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Readers' advisory (sometimes spelled readers advisory or reader's advisory) is a service which involves suggesting fiction and nonfiction titles to a reader through direct or indirect means. This service is a fundamental
library A library is a collection of Book, books, and possibly other Document, materials and Media (communication), media, that is accessible for use by its members and members of allied institutions. Libraries provide physical (hard copies) or electron ...
service; however, readers' advisory also occurs in commercial contexts such as bookstores. Currently, almost all North American public libraries offer some form of readers' advisory.


History


North America

"Setting a date for the start of what we now call readers advisory service, particularly readers advisory in the public library, is at best a frustrating, almost arbitrary exercise. Efforts at historical precision can founder on such basic issues as the absence of common definitions. For example, answers to such questions as 'What exactly is a public library?" or "What really is readers advisory?" have long been disputed." (Bill Crowley, from his 2005 journal article "Rediscovering the History of Readers Advisory Service")


Opposing Viewpoints on the Merits of Different Types of Readers' Advisory

The historical period divisions and merits of different types of readers' advisory services is a hotly debated topic among librarians. Bill Crowley, in his 2005 article, "Rediscovering the History of Readers Advisory Service," breaks down the historical period divisions of the service into four eras: * 1876 to 1920 – "Inventing" Readers' Advisory * 1920 to 1940 – "Privileging Nonfiction" in Readers' Advisory * 1940 to 1984 – Readers' Advisory "'Lost' in Adult Services" * 1984 to 2005 (current at time of article) – "Reviving Readers' Advisory" Juris Dilevko and Candice Magowan question the merits of the current readers' advisory emphasis on popular fiction materials in their book "Readers' Advisory Service in North American Public Libraries, 1870–2005." They subdivide the history as: * 1870 to 1916 – "The Formative Years" * 1917 to 1962 – "The Commitment to Systematic Adult Education" * 1963 to 2005 – "The Devolution into Entertainment" Dilevko and Mogowan write about "readers' advisory systematically committ ngitself to meaningful adult education through serious and purposeful reading" up until the 1960s, when emphasis on "popular culture resulted in the 'Give 'Em What They Want' approach" and "The Devolution into Entertainment."


1897–1920

In 1897, the ALA President stated that "the personal influence of librarians who assisted and advised readers was the most potent force in molding community reading."


1920–1980

Organized readers' advisory programs have been documented dating back to the 1920s. Between 1922 and 1926, readers' advisory programs were experimentally introduced into seven urban libraries (Cleveland and Detroit, in 1922, Indianapolis, Milwaukee, and Chicago, in 1923 and 1924, and Cincinnati and Portland, OR). The Adult Education Movement emerged in the 1920s in public libraries and was frequently discussed in
American Library Association The American Library Association (ALA) is a nonprofit organization based in the United States that promotes libraries and library education internationally. It is the oldest and largest library association in the world. History 19th century ...
professional publications. The 1924 report ''The American Public Library and the Diffusion of Knowledge'' by William Learned to the Carnegie Corporation sought to establish adult education as the focus of the public library, with personalized readers' advisory service to adult readers by "reference experts" who would make up a "community intelligence service." The 1926
American Library Association The American Library Association (ALA) is a nonprofit organization based in the United States that promotes libraries and library education internationally. It is the oldest and largest library association in the world. History 19th century ...
"book-length" commission report ''Libraries and Adult Education'' placed high importance on readers' advisory services in Adult Education. Judson T. Jennings provided a summary of the work, observing that the "library's contribution to adult education resolved itself into three major activities:"
1. An information service regarding local opportunities for adult students.
2. Service to other agencies engaged in adult education.
3. Service to individual readers and students.
This new professional interest during the 1920s spurred the creation of specialized full-time readers' advisory positions in major public libraries. By 1936, an estiminated, 50 public libraries had established readers' advisory services. Until the early 1960s, readers' advisory focused on non-fiction materials and continuing adult education.


1980s – 2000s

Some librarians consider the early 1980s to be the beginning of a revival in readers' advisory and praise the inclusion of fiction (including genre fiction: fantasy, mystery, romance, etc.) and write that historically readers' advisory was biased in favor of nonfiction. Others disapprove of the new approaches and changes in service. Dilevko and Magowan write "Post-1980 readers' advisory thus became an opportunity to converse with patrons about 'light, quick, escapist' books -- popular and ephemeral fiction and nonfiction for entertainment, pleasure, and recreation -- because such conversations were not 'too burdensome'." In 1982, the term " genreflecting" was first coined by Betty Rosenberg, who authored: Genreflecting: A Guide to Reading Interests in Genre Fiction (Libraries Unlimited, 1982). Another major influence on the spread and revival of readers' advisory was the Adult Reading Round Table (ARRT), founded by a group of Chicago public librarians in 1984. The group organized workshops, seminars, and genre-study groups.


Current Interest

Interest in readers' advisory continues to grow. Libraries Unlimited Genreflecting Advisory Series has grown to 27 titles as of July 2008 (from 15 titles in 2005). Beyond traditional genres (fantasy, mystery, romance), some of the diverse offerings now include guides to
LGBT LGBTQ people are individuals who are lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, or questioning. Many variants of the initialism are used; LGBTQIA+ people incorporates intersex, asexual, aromantic, agender, and other individuals. The gro ...
literature, guides to
graphic novels A graphic novel is a self-contained, book-length form of sequential art. The term ''graphic novel'' is often applied broadly, including fiction, non-fiction, and anthologized work, though this practice is highly contested by comics scholars and ...
(
comic books A comic book, comic-magazine, or simply comic is a publication that consists of comics art in the form of sequential juxtaposed panel (comics), panels that represent individual scenes. Panels are often accompanied by descriptive prose and wri ...
,
manga are comics or graphic novels originating from Japan. Most manga conform to a style developed in Japan in the late 19th century, and the form has a long history in earlier Japanese art. The term is used in Japan to refer to both comics ...
, etc.), and
Christian fiction Christian novels are a genre of novels in the tradition of Christian literature, written as a work of fiction focusing on religious events and worldviews. The tradition of Christian fiction Christian novels are works of imaginative literature dr ...
.
". . . contemporary readers advisory service is best understood as an organized program promoting both fiction and nonfiction discretionary reading for the dual purposes of satisfying reader needs and advancing a culture's goal of a literate population." (Bill Crowley, from his 2005 journal article "Rediscovering the History of Readers Advisory Service")


Types


Direct readers' advisory

Direct readers' advisory is based on a non-judgmental assessment of the personal preferences of the reader through a series of questions, called a readers advisory conversation. The assessment focuses on reader likes and dislikes with regard to a number of factors, including subject, reading level, genre, writing style, the level of characterization, plot elements, storyline, pace, tone, frame, and setting. The hoped-for outcome of this interview is the identification of three or more appropriate suggestions (sometimes referred to as "readalikes"—especially when the interview was initiated by patron interest in new authors/titles similar to one enjoyed in the past). In identifying suitable suggestions, a readers' advisor combines personal knowledge of material with a variety of specialized print and online resources to come up with appropriate suggestions. The goal of direct readers advisory is to ''suggest'' titles based on a reader's individual interests and tastes. Librarians who simply recommend their favorite books with little or no regard for the patron's own interests are not performing readers' advisory. For example, if a patron requests "a good book," the readers' advisor might ask the reader to describe a book they have enjoyed. The focus of the conversation is not on recitation of plot, but on the aforementioned appeal elements (i.e. pace, subject, tone, writing style, etc.). In our example, the patron tells the readers' advisor of a humorous
mystery novel Mystery is a fiction genre where the nature of an event, usually a murder or other crime, remains mysterious until the end of the story. Often within a closed circle of suspects, each suspect is usually provided with a credible motive and a re ...
with a sharp-tongued female protagonist. Our readers' advisor also learns that the patron prefers fast-paced dialogue to excessive descriptive passages. Once the appeal elements have been identified (i.e. a humorous mystery featuring snappy dialogue and a female protagonist), the readers' advisor will suggest appropriate titles in the collection by drawing on personal knowledge and/or by consulting appropriate print and online resources. Even though the patron requested a mystery, a skilled readers advisor will often offer a suggestion or two that point the reader to new a new vista outside of a mentioned genre or milieu. Readers' advisory can also be performed across multiple media. For example, a patron who likes the movie ''Matilda'' might be unaware that it is based on a book by
Roald Dahl Roald Dahl (13 September 1916 – 23 November 1990) was a British author of popular children's literature and short stories, a poet, screenwriter and a wartime Flying ace, fighter ace. His books have sold more than 300 million copies ...
. Other patrons who enjoy audio books may be introduced to other titles read by the same person.


Questions to consider asking in the readers' advisory interview

In the 2005 edition of ''Readers' Advisory Services in the Public Library'', Joyce Saricks lists some questions for advisors to consider, such as: * Are characters and plot quickly revealed or slowly unveiled? (Identifying Pacing) * Is there more dialogue or more description? (Identifying Pacing) * Is there a focus on a single character or on several whose lives are intertwined (Identify Characterization) * Is the focus of the story more interior and psychological or exterior and action oriented? (Identifying Story Line)


Indirect readers' advisory

Indirect readers' advisory involves the creation of displays, bookmarks, and annotated book lists that a reader/patron can pick up and peruse on their own without actively engaging a readers' advisor. Indirect readers' advisory aids, particularly annotated book lists, focus on appeal elements rather than providing extensive plot summaries. Recently, some public libraries (like th
Williamsburg Regional Library
in Virginia) have begun experimenting with form-based readers' advisory, which allows for a richer indirect readers advisory experience. Maintaining a Staff Recommendations display is another way to improve a library's readers' advisory service. Since many readers are browsers, staff recommendations make it easier to select a book. (Content is available under GNU Free Documentation License 1.2) In their 2001 article "Reader's Advisory: Matching Mood and Material," Ross and Chelton recommend placing books in four areas of the library in order to make the most of merchandising. These four areas are the entrance, the ends of stacks, high traffic areas, and the circulation desk. Placing the display in these areas ensure that patrons will see and, hopefully, utilize the books on display. Ross and Chelton also note that books, not posters and announcements, should be here because merchandised titles will circulate very quickly.


Readers' advisory resources


Print

Popular print resources include the ''What Do I Read Next?'' series of reference books (published by
Gale A gale is a strong wind; the word is typically used as a descriptor in nautical contexts. The U.S. National Weather Service defines a gale as sustained surface wind moving at a speed between .
), the '' Genreflecting'' series (published by Libraries Unlimited), and the ''Readers' Advisory Guides'' (published by the
American Library Association The American Library Association (ALA) is a nonprofit organization based in the United States that promotes libraries and library education internationally. It is the oldest and largest library association in the world. History 19th century ...
). Seattle librarian Nancy Pearl achieved broad recognition for her reader's guides, '' Book Lust'' and ''More Book Lust''. Also of note are Pearl's guides to contemporary fiction: ''Now Read This: A Guide to Mainstream Fiction, 1978–1998'' and ''Now Read This II: A Guide to Mainstream Fiction, 1990–2001''. ''BookPage'' is a periodical available at many public libraries, containing book reviews, recommended reading lists, and author interviews.


Internet Resources

* ''
Booklist ''Booklist'' is a publication of the American Library Association that provides critical reviews of books and audiovisual materials for all ages. ''Booklist''s primary audience consists of libraries, educators, and booksellers. The magazine is ...
'' is a magazine by the ALA providing reviews and recommendations. *
NoveList A novelist is an author or writer of novels, though often novelists also write in other genres of both fiction and non-fiction. Some novelists are professional novelists, thus make a living wage, living writing novels and other fiction, while other ...
is a database of reading recommendations, available through libraries around the world. It includes read-alikes, expert recommendations, recommended reads lists, professional reviews, feature articles, author bios, and complete series information. ** NextReads is an email newsletter service from NoveList that offers 20 themed book recommendation newsletters to readers. * ''
BookBrowse ''BookBrowse'' is an online magazine and website that provides book reviews, author interviews, book previews, and reading guides. The magazine is independent of publishers and does not sell books that it reviews. The site offers both free and pr ...
'' offers a customized subscription service for libraries. Its readers' advisory database includes read-alikes, browsing by themes, reviews, previews, back-stories, book club advice, author bios, interviews, pronunciation guides, and e-zines. * The
American Library Association The American Library Association (ALA) is a nonprofit organization based in the United States that promotes libraries and library education internationally. It is the oldest and largest library association in the world. History 19th century ...
compiles different reading lists for all ages. * LibraryReads is a monthly staff-picks list of ten newly published titles, as nominated and voted on by public library workers from around the United States. ** Similar services in other countries include Loan Stars list in Canada, and the Librarians Choice list in Australia. *
LibraryThing LibraryThing is a social cataloging web application for storing and sharing book catalogs and various types of book metadata. It is used by authors, individuals, libraries, and publishers. Based in Portland, Maine, LibraryThing was developed b ...
is a social networking website for cataloging and sharing personal and institutional library collections. The site contains a "BookSuggester" feature which provides book recommendations based on user catalogs with similar books. * Wowbrary is a weekly email newsletter showing new books, movies, and music selected by the user's local library in the previous week. * What's Next is the Kent District Library's database for series fiction. * Whichbook is a site where users search by story characteristics using sliders. The results can be limited by specific formats. * Fantastic Fiction is a book information website that maintains bibliographies for over 60,000 authors. *
Goodreads Goodreads is an American social cataloging website and a subsidiary of Amazon that allows individuals to search its database of books, annotations, quotes, and reviews. Users can sign up and register books to generate library catalogs and readi ...
is the world's largest site for book recommendations. Users can join groups, track books, and receive book recommendations (both automated and from friends). Goodreads launched in January 2007 and was acquired by
Amazon Amazon most often refers to: * Amazon River, in South America * Amazon rainforest, a rainforest covering most of the Amazon basin * Amazon (company), an American multinational technology company * Amazons, a tribe of female warriors in Greek myth ...
in 2013. * What Should I Read Next is a readers' advisory website where a reader can type in a book or author they enjoy and get recommendations of similar books. * Literature Map is a website which offers read-alike author suggestions. * Better Reading is a book recommendation website for Australian readers. The site focuses on helping people discover new books and authors. * The ALA's
Public Library Association The Public Library Association (PLA), a division of the American Library Association, is a professional association of public librarians and supporters dedicated to the "development and effectiveness of public library staff and public library ser ...
has a page of professional tools for readers' advisory.


Blogs

Many librarians and libraries maintain readers' advisory blogs. * The Book Adept is a blog written by readers' advisory professor consultant Melissa Elliott. It includes reviews of a variety of fiction for adults and young adults, often with advisory-related commentary. * RA for All is a blog aiming to help library workers provide readers' advisory services. * Reading Rants is a booklist for teens written by middle school librarian Jennifer Hubert Swan and designed by Andrew Mutch. The blog stopped posting in November 2023, and in February 2024 became moved its activity to an Instagram page. *
School Library Journal ''School Library Journal'' (''SLJ'') is an American monthly magazine containing reviews and other articles for school librarians, media specialists, and public librarians who work with young people. Articles cover a wide variety of topics, wi ...
runs several blogs. * The Open Book is a blog by
Lee & Low Books Lee & Low Books is an independent children's book publisher focusing on diversity. History Lee & Low was founded in 1991 by Chinese Americans Tom Low and Philip Lee as a children's book publisher specializing in books featuring people of color a ...
that focuses on race, diversity, education, and children's books. * The Hub is a blog hosted by the
Young Adult Library Services Association The Young Adult Library Services Association (YALSA), established in 1957, is a division of the American Library Association. YALSA is a national association of librarians, library workers and advocates whose mission is to expand the capacity of l ...
that provides collections related to teen literature. * No Flying No Tights is a graphic novel review website.


Defunct

* Fiction_L was the Morton Grove Public Library's electronic mailing list for readers' advisory discussions, developed by Roberta S. Johnson and the reader's services staff of the library. As of June 2016, Fiction_L was managed by Cuyahoga County Public Library. * BookSpot.com was a resource that directed users to audiobooks, free first chapters, and specific lists such as award winners and bestsellers. * eBook Pundit was a website that helped readers find top books on topics in different fields and helped self-published authors market their books. * Some libraries have developed readers' advisory websites based on specific titles, series, or authors, like the Allen County Public Library's "Lemony Snicket Read-Alikes and Supplements" page which provided annotated book lists based around different genre and stylistic aspects of the series. * EarlyWord was a blog that includes reading lists as well as links to news on upcoming releases and reviews. In July 2017, EarlyWord ceased blogging on a regular basis other than promoting its "Galley Chats," monthly
Twitter Twitter, officially known as X since 2023, is an American microblogging and social networking service. It is one of the world's largest social media platforms and one of the most-visited websites. Users can share short text messages, image ...
discussions about new and upcoming books for adults and young adults, as well as other occasional posts. * ReadMe * Book Lust * Readers' Advisory Services


See also

*
Book discussion club A book discussion club is a group of people who meet to discuss books they have read. It is often simply called a book club, a term that may cause confusion with a book ''sales'' club. Other terms include reading group, book group, and book disc ...
* Book talks promote books, including background information on the author and press reviews. *
Literary awards A literary award or literary prize is an award presented in recognition of a particularly lauded Literature, literary piece or body of work. It is normally presented to an author. Organizations Most literary awards come with a corresponding award c ...
are often used in readers' advisory. *
Literature Circles A literature circle, or literature club, is equivalent for young people of an adult Book discussion club, book club, but with greater structure, expectation and rigor. The aim is to encourage thoughtful discussion and a love of reading in young pe ...
* Genreflecting


External links


''Booklist'' magazine's ''Corner Shelf'' newsletter

"Jack of All Trades Readers' Advisory" by Rebecca Vnuk


Resources


Adults

* '' Genreflecting: A Guide to Popular Reading Interests.'' 6th ed. Herald, Diana Tixier and Wayne Wiegand. Englewood, CO: Libraries Unlimited, 2005. * '' Reading Matters'' and ''
Reading Still Matters Reading is the process of taking in the sense or meaning of symbols, often specifically those of a written language, by means of sight or touch. For educators and researchers, reading is a multifaceted process involving such areas as word re ...
''. By Catherine Sheldrick Ross and others. Libraries Unlimited, 2006, 2018. . * ''Readers' Advisory Services in the Public Library'' Joyce G. Saricks
American Library Association The American Library Association (ALA) is a nonprofit organization based in the United States that promotes libraries and library education internationally. It is the oldest and largest library association in the world. History 19th century ...
, 3rd ed. * "Recommended Readers' Advisory Tools.” ''Reference & User Services Quarterly''. 43.4 (2004):294–305. 4 April 2005. * ''Reader's Advisory Service in North America Public Libraries 1870–2005: A History and Critical Analysis'' by Juris Dilevko, Candice F.C. Magowan. McFarland, 2007. * ''The Readers' Advisory Guide to Nonfiction'', by Neal Wyatt. Chicago: ALA editions, 2007. * ''Non-Fiction Readers' Advisory''. Robert Burgin, ed. Westport, CT: Libraries Unlimited, 2004. * ''The Reader's Advisor's Companion''. Kenneth D. Shearer & Robert Burgin. Westport, CT: Libraries Unlimited, 2001.


Children's and Young Adult Reading

* ''Best Books for Children : Preschool Through Grade 6'', by Catherine Barr. 8th ed. Westport, CT: Libraries Unlimited, 2006. * ''Best Books for High School Readers : Grades 9–12'' / John T. Gillespie, Catherine Barr. Westport, CT: Libraries Unlimited, 2004. * ''Best Books for Middle School and Junior High Readers: Grades 6–9'', by John T. Gillespie and Catherine Barr. Westport, CT: Libraries Unlimited, 2004. * ''Best Books for Middle School and Junior High Readers: Grades 6–9, Supplement to the First Edition'' by John T. Gillespie and Catherine Barr. Westport, CT: Libraries Unlimited, 2006. * ''Best Books for Young Adults,
Young Adult Library Services Association The Young Adult Library Services Association (YALSA), established in 1957, is a division of the American Library Association. YALSA is a national association of librarians, library workers and advocates whose mission is to expand the capacity of l ...
(YALSA)''. * ''Beyond Picture Books: Subject Access to Best Books for Beginning Readers'', by Barbara Barstow, Judith Riggle, and Leslie Molnar. 3rd ed. Westport, CT: Libraries Unlimited, 2008. * ''Outstanding Books for the College Bound, Young Adult Library Services Association (YALSA)''. Chicago: ALA, 2011. * ''Naked Reading: Uncovering What Tweens Need to Become Lifelong Readers'', by Teri S. Lesesne. Portland, Me. : Stenhouse Publishers, 2006. * "Newbery Medal and Honor Books, 1922–Present". Chicago: ALA. (Revised annually) * "Caldecott Medal & Honor Books, 1938–Present". Chicago: ALA. (Revised annually) * ''Serving Teens through Readers' Advisory,'' by Heather Booth. American Library Association, 2007.


Older Adults

(
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, the
Silent Generation The Silent Generation, also known as the Traditionalist Generation, is the Western demographic cohort following the Greatest Generation and preceding the baby boomers. The generation is generally defined as people born from 1928 to 1945. By th ...
, and the
Baby Boomers Baby boomers, often shortened to boomers, are the demographic cohort preceded by the Silent Generation and followed by Generation X. The generation is often defined as people born from 1946 to 1964 during the mid-20th century baby boom that ...
) * Ahlvers, A. (2006). "Older Adults and Readers' Advisory. ''Reference & User Services Quarterly'', 45(4), 305–312.


References

. {{DEFAULTSORT:Readers' Advisory Book promotion Library science