Ring A Ring O' Roses
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"Ring a Ring o' Roses", also known as "Ring a Ring o' Rosie" or "Ring Around the Rosie", is a
nursery rhyme A nursery rhyme is a traditional poem or song for children in Britain and other European countries, but usage of the term dates only from the late 18th/early 19th century. The term Mother Goose rhymes is interchangeable with nursery rhymes. Fr ...
,
folk song Folk music is a music genre that includes #Traditional folk music, traditional folk music and the Contemporary folk music, contemporary genre that evolved from the former during the 20th-century folk revival. Some types of folk music may be ca ...
, and playground game. Descriptions first appeared in the mid-19th century, though it is reported to date from decades earlier. Similar rhymes are known across Europe, with varying lyrics. It has a
Roud Folk Song Index The Roud Folk Song Index is a database of around 250,000 references to nearly 25,000 songs collected from oral tradition in the English language from all over the world. It is compiled by Steve Roud. Roud's Index is a combination of the Broadsid ...
number of 7925. The origin of the song is unknown, and there is no evidence supporting the popular 20th-century interpretation linking it to the Great Plague or earlier outbreaks of
bubonic plague Bubonic plague is one of three types of Plague (disease), plague caused by the Bacteria, bacterium ''Yersinia pestis''. One to seven days after exposure to the bacteria, flu-like symptoms develop. These symptoms include fever, headaches, and ...
in England.


Lyrics

The origins and earliest wording of the rhyme remain unknown. In many versions of the game, a group of children forms a ring, dances in a circle around one person, and then stoops or curtsies on the final line. The slowest child to perform this action may face a penalty or become the "rosie" (literally:
rose A rose is either a woody perennial plant, perennial flowering plant of the genus ''Rosa'' (), in the family Rosaceae (), or the flower it bears. There are over three hundred Rose species, species and Garden roses, tens of thousands of cultivar ...
tree, from the French ''rosier''), taking their place in the center of the ring. Common British versions include: Common American versions include: Some versions replace the third line with "Red Bird Blue Bird" or "Green Grass-Yellow Grass," and the ending may be changed to "Sweet bread, rye bread,/ Squat!"
Godey's Lady's Book ''Godey's Lady's Book'', alternatively known as ''Godey's Magazine and Lady's Book'', was an American women's magazine that was published in Philadelphia from 1830 to 1896. It was the most widely circulated magazine in the period before the Civi ...
(1882) describes this variation, noting it as "One, two, three—squat!" Before the final line, the children suddenly stop, then shout it together, "suiting the action to the word with unfailing hilarity and complete satisfaction." An Indian version ends with: "Husha busha! / We all fall down!"


Early attestation

Variations, corruptions, and adaptations of the rhyme have been noted to exist long before its earliest printed versions. One such variation was recorded as being used in
Connecticut Connecticut ( ) is a U.S. state, state in the New England region of the Northeastern United States. It borders Rhode Island to the east, Massachusetts to the north, New York (state), New York to the west, and Long Island Sound to the south. ...
in the 1840s. A novel from 1855, ''The Old Homestead'' by Ann S. Stephens, includes the following version: Another early record of the rhyme appears in
Kate Greenaway Catherine Greenaway (17 March 18466 November 1901) was an English Victorian artist and writer, known for her children's book illustrations. She received her education in graphic design and art between 1858 and 1871 from the Finsbury School of ...
's ''Mother Goose; or, the Old Nursery Rhymes'' (1881): In his ''Games and Songs of American Children'' (1883),
William Wells Newell William Wells Newell (1839–1907) was an American folklorist, school teacher, minister and philosophy professor. Biography Newell was born in Cambridge, Massachusetts. He graduated from Harvard College and Harvard Divinity School. After tryi ...
describes several variants, including one with a melody that he dates to around 1790 in
New Bedford, Massachusetts New Bedford is a city in Bristol County, Massachusetts, United States. It is located on the Acushnet River in what is known as the South Coast region. At the 2020 census, New Bedford had a population of 101,079, making it the state's ninth-l ...
: Newell notes that " the end of the words the children suddenly stoop, and the last to get down undergoes some penalty, or has to take the place of the child in the centre, who represents the 'rosie' (rose-tree; French, ''rosier'')." In an 1846 article from the ''
Brooklyn Eagle The ''Brooklyn Eagle'' (originally joint name ''The Brooklyn Eagle'' and ''Kings County Democrat'', later ''The Brooklyn Daily Eagle'' before shortening title further to ''Brooklyn Eagle'') was an afternoon daily newspaper published in the city ...
'', a different version of the game called ''Ring o' Roses'' is described. In this version, a group of young children forms a ring, from which a boy selects a girl and kisses her. An 1883 collection of
Shropshire Shropshire (; abbreviated SalopAlso used officially as the name of the county from 1974–1980. The demonym for inhabitants of the county "Salopian" derives from this name.) is a Ceremonial counties of England, ceremonial county in the West M ...
folklore includes the following version: On the final line, "they stand and imitate sneezing". The Opies, in their ''Dictionary of Nursery Rhymes,'' record similar variations that have appeared over time.


European variants

A German rhyme, first printed in 1796, closely resembles "Ring a ring o' roses" in its first stanza and includes similar actions, with sitting rather than falling as the concluding gesture: ' A loose translation reads: "Round about in rings / We children three / Sit beneath an elderbush / And 'Shoo, shoo, shoo' go we!" This rhyme, which appears in the popular collection '' Des Knaben Wunderhorn'', is well known in Germany and has many local variations. Another German version reads: In translation: "A ring, a ring o' roses, / Lovely apricots, / Violets blue, forget-me-nots, / Sit down, children all!" Swiss versions of the rhyme involve children dancing around a rosebush. Other European singing games with a strong resemblance include "" ("Rose, rose, May") from the Netherlands, which has a similar tune to "Ring a ring o' roses," and "" ("Circle, circle, rose"), recorded in Venice in 1874. In this Italian version, girls dance around a central girl, who skips and curtsies as directed by the verses and at the end kisses the one she likes best, choosing her to be in the middle for the next round.Opie and Opie (1985), p. 224.


Paintings

Evidence of similar children's round dances appears in continental paintings. For example, Hans Thoma's ''Kinderreigen'' (Children Dancing in a Ring) from 1872 depicts children dancing in an Alpine meadow, while a later version of the painting shows them dancing around a tree. The Florentine artist Raffaello Sorbi brought a similar scene into the
Renaissance The Renaissance ( , ) is a Periodization, period of history and a European cultural movement covering the 15th and 16th centuries. It marked the transition from the Middle Ages to modernity and was characterized by an effort to revive and sur ...
setting with his 1877 work ''Girotondo'' (Round Dance), where young maidens circle a child at the center to instrumental accompaniment. The specific words to which these children danced are not recorded, but the scene's familiarity was echoed by English artists who depicted similar scenes in the 19th century. In Thomas Webster's ''Ring o' Roses'', circa 1850, the children dance to the music of a seated
clarinet The clarinet is a Single-reed instrument, single-reed musical instrument in the woodwind family, with a nearly cylindrical bore (wind instruments), bore and a flared bell. Clarinets comprise a Family (musical instruments), family of instrume ...
ist. Meanwhile, in Frederick Morgan's ''Ring a Ring of Roses'' (the title under which it was exhibited at the
Royal Academy Summer Exhibition The Summer Exhibition is an open art exhibition held annually by the Royal Academy in Burlington House, Piccadilly in central London, England, during the months of June, July, and August. The exhibition includes paintings, prints, drawings, sc ...
in 1885), the children are shown dancing around a tree. Two other artists associated with the
Newlyn School The Newlyn School was an art colony of artists based in or near Newlyn, a fishing village adjacent to Penzance, on the south coast of Cornwall, from the 1880s until the early twentieth century. The establishment of the Newlyn School was remini ...
also depicted the game: Elizabeth Adela Forbes in 1880 and Harold Harvey in a later work.


Origin

The origins and meanings of the game have long been unknown and are subject to speculation.
Folklore Folklore is the body of expressive culture shared by a particular group of people, culture or subculture. This includes oral traditions such as Narrative, tales, myths, legends, proverbs, Poetry, poems, jokes, and other oral traditions. This also ...
scholars consider the popular explanation linking it to the Great Plague, which has been common since the mid-20th century, to be unfounded.


Theories from the late 19th century

In 1898, ''A Dictionary of British Folklore'' suggested that the game may have pagan origins. This was based on a comparison in the ''Sheffield Glossary'' with
Jacob Grimm Jacob Ludwig Karl Grimm (4 January 1785 – 20 September 1863), also known as Ludwig Karl, was a German author, linguist, philologist, jurist, and folklorist. He formulated Grimm's law of linguistics, and was the co-author of the ''Deutsch ...
’s ''
Deutsche Mythologie ''Deutsche Mythologie'' (, ''Teutonic Mythology'') is a treatise on Continental Germanic mythology, Germanic mythology by Jacob Grimm. First published in Germany in 1835, the work is an exhaustive treatment of the subject, tracing the mythology an ...
'', which relates it to pagan myths. It cites a passage that reads, "Gifted children of fortune have the power to laugh roses, as
Freyja In Norse mythology, Freyja (Old Norse "(the) Lady") is a goddess associated with love, beauty, fertility, sex, war, gold, and seiðr (magic for seeing and influencing the future). Freyja is the owner of the necklace Brísingamen, rides a char ...
wept gold," suggesting that the game’s origins may involve pagan beings of light. Another interpretation is more literal, proposing that it involved making a "ring" around roses and ending with "all fall down" as a kind of
curtsy A curtsy (also spelled curtsey or incorrectly as courtsey) is a traditional gendered gesture of greeting, in which a girl or woman bends her knees while bowing her head. In Western culture it is the feminine equivalent of bowing by males, altho ...
. In 1892, the American writer
Eugene Field Eugene Field Sr. (September 2, 1850 – November 4, 1895) was an American writer, best known for his children's poetry and humorous essays. He was known as the "poet of childhood". Early life and education Field was born in St. Louis, Missouri ...
wrote a poem titled ''Teeny-Weeny'', which specifically described fay folk playing ring-a-rosie. According to ''Games and Songs of American Children'', published in 1883, the "rosie" was thought to refer to the French word for rose tree, with children dancing and bowing to the person in the center. Some variations included literal falling down, which lessened the connection to the game-rhyme’s original form. In 1898, sneezing was also noted as a symbol with superstitious and supernatural significance across various cultures.


The Great Plague explanation of the mid-20th century

Since the
Second World War World War II or the Second World War (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War II, Allies and the Axis powers. World War II by country, Nearly all of the wo ...
, the rhyme has often been associated with the Great Plague of 1665 in
England England is a Countries of the United Kingdom, country that is part of the United Kingdom. It is located on the island of Great Britain, of which it covers about 62%, and List of islands of England, more than 100 smaller adjacent islands. It ...
or with earlier outbreaks of the
bubonic plague Bubonic plague is one of three types of Plague (disease), plague caused by the Bacteria, bacterium ''Yersinia pestis''. One to seven days after exposure to the bacteria, flu-like symptoms develop. These symptoms include fever, headaches, and ...
in England. However, interpreters of the rhyme before World War II make no mention of this connection.Opie and Opie (1985), pp. 221–222. By 1951, this interpretation had become widely accepted as an explanation for the rhyme’s form that had become standard in the United Kingdom. Peter and Iona Opie, leading authorities on
nursery rhyme A nursery rhyme is a traditional poem or song for children in Britain and other European countries, but usage of the term dates only from the late 18th/early 19th century. The term Mother Goose rhymes is interchangeable with nursery rhymes. Fr ...
s, observed: The line ''Ashes, Ashes'' in colonial versions of the rhyme has been claimed to refer variously to
cremation Cremation is a method of Disposal of human corpses, final disposition of a corpse through Combustion, burning. Cremation may serve as a funeral or post-funeral rite and as an alternative to burial. In some countries, including India, Nepal, and ...
of bodies, the burning of victims' houses, or the blackening of skin due to the disease. This theory has been adapted to explain other versions of the rhyme. In its various forms, this interpretation has entered
popular culture Popular culture (also called pop culture or mass culture) is generally recognized by members of a society as a set of cultural practice, practices, beliefs, artistic output (also known as popular art
f. pop art F is the sixth letter of the Latin alphabet. F may also refer to: Science and technology Mathematics * F or f, the number 15 (number), 15 in hexadecimal and higher positional systems * ''p'F'q'', the hypergeometric function * F-distributi ...
or mass art, sometimes contraste ...
and has been referenced to make indirect connections to the plague. In 1949, a parodist created a version referencing
radiation sickness Acute radiation syndrome (ARS), also known as radiation sickness or radiation poisoning, is a collection of health effects that are caused by being exposed to high amounts of ionizing radiation in a short period of time. Symptoms can start wit ...
: In March 2020, during the early stages of the
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, the traditional rhyme was humorously suggested as the "ideal choice" of song to accompany hand-washing to ward off infection.


Refutation

Folklore scholars consider the Great Plague explanation of the rhyme to be unfounded: * The plague explanation did not emerge until the mid-twentieth century. * The symptoms described do not align closely with those of the Great Plague. * The wide variety of forms makes it unlikely that the modern version is the most ancient one, and the words on which this interpretation is based are not present in many of the earliest records of the rhyme. * European and 19th-century versions of the rhyme suggest that this "fall" was not a literal falling down, but rather a
curtsy A curtsy (also spelled curtsey or incorrectly as courtsey) is a traditional gendered gesture of greeting, in which a girl or woman bends her knees while bowing her head. In Western culture it is the feminine equivalent of bowing by males, altho ...
or other bending movement that was common in other dramatic singing games.See above, and Opie and Opie (1951), p. 365, citing ''Chants Populaire du Languedoc'': "Branle, calandre, La Fille d'Alexandre, La pêche bien mûre, Le rosier tout fleuri, Coucou toupiEn disant 'coucou toupi', tous les enfants qui forment la ronde, s'accroupissent", roughly translated: "The peach well ripe, the rose all blooming, cuckoo humming – When 'cuckoo humming' is said, all the children forming the circle crouch down".


References


Citations


General and cited sources

* * * * * * {{Circle dance 1790s in England 1881 songs 1881 in England English folk songs English children's songs Singing games British urban legends Traditional children's songs English nursery rhymes Great Plague of London