Rishu-kyō
   HOME

TheInfoList



OR:

The Rishu-kyō (理趣経), formally known as ''Prajñāpāramitā-naya-śatapañcaśatikā'' (般若波羅蜜多理趣百五十頌), is a Buddhist esoteric scripture. It is considered an abridged version of the Rishu Kogyo (理趣広経), the sixth assembly of the eighteen assemblies within the
Vajrasekhara Sutra The ''Vajraśekhara Sūtra'' is an important Buddhist tantra used in the Vajrayāna schools of Buddhism, but can refer to a number of different works. In particular a cycle of 18 texts studied by Amoghavajra (a Patriarch of Chinese Esoteric Bud ...
(金剛頂経). It is primarily recited in the various branches of the Japanese
Shingon is one of the major schools of Buddhism in Japan and one of the few surviving Vajrayana lineages in East Asian Buddhism. It is a form of Japanese Esoteric Buddhism and is sometimes called "Tōmitsu" (東密 lit. "Esoteric uddhismof Tō- ...
school (真言宗) and Chinese esoteric sects as a standard scripture. It is also referred to as the ''Adhyardhaśatikā Prajñāpāramitā'' (百五十頌般若) or ''Prajñā Rishukyō'' (般若理趣経). In Shingon Buddhism, the version translated by
Amoghavajra Amoghavajra ( ; , 705–774) was a prolific translator who became one of the most politically powerful Buddhist monks in Chinese history and is acknowledged as one of the Patriarchs of Chinese Esoteric Buddhism and Shingon Buddhism. Life There ...
(''Taira Kinkō Fuko Shinji Sanmaya Kei'', 大楽金剛不空真実三摩耶経, Taishō Tripiṭaka No. 243, lit. ''Sutra of the Vow of Fulfilling the Great Perpetual Enjoyment and Benefiting All Sentient Beings Without Exception'') from 763 to 771 CE, is the most widely recited. This text is considered an adaptation of the Prajñāparamita canon which later developed into an esoteric scripture by a group that compiled the Mahāvairocana-sūtra. Other similar texts include a version translated by
Xuanzang Xuanzang (; ; 6 April 6025 February 664), born Chen Hui or Chen Yi (), also known by his Sanskrit Dharma name Mokṣadeva, was a 7th-century Chinese Bhikkhu, Buddhist monk, scholar, traveller, and translator. He is known for the epoch-making ...
.


Overview

The scripture is associated with the Prajñā Sūtras but is often viewed as part of the esoteric scriptures of the Mahayana tradition. The term "Rishu" means "path", representing the "path to attain the wisdom of prajñā." Unlike other esoteric texts that emphasize specific practices, the Rishukyō does not elaborate on such methods, making it an accessible introduction to esoteric Buddhism for the general public.松長、1984年。 In the Shingon Buddhist sects, it is a common practice for ordained priests to chant the Rishukyō daily, and one must first receive ordination and be trained how to recite it before actually studying it. The text emphasizes the merits of recitation; unlike other scriptures within the Vajraśekhara or Mahāvairocana Sūtra traditions, the Rishukyō explicitly describes the benefits of recitation, which is why it is used as a daily scripture. The use of Chinese pronunciations (
kan-on are Japanese kanji readings borrowed from Chinese during the Tang dynasty, from the 7th to the 9th centuries; a period which corresponds to the Japanese Nara period. They were introduced by, among others, envoys from Japanese missions to Tang ...
) rather than the more common Japanese (
go-on are Japanese kanji readings based on the classical pronunciations of Chinese characters of the historically prestigious eastern Jiankang (now Nanjing) dialect. ''Go-on'' are the earliest form of , preceding the readings. Both ''go-on'' and ...
) pronunciation reflects the period when this text was introduced to Japan.


Structure

The Rishu-kyō is composed of 17 chapters, excluding the introduction and the concluding chapter: # The Way of Supreme Joy (Vajrasattva) # The Way of Enlightenment (Vairocana) # The Way of Conquest (Sakyamuni) # The Way of Seeing the Self-nature (Avalokitesvara) # The Way of Discovering the Jewel (Akasagarbha) # The Way of Karma (Vajramusti) # The Way of Turning the Wheel of a Letter (Akṣara-cakra) (Manjusri) # The Way of Entering the Great Wheel (Cakra) (Sahacittotpādadharmacakrapravartin) # The Way of Worship (Gaganaganja) # The Way of Wrath (Sarvamarabalapramardin) # The Way of Assembling the Vow (Samaya) (Samantabhadra) # The Way of Empowerment (Vajra‑guhya‑vajra‑mandala) # The Way of the Seven Heavenly Mothers # The Way of the Three Brothers # The Way of the Four Sisters # The Way of Perfection # The Way of the Mysteries Each chapter includes specific mantras and mudras for practitioners, the instructions must be transmitted orally (口伝 ''kuden'') by the practitioner's teacher.


Seventeen Pure Statements

Shingon Buddhism emphasizes "intrinsic purity", similar to the innate enlightenment philosophy of the Tendai school. The Rishukyō asserts that human actions are fundamentally pure, based on this concept. The first chapter, the Way of Supreme Joy, contains seventeen verses known as the "Seventeen Pure Statements." These affirm that various human experiences and desires are inherently pure and part of the Bodhisattva path, including intimate relationships and sensual experiences, such as sexual intercourse, which the text interprets as an example of a pure spiritual state.


Historical Development

The Rishu-kyō has been central to Shingon practice and has undergone various interpretations. During the Kamakura period, some esoteric groups misinterpreted its teachings, leading to its suppression by the authorities. The text remains a significant scripture in Shingon and other Japanese Buddhist sects, emphasizing the merits of recitation for both spiritual and practical benefits.


Dissemination and merits to the public

The Rishu-kyō clearly emphasizes the merit (spiritual benefits) of reciting it within its text itself. The highest merit it conveys that is that it opens the path to enlightenment, but it has also been valued in lay society for its more practical benefits, such as warding off illness and increasing income. However, due to certain taboos, laypeople were traditionally discouraged from understanding its contents before
World War II World War II or the Second World War (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War II, Allies and the Axis powers. World War II by country, Nearly all of the wo ...
. Lay followers were even prohibited from chanting in unison with the priests during memorial services. The reading was done in a Chinese-style pronunciation (
kan-on are Japanese kanji readings borrowed from Chinese during the Tang dynasty, from the 7th to the 9th centuries; a period which corresponds to the Japanese Nara period. They were introduced by, among others, envoys from Japanese missions to Tang ...
) which is rooted in the oral tradition but also to partly to prevent laypeople from understanding it. Post-war, explanatory books for the general public were published, and it became common for the sutra to be recited during morning prayers and memorial services. Additionally, sects like Shingon, Tendai, and Sōtō Zen recite Rishubunkyo (理趣分経), an earlier version of the Rishukyo, as part of ceremonies called the "Great Prajnaparamita Recitation Blessing" or "Great Prajnaparamita Recitation Assembly." Among lay followers, it is believed that exposure to the air during these recitations prevents catching colds. Notably,
Etai Yamada The Most Venerable was the 253rd head priest of the Japanese Tendai school of Mahayana Buddhism. In 1986, Yamada was invited by Pope John Paul II to be one of the few non-Christian religious leaders to attend the World Day of Prayer for Peace i ...
, a former head of the Tendai school, would advise young monks training on Mount Hiei, "Do you receive pocket money? If you want some, recite the Rishubunkyo 1,000 times."『印と真言の本』。Rishubunkyo is, as mentioned, a variant text of the Rishukyo.


See also

*
Mikkyō In Japanese Buddhism, ''mikkyō'' (密教, from ''himitsu bukkyō'', literally "secret Buddhism") or Japanese Esoteric Buddhism, is the lineage of Vajrayana transmitted to Japan, primarily in the early Heian by Kūkai, and to a later extent by ...
*
Vajrasekhara Sutra The ''Vajraśekhara Sūtra'' is an important Buddhist tantra used in the Vajrayāna schools of Buddhism, but can refer to a number of different works. In particular a cycle of 18 texts studied by Amoghavajra (a Patriarch of Chinese Esoteric Bud ...
*
Shingon Buddhism is one of the major schools of Buddhism in Japan and one of the few surviving Vajrayana lineages in East Asian Buddhism. It is a form of Japanese Esoteric Buddhism and is sometimes called "Tōmitsu" (東密 lit. "Esoteric uddhismof Tō-j ...
*
Vajrasattva Vajrasattva (, Tibetan: རྡོ་རྗེ་སེམས་དཔའ། ''Dorje Sempa'', short form: རྡོར་སེམས། ''Dorsem'') is a bodhisattva in the Mahayana and Mantrayana/Vajrayana Buddhist traditions. In Chinese Buddhis ...
*
Kūkai , born posthumously called , was a Japanese Buddhist monk, calligrapher, and poet who founded the Vajrayana, esoteric Shingon Buddhism, Shingon school of Buddhism. He travelled to China, where he studied Tangmi (Chinese Vajrayana Buddhism) und ...
*
Saichō was a Japanese Buddhist monk credited with founding the Japanese Tendai school of Buddhism. He was awarded the posthumous title of Dengyō Daishi (伝教大師). Recognized for his significant contributions to the development of Japanese Budd ...


References

* * * 松長有慶『秘密の庫を開く—密教教典 理趣経 (仏教を読む (7))』、1984年、
集英社 is a Japanese publishing company headquartered in Chiyoda, Tokyo, Japan. Shueisha is the largest publishing company in Japan. It was established in 1925 as the entertainment-related publishing division of Japanese publisher Shogakukan. The ...
、ISBN 978-4081830077 **松長有慶『理趣経』<中公文庫>、2002年、
中央公論新社 is a Japanese publisher. It was established in 1886, under the name . In 1999, it was acquired by The Yomiuri Shimbun Holdings, and its name was subsequently changed to Chūōkōron-shinsha. Profile The company publishes a wide variety of mater ...
、ISBN 9784122040748、上記の改訂版 * 大栗道栄『密教入門』、2000年、 すずき出版、ISBN 978-4790210979 * 村岡空『理趣経のエッセンス「百字の偈」』 宮坂宥洪『理趣経が説く「清淨」とは』 <「真言宗で読むお経入門」> 2002年 大法輪閣 ISBN 978-4804650289 * 『印と真言の本 神仏と融合する密教秘法大全』 2004年
学研パブリッシング is a Japanese publishing company founded in 1947 by Hideto Furuoka, which also produces educational toys. Their annual sales are reported at ¥ 90 billion ($789 million US). Gakken publishes educational books and magazines and produces othe ...
ISBN 978-4-05-603333-5


External links


Esoteric Texts (BDK America)


{{Buddhism topics Vajrayana Buddhist tantras Shingon Buddhism Vairocana