Roman snail

''Helix pomatia'', known as the Roman snail, Burgundy snail, or escargot, is a species of large, air-breathing stylommatophoran land snail native to Europe. It is characterized by a globular brown shell. It is an edible species which commonly occurs synanthropically throughout its range.

Distribution

The present distribution of ''Helix pomatia'' is considerably affected by the dispersion by human and synanthropic occurrences. The northern limits of their natural distribution run presumably through central Germany and southern Poland with the eastern range limits running through western-most Ukraine and Moldova/Romania to Bulgaria. In the south, the species reaches northern Bulgaria, central Serbia, Bosnia and Hezegovina and Croatia. It occurs in northern Italy southwards to the Po and the Ligurian Apennines. Westerly the native range extends to eastern France. Currently, ''H. pomatia'' is distributed up to western Russia (broadly distributed in and around Moskva), to the south of Finland, Sweden and Norway, in Denmark and the Benelux. Scattered introduced populations occur westwards up to northern Spain. In Great Britain, it lives on chalk soils in the south and west of England. In the east, isolated populations live as far as south of Novosibirsk. Introduced populations also exist in the eastern United States and Canada.

Description

The shell is creamy white to light brownish, often with indistinct brown colour bands although sometimes the banding is well developed and conspicuous. The shell has five to six whorls. The aperture is large. The apertural margin is slightly reflected in adult snails. The umbilicus is narrow and partly covered by the reflected columellar margin.

The width of the shell is . The height of the shell is .

Ecology

Habitat

In Central Europe, it occurs in forests and shrubland, as well as in various synanthropic habitats. It lives up to above sea level in the Alps, but usually below . In the south of England, it is restricted to undisturbed grassy or bushy wastelands, usually not in gardens.

Lifecycle

This snail is hermaphroditic. Reproduction in Central Europe begins at the end of May.

File:Helix pomatia reproductive system.jpg, Reproductive system of ''H. pomatia''
File:Weinbergschnecke Paarung.jpg, A pair of ''H. pomatia'' in courtship, shortly before mating
File:Helix pomatia head mating.jpg, Drawing of head of mating ''H. pomatia'' with everted penis and dart sac shooting a love dart
File:Helix pomatia laying eggs 2.png, Drawing of ''H. pomatia'' laying eggs
Eggs are laid in June and July, in clutches of 40–65 eggs. The size of the egg is 5.5–6.5 mm or 8.6 × 7.2 mm.Heller J.: ''Life History Strategies''. in Barker G. M. (ed.):
The biology of terrestrial molluscs
'. CABI Publishing, Oxon, UK, 2001, . 1–146, cited page: 428. Juveniles hatch after three to four weeks, and may consume their siblings under unfavourable climate conditions. Maturity is reached after two to five years. The life span is up to 20 years, but they often die sooner due to drying in summer and freezing in winter. Ten-year-old individuals are probably not uncommon in natural populations. The maximum lifespan is 35 years.

During estivation or hibernation, ''H. pomatia'' is one of the few species that is capable of creating a calcareous epiphragm to seal the opening of its shell.

File:Helix pomatia hibernation.png, Drawing of ''H. pomatia'' during hibernation
File:Helix pomatia operculum hg.jpg, Photo of the shell with an epiphragm
File:Helix pomatia - epiphragma.jpg, Epiphragm of ''H. pomatia''
Preference for feeding on the nettle ''Urtica dioica'' was found in ''H. pomatia'' juveniles in Germany.

Conservation

This species is listed in IUCN Red List, and in European Red List of Non-marine Molluscs as of least concern. ''H. pomatia'' is threatened by continuous habitat destructions and drainage, usually less threatened by commercial collections. Many unsuccessful attempts have been made to establish the species in various parts of England, Scotland, and Ireland; it only survived in natural habitats in southern England, and is threatened by intensive farming and habitat destruction. It is of lower concern in Switzerland and Austria, but many regions restrict commercial collecting.

Within its native range, ''Helix pomatia'' is mostly a common species. It is also considered Least Concern by the IUCN Red List. However, it is listed in the Annex V of the EU's Habitats Directive and protected by law in several countries to regulate harvesting from free living populations.
*Germany: listed as a specially protected species in annex 1 of the Bundesartenschutzverordnung.
* Austria: the protection is up to , and the species is protected in some (e.g. Burgenland).
* Great Britain: protected in England under the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981, making it illegal to kill, injure, collect or sell these snails.
* France: collecting prohibited of individuals with shell diameter under 3 cm and during the period from 1 April to 30 June.
* Denmark: commercial collecting is prohibited.

Uses

The intestinal juice of ''H. pomatia'' contains large amounts of aryl, steroid, and glucosinolate sulfatase activities. These sulfatases have a broad specificity, so they are commonly used as a hydrolyzing agent in analytical procedures such as chromatography where they are used to prepare samples for analysis.

Culinary use and history

Roman snails were eaten by Ancient Romans.

Nowadays, these snails are especially popular in French cuisine. In the English language, it is called by the French name '' escargot'' when used in cooking (''escargot'' simply means snail).

Although this species is highly prized as a food, it is difficult to cultivate and is rarely farmed commercially.

References

This article incorporates public domain text from the reference."Species summary for ''Helix pomatia''"
AnimalBase, last modified 5 March 2009, accessed 6 September 2010.

Further reading

* Egorov R. (2015). "''Helix pomatia'' Linnaeus, 1758: the history of its introduction and recent distribution in European Russia". '' Malacologica Bohemoslovaca'' 14: 91–101
PDF
* Roumyantseva E. G. & Dedkov V. P. (2006). "Reproductive properties of the Roman snail ''Helix pomatia'' L. in the Kaliningrad Region, Russia". ''Ruthenica'' 15: 131–138
abstract

External links

Linnaeus, C. (1758). Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Editio decima, reformata [10th revised edition], vol. 1: 824 pp. Laurentius Salvius: Holmiae

Korábek, O., Juřičková, L. & Petrusek, A. (2015). Splitting the Roman snail Helix pomatia Linnaeus, 1758 (Stylommatophora: Helicidae) into two: redescription of the forgotten Helix thessalica Boettger, 1886. Journal of Molluscan Studies 82: 11–22

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pomatia
Gastropods described in 1758
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
Edible molluscs
Habitats Directive species