of Roman Britain, Governors of Roman Britain * List of Late Roman provinces, Late Roman provinces * List of monuments of the Roman Forum, Monuments of the Roman Forum * List of Roman amphitheatres, Roman amphitheatres * List of Roman aqueducts by date, Roman aqueducts by date * List of Roman army unit types, Roman army unit types * List of Roman auxiliary regiments, Roman auxiliary regiments * List of Roman basilicas, Roman basilicas * List of Roman bridges, Roman bridges * List of Roman canals, Roman canals * List of Roman cisterns, Roman cisterns * List of Roman consuls, Roman consuls * List of Roman dams and reservoirs, Roman dams and reservoirs * List of Roman deities, Roman deities * List of Roman dictators, Roman dictators * List of Roman dynasties, Roman dynasties * List of Roman domes, Roman domes * List of Roman emperors, Roman emperors * Roman generals * List of Roman gentes, Roman gentes * List of Roman imperial victory titles, Roman imperial victory titles *Roman laws
This is a partial list of Roman laws. A Roman law (Latin: ''lex'') is usually named for the sponsoring legislator and designated by the adjectival form of his ''gens'' name ('' nomen gentilicum''), in the feminine form because the noun ''lex'' (pl ...
* List of Roman legions, Roman legions
* List of Roman moneyers during the Republic, Roman moneyers during the Republic
* List of Roman praetors, Roman praetors
* List of Roman public baths, Roman public baths
* List of Roman taxes, Roman taxes
* List of Roman theatres, Roman theatres
* List of Roman tribunes, Roman tribunes
* List of Roman triumphal arches, Roman triumphal arches
* List of Roman usurpers, Roman usurpers
* List of Roman wars and battles, Roman wars and battles
* List of Thirty Tyrants (Roman), Thirty Tyrants
See also
* Outline of Rome * Outline of classical studies * Daqin * Fiction set in ancient RomeReferences
External links
Ancient Rome
resources for students from the Courtenay Middle School Library.
History of Ancient Rome
OpenCourseWare from the University of Notre Dame providing free resources including lectures, discussion questions, assignments and exams.
Ancient Rome portal at ''Encarta Encyclopedia''
* [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/home.html Lacus Curtius]
Livius.Org
Nova Roma - Educational Organization
about "All Things Roman"
by Harold Whetstone Johnston
United Nations of Roma Victrix (UNRV) History
Water and Wastewater Systems in Imperial Rome
Ancient Rome
at The History Channel {{DEFAULTSORT:Ancient Rome Ancient Rome-related lists, Outlines of geography and places Wikipedia outlines