Red inverted triangle

Nazi concentration camp badges, primarily triangles, were part of the system of identification in German camps. They were used in the concentration camps in the German-occupied countries to identify the reason the prisoners had been placed there. The triangles were made of fabric and were sewn on jackets and trousers of the prisoners. These mandatory badges of shame had specific meanings indicated by their colour and shape. Such emblems helped guards assign tasks to the detainees. For example, a guard at a glance could see if someone was a convicted criminal (green patch) and thus likely of a tough temperament suitable for '' kapo'' duty.

Someone with an escape suspect mark usually would not be assigned to work squads operating outside the camp fence. Someone wearing an F could be called upon to help translate guards' spoken instructions to a trainload of new arrivals from France. Some historical monuments quote the badge-imagery, with the use of a triangle being a sort of visual shorthand to symbolize all camp victims.

The modern-day use of a pink triangle emblem to symbolize gay rights is a response to the camp identification patches.

Badge coding system

The system of badges varied between the camps and in the later stages of World War II the use of badges dwindled in some camps and became increasingly accidental in others. The following description is based on the badge coding system used before and during the early stages of the war in the Dachau concentration camp, which had one of the more elaborate coding systems.

Shape was chosen by analogy with the common triangular road hazard signs in Germany that denote warnings to motorists. Here, a triangle is called inverted because its base is up while one of its angles points down.

Single triangles

* Red triangle – political prisoners: occupied country resistance members ( partisans), social democrats, liberals, socialists, communists, anarchists, gentiles who assisted Jews, trade unionists, and Freemasons.
* Green triangle – convicts and criminals (often working as '' kapos'').
* Blue triangle – foreign forced laborers and emigrants. This category included stateless people ("''apatrides''"), Spanish refugees from Francoist Spain whose citizenship was revoked and emigrants to countries which were occupied by Nazi Germany or were under German sphere of influence.
* Purple triangle – primarily Jehovah's Witnesses (over 99%) as well as members of other small pacifist religious groups.Johannes S. Wrobel (June 2006). "Jehovah's Witnesses in National Socialist Concentration Camps, 1933–45". ''Religion, State & Society''. Vol. 34. No. 2. pp. 89–125. "The concentration camp prisoner category 'Bible Student' at times apparently included a few members from small Bible Student splinter groups, as well as adherents of other religious groups which played only a secondary role during the time of the National Socialist regime, such as Adventists, Baptists and the New Apostolic community (Garbe 1999, pp. 82, 406; Zeiger, 2001, p. 72). Since their numbers in the camps were quite small compared with the total number of Jehovah's Witness prisoners, I shall not consider them separately in this article. Historian Antje Zeiger (2001, p. 88) writes about Sachsenhausen camp: 'In May 1938, every tenth prisoner was a Jehovah's Witness. Less than one percent of the Witnesses included other religious nonconformists (Adventists, Baptists, pacifists), who were placed in the same prisoner classification.'"
* Pink triangle – primarily homosexual men and those who were identified as such at the time (e.g., bisexual men, male prostitutes, and those deemed ' transvestites') and sexual offenders as well as pedophiles and zoophiles. Many in this group were subject to forced sterilization.
* Black triangle – people who were deemed asocial elements () and work-shy (), including the following:
** Roma and Sinti. They wore the black triangle with a Z notation (for , meaning Gypsy) to the right of the triangle's point. Roma were later assigned a brown triangle.
** Mentally ill and developmentally disabled. Their triangles were additionally inscribed with the word , meaning stupid. This category included, notably, autistic people among this group. Though many others including schizophrenic and epileptic people were forcibly sterilized, shot, or gassed in psychiatric institutions as opposed to at the Nazi camps.
** Alcoholics and drug addicts.
** Vagrants and beggars.
** Pacifists and conscription resisters.
** Sex workers.
** Lesbians.
**Other disabled people, such as people with diabetes (as "Diabetes was conceptualized as a Jewish disease not necessarily because its prevalence was high among this population, but because medicine, science, and culture reinforced each other").
* Brown triangle – Assigned to Roma later on in the Romani Holocaust.
* Uninverted red triangle – an enemy POW (, meaning special detainee), a spy or traitor (, meaning activities detainee), or a military deserter or criminal (, meaning Armed Forces member).

File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-78612-0007, KZ Sachsenhausen, Häftlinge bei Zählappel.jpg, Single-triangle badges in various colors visible on Sachsenhausen concentration camp detainees
File:Prisoners in the concentration camp at Sachsenhausen, Germany, December 19, 1938. Heinrich Hoffman Collection. - NARA - 540177.jpg, Single-triangles visible on Sachsenhausen detainees
File:Purple Triangle.JPG, Specimen indicating a Jehovah's Witness
File:Prisoners' Uniforms with Red Triangles of Political Prisoners - Museum Exhibit - Dachau Concentration Camp Site - Dachau - Bavaria - Germany.jpg, Red emblems of a political enemy on a Dachau detainee's clothing.
File:Prisoners in the concentration camp at Sachsenhausen, Germany, 12-19-1938 - NARA - 540175.jpg, More Sachsenhausen detainees
File:Bundesarchiv Bild 152-27-11A, Dachau, Konzentrationslager.jpg, Black triangles visible on the trousers of Romani detainees at Dachau
File:Benedikt Kautsky.jpg, United States Army photo of Austrian economist and financial specialist , a political prisoner, who was liberated from Buchenwald
File:A sick Polish survivor in the Hannover-Ahlem concentration camp receives medicine from a German Red Cross worker.jpg, Liberated Neuengamme survivor standing on the right has a triangle patch with a top-bar
File:Numer obozowy KL Stutthof 29659.JPG, German concentration camp badge for Polish (non-Jewish) political prisoner in Stutthof.ID 29659 –

Double triangles

Double-triangle badges resembled two superimposed triangles forming a Star of David, a Jewish symbol.
* Red inverted triangle superimposed upon a yellow one representing a Jewish political prisoner.
* Blue inverted triangle superimposed upon a red one representing foreign forced labour and political prisoner (for example, Spanish Republicans in Mauthausen).
* Green inverted triangle superimposed upon a yellow one representing a Jewish habitual criminal.
* Purple inverted triangle superimposed upon a yellow one representing a Jehovah's Witness of Jewish descent.
* Pink inverted triangle superimposed upon a yellow one representing a Jewish "sexual offender", typically a gay or bisexual man.
* Black inverted triangle superimposed upon a yellow one representing an "asocial" or work-shy Jew.
* Voided black inverted triangle superimposed over a yellow triangle representing a Jew convicted of miscegenation and labelled as a (race defiler).
* Yellow inverted triangle superimposed over a black triangle representing an "Aryan" woman convicted of miscegenation and labelled as a (race defiler).
Like those who wore pink and green triangles, people in the bottom two categories would have been convicted in criminal courts.

File:Prisoners in the concentration camp at Sachsenhausen, Germany, December 19, 1938. Heinrich Hoffman Collection. - NARA - 540178.tif, Sachsenhausen detainee with glasses in the foreground wears a two-color ID-emblem
File:Buchenwald Disabled Jews 13132 crop.jpg, Disabled Jews with a black triangle on a yellow triangle, meaning asocial Jews, Buchenwald, 1938.
File:Bundesarchiv Bild 152-27-13A, Dachau Konzentrationslager, Häftlinge beim Appell.jpg, Part of a Dachau roll call – day badges visible on detainees
File:SarahEwart-066.jpg, Sachsenhausen detainee's red political enemy triangle atop a yellow Jew triangle (lower left)

Distinguishing marks

In addition to color-coding, non-German prisoners were marked by the first letter of the German name for their home country or ethnic group. Red triangle with a letter, for example:

* B (, Belgians)
* E (, "English"; in practice used for all British)
* F (, French)
* I (, Italians)
* J (, Yugoslavs)
* N (, Dutch)
* No (, Norwegian)
* P (, Poles)
* S (, Republican Spanish)
* T (, Czechs)
* U (, Hungarians)
* Z notation next to a black triangle (, Gypsy).

Polish emigrant laborers originally wore a purple diamond with a yellow backing. A letter P (for ) was cut out of the purple cloth to show the yellow backing beneath.

Furthermore, repeat offenders (, meaning recidivists) would receive bars over their stars or triangles, a different colour for a different crime.
* A political prisoner would have a red bar over their star or triangle.
* A professional criminal would have a green bar.
* A foreign forced laborer would not have a blue bar (as their impressment was for the duration of the war), but might have a different coloured bar if they were drawn from another pool of inmates.
* A Jehovah's Witness would have a purple bar.
* A homosexual or sex offender would have a pink bar.
* An asocial would have a black bar.
* Roma and Sinti would usually be incarcerated in special sub-camps until they died and so would not normally receive a repeat stripe.

Later in the war (late 1944), to save cloth Jewish prisoners wore a yellow bar over a regular point-down triangle to indicate their status. For instance, regular Jews would wear a yellow bar over a red triangle while Jewish criminals would wear a yellow bar over a green triangle.

Special marks

Many various markings and combinations existed. A prisoner would usually have at least two and possibly more than six.

Limited preventative custody detainee (, or BV) was the term for general criminals (who wore green triangles with no special marks). They originally were only supposed to be incarcerated at the camp until their term expired and then they would be released. However, when the war began they were confined indefinitely for its duration.

(reformatory inmates) wore E or EH in large black letters on a white square. They were made up of intellectuals and respected community members who could organize and lead a resistance movement, suspicious persons picked up in sweeps or stopped at checkpoints, people caught performing conspiratorial activities or acts and inmates who broke work discipline. They were assigned to hard labor for six to eight weeks and were then released. It was hoped that the threat of permanent incarceration at hard labor would deter them from further action.

(police inmates), short for (police secure custody inmates), wore either PH in large black letters on a white square or the letter S (for – secure custody) on a green triangle. To save expense, some camps had them just wear their civilian clothes without markings. Records used the letter PSV () to designate them. They were people awaiting trial by a police court-martial or who were already convicted. They were detained in a special jail barracks until they were executed.

Some camps assigned (night and fog) prisoners had them wear two large letters NN in yellow.

Soviet prisoners of war () assigned to work camps () wore two large letters SU (for , meaning Soviet sub-human) in yellow and had vertical stripes painted on their uniforms. They were the few who had not been shot out of hand or died of neglect from untreated wounds, exposure to the elements, or starvation before they could reach a camp. They performed hard labor. Some joined Andrey Vlasov's Liberation Army to fight for the Germans.

Labor education detainees () wore a white letter A on their black triangle. This stood for ("work-shy person"), designating stereotypically "lazy" social undesirables like Gypsies, petty criminals (e.g. prostitutes and pickpockets), alcoholics/drug addicts and vagrants. They were usually assigned to work at labor camps.

(anti-socials) inmates wore a plain black triangle. They were considered either too "selfish" or "deviant" to contribute to society or were considered too impaired to support themselves. They were therefore considered a burden. This category included pacifists and conscription resisters, petty or habitual criminals, the mentally ill and the mentally and/or physically disabled. They were usually executed.

The (punishment battalion) and SS (probation company) were military punishment units. They consisted of and SS military criminals, SS personnel convicted by an Honor Court of bad conduct and civilian criminals for which military service was either the assigned punishment or a voluntary replacement of imprisonment. They wore regular uniforms, but were forbidden rank or unit insignia until they had proven themselves in combat. They wore an uninverted (point-upwards) red triangle on their upper sleeves to indicate their status. Most were used for hard labor, "special tasks" (unwanted dangerous jobs like defusing landmines or running phone cables) or were used as forlorn hopes or cannon fodder. The infamous Dirlewanger Brigade was an example of a regular unit created from such personnel.

A (punishment company) was a hard labor unit in the camps. Inmates assigned to it wore a black roundel bordered white under their triangle patch.

Prisoners "suspected of ttempting toescape" () wore a red roundel bordered white under their triangle patch. If also assigned to hard labor, they wore the red roundel under their black roundel.

A prisoner-functionary (), or '' kapo'' (boss), wore a cloth brassard (their , or identifying mark) to indicate their status. They served as camp guards (), barracks clerks () and the senior prisoners (, meaning elders) at the camp (), barracks () and room () levels of camp organization. They received privileges like bigger and sometimes better food rations, better quarters (or even a private room), luxuries (like tobacco or alcohol) and access to the camp's facilities (like the showers or the pool). Failure to please their captors meant demotion and loss of privileges and an almost certain death at the hands of their fellow inmates.

Detainees wearing civilian clothing (more common later in the war) instead of the striped uniforms were often marked with a prominent X on the back. This made for an '' ersatz'' prisoner uniform. For permanence, such Xs were made with white oil paint, with sewn-on cloth strips, or were cut (with underlying jacket-liner fabric providing the contrasting color). Detainees would be compelled to sew their number and (if applicable) a triangle emblem onto the fronts of such X-ed clothing.

File:13cwik.jpg, F on red triangle (French political enemy) on Buchenwald clothing of Dr. Joseph Brau
File:A1vestonf.JPG, F-triangle on Buchenwald clothing of Dr. Joseph Brau
File:Nazi concentration camp uniform fabric sample.jpg, Specimen meaning Polish political enemy
File:Numer obozowy KL Stutthof 29659.JPG, Stutthof detainee 29659 – Lidia Główczewska, which showcases the letter P on a red triangle for Polish political enemy
File:IgnacyKwarta.png, Auschwitz detainee Ignacy Kwarta wears a red P-triangle, meaning a Polish political enemy.
File:Buchenwald Prisoners 83718.jpg, Dutch Jews wearing a yellow star and the letter N for at Mauthausen
File:SarahEwart-069.JPG, Sachsenhausen-issued red F emblem for a French political enemy
File:Kazimierkiewicz georg 1 hpk.jpg, Emblems were also used on some detainee ID-cards as shown here on the Mauthausen card of Polish scientist Jerzy Kaźmirkiewicz, where a P-triangle appears.
File:Toasting Polish Dachau.jpg, Dachau survivors toast their liberation as the man standing in center between the bottles wears a P triangle.
File:The Liberation of Bergen-belsen Concentration Camp, April 1945 BU4010.jpg, Liberated Bergen-Belsen survivor with a late war '' ersatz'' variant (left) showcasing no cloth patch, but a prominent N marked on the outer clothes
File:Bundesarchiv Bild 146-1993-051-07, Tafel mit KZ-Kennzeichen (Winkel) retouched.jpg, Plate with concentration camp marking.

Table of camp inmate markings

Postwar use

Triangle-motifs appear on many postwar memorials to the victims of the Nazis. Most triangles are plain while some others bear nationality-letters. The otherwise potentially puzzling designs are a direct reference to the identification patches used in the camps. On such monuments, typically an inverted (point down, base up) triangle (especially if red) evokes all victims, including also the non-Jewish victims like Poles and other Slavs, communists, homosexuals, Roma and Sinti (see Porajmos), people with disability (see Action T4), Soviet POWs and Jehovah's Witnesses. An inverted triangle colored pink would symbolize gay male victims. A non-inverted (base down, point up) triangle and/or a yellow triangle is generally more evocative of the Jewish victims.

File:KZ Sachsenhausen - zentrales Mahnmal.JPG, At Sachsenhausen
File:Todesmarsch Gedenkstein Breitenfeld.JPG, A Dora ''Todesmarsch'' (death march) roadside tablet marked only with the date and a red triangle
File:Holocaust Memorial in Estonia.jpg, On the Klooga Jewish victims' memorial
File:Crawinkel Gedenktafel.JPG, On a Buchenwald ''Todesmarsch'' (death march) route historical marker
File:Death March Memorial Plaque, Oranienburg.jpg, On a Sachsenhausen death march route historical marker
File:Belower-Damm-Wittstock-Dosse-Mahnmal.jpg, Monument (in the village of Grabow-Below) for Ravensbrück death march victims
File:Denkmal KZ Woebbelin4.jpg, On a Wöbbelin memorial stone
File:Gedenkstätte Lindenring (2).jpg, Boulder (in Lindenring) for 2,000 women victims of Ravensbrück
File:Cenoteph of Cap Arcona.JPG, On a '' Cap Arcona'' incident memorial
File:Neustadt-Glewe VVN-Denkmal 2008-01-03.jpg, At the Neustadt-Glewe concentration camp memorial
File:French monument Mauthausen 1243.JPG, F-triangle at Mauthausen-Gusen honors French victims
File:Croix du Prisonnier Politique 1940-1945.jpg, B-triangle incorporated into the Belgian Political Prisoner's Cross
File:KZ-Hinzert-Plakette-Nacht-und-Nebel.jpg, F-triangle at Hinzert honors French victims, especially of the ''Nacht und Nebel'' program
File:Han Seelhorst Mahnmal KZ Opfer 01.PNG, On a monument to Neuengamme victims in Hamburg, where the letters KZ are not nationality-letters, but rather are the German abbreviation for ''Konzentrationslager''
(concentration camp)
File:Ludwigsfelde Friedhof Gedenkstein Widerstandskämpfer.JPG, On a memorial to victims killed at Genshagen (right panel), where the letters KZ are not nationality-letters but rather are the German abbreviation for ''Konzentrationslager''
(concentration camp)
File:Denkmal für die Opfer der NS-Konzentrationslager Zgorzelec.JPG, P-triangle at a Zgorzelec memorial
File:Krzyż Oświęcimski Szymona Klugera, MZ-326-O 02.jpg, P-triangle on the Polish medal for camp victims
File:Memorial with Prisoners Triangle Badges and Star of David Badge - Dachau Concentration Camp Site - Dachau - Bavaria - Germany.jpg, Various badges on a Dachau memorial
File:In memory of homosexual.JPG, Pink triangle (''Rosa Winkel'' in German) memorial for gay men killed at Buchenwald
File:Gedenktafel Rosa Winkel Nollendorfplatz.jpg, In the Berlin Nollendorfplatz subway station, a pink triangle plaque honors gay male victims.
File:Ac.homomonument.jpg, Amsterdam's '' Homomonument'' uses pink triangles symbolically to memorialize gay men killed in the Holocaust and also victims of anti-gay violence generally.
File:Memorial_to_the_French_victims_of_Dachau_Concentration_Camp_at_Pere_Lachaise_Cemetery_in_Paris.jpg, Memorial to French victims of Dachau Concentration Camp at Père Lachaise Cemetery in Paris.
File:Zittau Ehrenmal für die Opfer des Faschismus (9899).jpg, Triangle emblem on the memorial to Nazi-era forced labor deaths at the truck factory in Zittau
File:Pink triangle on Twin Peaks (19055079410).jpg, Every year, a pink triangle is erected on Twin Peaks in San Francisco during Pride weekend.

2020 Trump campaign

In June 2020, the re-election campaign of Donald Trump posted an advertisement on Facebook stating that "Dangerous MOBS of far-left groups are running through our streets and causing absolute mayhem" and identifying them as " ANTIFA", accompanied by a graphic of a downward-pointing red triangle. The ads appeared on the Facebook pages of Donald Trump, the Trump campaign, and Vice President Mike Pence. Many observers compared the graphic to the symbol used by the Nazis for identifying political prisoners such as communists, social democrats and socialists. Many noted the number of ads – 88 – which is associated with neo-Nazis and white supremacists.

As an example of the public outcry against the use of the downward-pointing red triangle, as reported by MotherJones, the Twitter account (@jewishaction), the account of Bend the Arc: Jewish Action, a Progressive Jewish site stated:

"The President of the United States is campaigning for reelection using a Nazi concentration camp symbol.
Nazis used the red triangle to mark political prisoners and people who rescued Jews.
Trump & the RNC are using it to smear millions of protestors.

Their masks are off. pic.twitter.com/UzmzDaRBup"

Facebook removed the campaign ads with the graphic, saying that its use in this context violated their policy against "organized hate". The Trump campaign's communications director wrote, "The red triangle is a common Antifa symbol used in an ad about Antifa." Historian Mark Bray, author of '' Antifa: The Anti-Fascist Handbook'', disputed this, saying that the symbol is not associated with Antifa in the United States.

Israel–Hamas war

Some sources have suggested that the inverted red triangle symbol used by Hamas in its propaganda videos is reminiscent of the same red triangle used by the Nazis, with regards to antisemitism during the Gaza war. However, the Nazis used the inverted red triangle to identify prisoners with political views opposed to Nazism, not necessarily Jewish prisoners. However, some have compared Palestinian resistance to Ghetto uprisings.

References

Informational notes

Citations

Bibliography
* Richard Plant (1988). ''The Pink Triangle: The Nazi War Against Homosexuals''. Owl Books. .

Camp badge chart at historyplace.com

External links

United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
Classification system in Nazi concentration camps.


Jewish Virtual Library.


Ruediger Lautmann.

{{Authority control

Terminology of Nazi concentration camps
Identity documents of Nazi Germany
The Holocaust