Actinopterygii (; ), members of which are known as ray-finned fish or actinopterygians, is a

class Class, Classes, or The Class may refer to: Common uses not otherwise categorized * Class (biology), a taxonomic rank * Class (knowledge representation), a collection of individuals or objects * Class (philosophy), an analytical concept used d ...

bony fish Osteichthyes ( ; ), also known as osteichthyans or commonly referred to as the bony fish, is a Biodiversity, diverse clade of vertebrate animals that have endoskeletons primarily composed of bone tissue. They can be contrasted with the Chondricht ...

that comprise over 50% of living

vertebrate Vertebrates () are animals with a vertebral column (backbone or spine), and a cranium, or skull. The vertebral column surrounds and protects the spinal cord, while the cranium protects the brain. The vertebrates make up the subphylum Vertebra ...

species. They are so called because of their lightly built

fin A fin is a thin component or appendage attached to a larger body or structure. Fins typically function as foils that produce lift or thrust, or provide the ability to steer or stabilize motion while traveling in water, air, or other fluids. F ...

s made of webbings of

skin Skin is the layer of usually soft, flexible outer tissue covering the body of a vertebrate animal, with three main functions: protection, regulation, and sensation. Other animal coverings, such as the arthropod exoskeleton, have different ...

supported by radially extended thin bony

spine Spine or spinal may refer to: Science Biology * Spinal column, also known as the backbone * Dendritic spine, a small membranous protrusion from a neuron's dendrite * Thorns, spines, and prickles, needle-like structures in plants * Spine (zoology), ...

s called ''

lepidotrichia In a zoological context, spines are hard, needle-like anatomical structures found in both vertebrate and invertebrate species. The spines of most spiny mammals are modified hairs, with a spongy center covered in a thick, hard layer of keratin and ...

'', as opposed to the bulkier, fleshy lobed fins of the

sister A sister is a woman or a girl who shares parents or a parent with another individual; a female sibling. The male counterpart is a brother. Although the term typically refers to a familial relationship, it is sometimes used endearingly to ref ...

clade In biology, a clade (), also known as a Monophyly, monophyletic group or natural group, is a group of organisms that is composed of a common ancestor and all of its descendants. Clades are the fundamental unit of cladistics, a modern approach t ...

Sarcopterygii Sarcopterygii (; )—sometimes considered synonymous with Crossopterygii ()—is a clade (traditionally a class (biology), class or subclass) of vertebrate animals which includes a group of bony fish commonly referred to as lobe-finned fish. The ...

(lobe-finned fish). Resembling folding fans, the actinopterygian fins can easily change shape and wetted area, providing superior

thrust-to-weight ratio Thrust-to-weight ratio is a dimensionless ratio of thrust to weight of a rocket, jet engine, propeller engine, or a vehicle propelled by such an engine that is an indicator of the performance of the engine or vehicle. The instantaneous thrust-to-w ...

s per movement compared to sarcopterygian and chondrichthyian fins. The fin rays attach directly to the proximal or basal skeletal elements, the radials, which represent the articulation between these fins and the internal skeleton (e.g., pelvic and pectoral girdles). The vast majority of actinopterygians are

teleost Teleostei (; Ancient Greek, Greek ''teleios'' "complete" + ''osteon'' "bone"), members of which are known as teleosts (), is, by far, the largest group of ray-finned fishes (class Actinopterygii), with 96% of all neontology, extant species of f ...

s. By

species A species () is often defined as the largest group of organisms in which any two individuals of the appropriate sexes or mating types can produce fertile offspring, typically by sexual reproduction. It is the basic unit of Taxonomy (biology), ...

count, they dominate the

subphylum In zoological nomenclature, a subphylum is a taxonomic rank below the rank of phylum. The taxonomic rank of " subdivision" in fungi and plant taxonomy is equivalent to "subphylum" in zoological taxonomy. Some plant taxonomists have also used th ...

Vertebrata Vertebrates () are animals with a vertebral column (backbone or spine), and a cranium, or skull. The vertebral column surrounds and protects the spinal cord, while the cranium protects the brain. The vertebrates make up the subphylum Verte ...

, and constitute nearly 99% of the over 30,000

extant Extant or Least-concern species, least concern is the opposite of the word extinct. It may refer to: * Extant hereditary titles * Extant literature, surviving literature, such as ''Beowulf'', the oldest extant manuscript written in English * Exta ...

species of

fish A fish (: fish or fishes) is an aquatic animal, aquatic, Anamniotes, anamniotic, gill-bearing vertebrate animal with swimming fish fin, fins and craniate, a hard skull, but lacking limb (anatomy), limbs with digit (anatomy), digits. Fish can ...

. They are the most abundant nektonic

aquatic animal An aquatic animal is any animal, whether vertebrate or invertebrate, that lives in a body of water for all or most of its lifetime. Aquatic animals generally conduct gas exchange in water by extracting dissolved oxygen via specialised respirato ...

s and are ubiquitous throughout

freshwater Fresh water or freshwater is any naturally occurring liquid or frozen water containing low concentrations of dissolved salts and other total dissolved solids. The term excludes seawater and brackish water, but it does include non-salty mi ...

and marine environments from the

deep sea The deep sea is broadly defined as the ocean depth where light begins to fade, at an approximate depth of or the point of transition from continental shelves to continental slopes. Conditions within the deep sea are a combination of low tempe ...

to subterranean waters to the highest mountain streams. Extant species can range in size from '' Paedocypris'', at ; to the massive

ocean sunfish The ocean sunfish (''Mola mola''), also known as the common mola, is one of the largest bony fish in the world. It is the type species of the genus ''Mola'', and one of five extant species in the family Molidae. It was once misidentified as th ...

, at ; and to the giant oarfish, at . The largest ever known ray-finned fish, the extinct ''

Leedsichthys ''Leedsichthys'' is an extinct genus of pachycormid fish that lived in the oceans of the Middle to Late Jurassic.Liston, JJ (2004). An overview of the pachycormiform ''Leedsichthys''. In: Arratia G and Tintori A (eds) Mesozoic Fishes 3 - Systema ...

'' from the

Jurassic The Jurassic ( ) is a Geological period, geologic period and System (stratigraphy), stratigraphic system that spanned from the end of the Triassic Period million years ago (Mya) to the beginning of the Cretaceous Period, approximately 143.1 Mya. ...

, has been estimated to have grown to .

Characteristics

Ray-finned fishes occur in many variant forms. The main features of typical ray-finned fish are shown in the adjacent diagram. The

swim bladder The swim bladder, gas bladder, fish maw, or air bladder is an internal gas-filled organ (anatomy), organ in bony fish that functions to modulate buoyancy, and thus allowing the fish to stay at desired water depth without having to maintain lift ...

is a more derived structure and used for

buoyancy Buoyancy (), or upthrust, is the force exerted by a fluid opposing the weight of a partially or fully immersed object (which may be also be a parcel of fluid). In a column of fluid, pressure increases with depth as a result of the weight of t ...

. Except from the

bichir Bichirs and the reedfish comprise Polypteridae , a family (biology), family of archaic Actinopterygii, ray-finned fishes and the only family in the order (biology), order Polypteriformes .Helfman GS, Collette BB, Facey DE, Bowen BW. 2009. The D ...

s, which just like the

lung The lungs are the primary Organ (biology), organs of the respiratory system in many animals, including humans. In mammals and most other tetrapods, two lungs are located near the Vertebral column, backbone on either side of the heart. Their ...

s of

lobe-finned fish Sarcopterygii (; )—sometimes considered synonymous with Crossopterygii ()—is a clade (traditionally a class or subclass) of vertebrate animals which includes a group of bony fish commonly referred to as lobe-finned fish. These vertebrates ar ...

have retained the ancestral condition of ventral budding from the

foregut The foregut in humans is the anterior part of the alimentary canal, from the distal esophagus to the first half of the duodenum, at the entrance of the bile duct. Beyond the stomach, the foregut is attached to the abdominal walls by mesentery. ...

, the swim bladder in ray-finned fishes derives from a dorsal bud above the foregut. In early forms the swim bladder could still be used for breathing, a trait still present in

Holostei Holostei is a group of ray-finned bony fish. It is divided into two major clades, the Halecomorphi, represented by the single living genus, '' Amia'' with two species, the bowfins (''Amia calva'' and '' Amia ocellicauda''), as well as the Gin ...

(

bowfin The ruddy bowfin (''Amia calva'') is a ray-finned fish native to North America. Common names include mudfish, mud pike, dogfish, grindle, grinnel, swamp trout, and choupique. It is regarded as a relict, being one of only two surviving species ...

s and gars). In some fish like the

arapaima The arapaima, pirarucu, or paiche is any large species of bonytongue in the genus ''Arapaima'' native to the Amazon Basin, Amazon and Essequibo River, Essequibo basins of South America. ''Arapaima'' is the type genus of the subfamily Arapaiminae ...

, the swim bladder has been modified for breathing air again, and in other lineages it has been completely lost. The teleosts have urinary and reproductive tracts that are fully separated, while the Chondrostei have common urogenital ducts, and partially connected ducts are found in Cladistia and Holostei. Ray-finned fishes have many different types of scales; but all

s have leptoid scales. The outer part of these scales fan out with bony ridges, while the inner part is crossed with fibrous connective tissue. Leptoid scales are thinner and more transparent than other types of scales, and lack the hardened enamel- or dentine-like layers found in the scales of many other fish. Unlike ganoid scales, which are found in non-teleost actinopterygians, new scales are added in concentric layers as the fish grows. Teleosts and chondrosteans (sturgeons and paddlefish) also differ from the bichirs and holosteans (bowfin and gars) in having gone through a whole-genome duplication (

paleopolyploidy Paleopolyploidy is the result of genome duplications which occurred at least several million years ago (MYA). Such an event could either double the genome of a single species (autopolyploidy) or combine those of two species (allopolyploidy). Bec ...

). The WGD is estimated to have happened about 320 million years ago in the teleosts, which on average has retained about 17% of the gene duplicates, and around 180 (124–225) million years ago in the chondrosteans. It has since happened again in some teleost lineages, like Salmonidae (80–100 million years ago) and several times independently within the

Cyprinidae Cyprinidae is a family of freshwater fish commonly called the carp or minnow family, including the carps, the true minnows, and their relatives the barbs and barbels, among others. Cyprinidae is the largest and most diverse fish family, and t ...

(in goldfish and common carp as recently as 14 million years ago).

Body shapes and fin arrangements

Ray-finned fish vary in size and shape, in their feeding specializations, and in the number and arrangement of their ray-fins.

Reproduction

In nearly all ray-finned fish, the sexes are separate, and in most species the females spawn eggs that are fertilized externally, typically with the male inseminating the eggs after they are laid. Development then proceeds with a free-swimming larval stage. However other patterns of

ontogeny Ontogeny (also ontogenesis) is the origination and development of an organism (both physical and psychological, e.g., moral development), usually from the time of fertilization of the ovum, egg to adult. The term can also be used to refer to t ...

exist, with one of the commonest being sequential hermaphroditism. In most cases this involves

protogyny Sequential hermaphroditism (called dichogamy in botany) is one of the two types of hermaphroditism, the other type being simultaneous hermaphroditism. It occurs when the organism's sex changes at some point in its life. A sequential hermaphrodit ...

, fish starting life as females and converting to males at some stage, triggered by some internal or external factor.

Protandry Sequential hermaphroditism (called dichogamy in botany) is one of the two types of hermaphroditism, the other type being simultaneous hermaphroditism. It occurs when the organism's sex changes at some point in its life. A sequential hermaphrodit ...

, where a fish converts from male to female, is much less common than protogyny. Most families use external rather than

internal fertilization Internal fertilization is the union of an egg and sperm cell during sexual reproduction inside the female body. Internal fertilization, unlike its counterpart, external fertilization, brings more control to the female with reproduction. For inte ...

. Of the

oviparous Oviparous animals are animals that reproduce by depositing fertilized zygotes outside the body (i.e., by laying or spawning) in metabolically independent incubation organs known as eggs, which nurture the embryo into moving offsprings kno ...

teleosts, most (79%) do not provide parental care.

Viviparity In animals, viviparity is development of the embryo inside the body of the mother, with the maternal circulation providing for the metabolic needs of the embryo's development, until the mother gives birth to a fully or partially developed juv ...

ovoviviparity Ovoviviparity, ovovivipary, ovivipary, or aplacental viviparity is a "bridging" form of reproduction between egg-laying oviparous and live-bearing viviparous reproduction. Ovoviviparous animals possess embryos that develop inside eggs that r ...

, or some form of parental care for eggs, whether by the male, the female, or both parents is seen in a significant fraction (21%) of the 422 teleost families; no care is likely the ancestral condition. The oldest case of viviparity in ray-finned fish is found in

Middle Triassic In the geologic timescale, the Middle Triassic is the second of three epoch (geology), epochs of the Triassic period (geology), period or the middle of three series (stratigraphy), series in which the Triassic system (stratigraphy), system is di ...

species of ''

Saurichthys ''Saurichthys'' (from , 'lizard' and 'fish') is an extinct genus of predatory Actinopterygii, ray-finned fish from the Triassic period (geology), Period. It is the type genus of the family (taxonomy), family Saurichthyidae (Changhsingian-Ju ...

''. Viviparity is relatively rare and is found in about 6% of living teleost species; male care is far more common than female care. Male territoriality "preadapts" a species for evolving male parental care. There are a few examples of fish that self-fertilise. The

mangrove rivulus The mangrove rivulus or mangrove killifish, ''Kryptolebias marmoratus'' (syn. ''Rivulus marmoratus''), is a species of killifish in the Family (biology), family Rivulidae. It lives in brackish and marine waters (less frequently in fresh water) a ...

is an amphibious, simultaneous hermaphrodite, producing both eggs and spawn and having internal fertilisation. This mode of reproduction may be related to the fish's habit of spending long periods out of water in the mangrove forests it inhabits. Males are occasionally produced at temperatures below and can fertilise eggs that are then spawned by the female. This maintains genetic variability in a species that is otherwise highly inbred.

Classification and fossil record

Actinopterygii is divided into the subclasses

Cladistia Cladistia is a subclass of bony fishes whose only living members are the bichirs of tropical Africa. Their major synapomorphies are a heterocercal tail in which the dorsal fin has independent rays, and a posteriorly elongated parasphenoid. ...

Chondrostei Chondrostei is a subclass of non- neopterygian ray-finned fish. While the term originally referred to the paraphyletic grouping of all non-neopterygian ray-finned fish, it was redefined by Patterson in 1982 to be a clade comprising the Acipenser ...

and

Neopterygii Neopterygii (from Greek νέος ''neos'' 'new' and πτέρυξ ''pteryx'' 'fin') is a subclass of ray-finned fish (Actinopterygii). Neopterygii includes the Holostei and the Teleostei, of which the latter comprise the vast majority of extant ...

. The

, in turn, is divided into the infraclasses

and

Teleostei Teleostei (; Ancient Greek, Greek ''teleios'' "complete" + ''osteon'' "bone"), members of which are known as teleosts (), is, by far, the largest group of ray-finned fishes (class Actinopterygii), with 96% of all neontology, extant species of f ...

. During the

Mesozoic The Mesozoic Era is the Era (geology), era of Earth's Geologic time scale, geological history, lasting from about , comprising the Triassic, Jurassic and Cretaceous Period (geology), Periods. It is characterized by the dominance of archosaurian r ...

(

Triassic The Triassic ( ; sometimes symbolized 🝈) is a geologic period and system which spans 50.5 million years from the end of the Permian Period 251.902 million years ago ( Mya), to the beginning of the Jurassic Period 201.4 Mya. The Triassic is t ...

Cretaceous The Cretaceous ( ) is a geological period that lasted from about 143.1 to 66 mya (unit), million years ago (Mya). It is the third and final period of the Mesozoic Era (geology), Era, as well as the longest. At around 77.1 million years, it is the ...

) and

Cenozoic The Cenozoic Era ( ; ) is Earth's current geological era, representing the last 66million years of Earth's history. It is characterized by the dominance of mammals, insects, birds and angiosperms (flowering plants). It is the latest of three g ...

the teleosts in particular diversified widely. As a result, 96% of living fish species are teleosts (40% of all fish species belong to the teleost subgroup Acanthomorpha), while all other groups of actinopterygians represent depauperate lineages. The classification of ray-finned fishes can be summarized as follows: * Cladistia, which include bichirs and reedfish * Actinopteri, which include: ** Chondrostei, which include Acipenseriformes (paddlefishes and sturgeons) ** Neopterygii, which include: ***Teleostei (most living fishes) ***Holostei, which include: ****Lepisosteiformes (gars) ****Amiiformes (bowfin) The

cladogram A cladogram (from Greek language, Greek ''clados'' "branch" and ''gramma'' "character") is a diagram used in cladistics to show relations among organisms. A cladogram is not, however, an Phylogenetic tree, evolutionary tree because it does not s ...

below shows the main clades of living actinopterygians and their evolutionary relationships to other

groups of

fishes A fish (: fish or fishes) is an aquatic, anamniotic, gill-bearing vertebrate animal with swimming fins and a hard skull, but lacking limbs with digits. Fish can be grouped into the more basal jawless fish and the more common jawed ...

and the four-limbed vertebrates (

tetrapods A tetrapod (; from Ancient Greek τετρα- ''(tetra-)'' 'four' and πούς ''(poús)'' 'foot') is any four- limbed vertebrate animal of the clade Tetrapoda (). Tetrapods include all extant and extinct amphibians and amniotes, with the lat ...

). The latter include mostly terrestrial

but also groups that became secondarily aquatic (e.g. whales and dolphins). Tetrapods

evolved Evolution is the change in the heritable Phenotypic trait, characteristics of biological populations over successive generations. It occurs when evolutionary processes such as natural selection and genetic drift act on genetic variation, re ...

from a group of

during the

Devonian The Devonian ( ) is a period (geology), geologic period and system (stratigraphy), system of the Paleozoic era (geology), era during the Phanerozoic eon (geology), eon, spanning 60.3 million years from the end of the preceding Silurian per ...

period. Approximate

divergence In vector calculus, divergence is a vector operator that operates on a vector field, producing a scalar field giving the rate that the vector field alters the volume in an infinitesimal neighborhood of each point. (In 2D this "volume" refers to ...

dates for the different actinopterygian clades (in millions of years, mya) are from Near et al., 2012. The polypterids (bichirs and reedfish) are the sister lineage of all other actinopterygians, the Acipenseriformes (sturgeons and paddlefishes) are the sister lineage of Neopterygii, and Holostei (bowfin and gars) are the sister lineage of teleosts. The

Elopomorpha The superorder Elopomorpha contains a variety of types of fishes that range from typical silvery-colored species, such as the tarpons and ladyfishes of the Elopiformes and the bonefishes of the Albuliformes, to the long and slender, smooth-bodie ...

( eels and tarpons) appear to be the most basal teleosts. The earliest known

fossil A fossil (from Classical Latin , ) is any preserved remains, impression, or trace of any once-living thing from a past geological age. Examples include bones, shells, exoskeletons, stone imprints of animals or microbes, objects preserve ...

actinopterygian is '' Andreolepis hedei'', dating back 420 million years ( Late Silurian), remains of which have been found in

Russia Russia, or the Russian Federation, is a country spanning Eastern Europe and North Asia. It is the list of countries and dependencies by area, largest country in the world, and extends across Time in Russia, eleven time zones, sharing Borders ...

Sweden Sweden, formally the Kingdom of Sweden, is a Nordic countries, Nordic country located on the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe. It borders Norway to the west and north, and Finland to the east. At , Sweden is the largest Nordic count ...

, and

Estonia Estonia, officially the Republic of Estonia, is a country in Northern Europe. It is bordered to the north by the Gulf of Finland across from Finland, to the west by the Baltic Sea across from Sweden, to the south by Latvia, and to the east by Ru ...

. Crown group actinopterygians most likely originated near the Devonian-Carboniferous boundary. The earliest fossil relatives of modern teleosts are from the

period ('' Prohalecites'', '' Pholidophorus''), although it is suspected that teleosts originated already during the

Paleozoic The Paleozoic ( , , ; or Palaeozoic) Era is the first of three Era (geology), geological eras of the Phanerozoic Eon. Beginning 538.8 million years ago (Ma), it succeeds the Neoproterozoic (the last era of the Proterozoic Eon) and ends 251.9 Ma a ...

Era An era is a span of time. Era or ERA may also refer to: * Era (geology), a subdivision of geologic time * Calendar era Education * Academy of European Law (German: '), an international law school * ERA School, in Melbourne, Australia * E ...

PalaeoniscusFreieslebenensis-NaturalHistoryMuseum-August23-08

Taxonomy

The listing below is a summary of all

extinct Extinction is the termination of an organism by the death of its Endling, last member. A taxon may become Functional extinction, functionally extinct before the death of its last member if it loses the capacity to Reproduction, reproduce and ...

(indicated by a

dagger A dagger is a fighting knife with a very sharp point and usually one or two sharp edges, typically designed or capable of being used as a cutting or stabbing, thrusting weapon.State v. Martin, 633 S.W.2d 80 (Mo. 1982): This is the dictionary or ...

, †) and living groups of Actinopterygii with their respective

taxonomic rank In biology, taxonomic rank (which some authors prefer to call nomenclatural rank because ranking is part of nomenclature rather than taxonomy proper, according to some definitions of these terms) is the relative or absolute level of a group of or ...

. The

taxonomy image:Hierarchical clustering diagram.png, 280px, Generalized scheme of taxonomy Taxonomy is a practice and science concerned with classification or categorization. Typically, there are two parts to it: the development of an underlying scheme o ...

follows ''Eschmeyer's Catalog of Fishes'' and Phylogenetic Classification of Bony Fishes with notes when this differs from Nelson, ITIS and FishBase and extinct groups from Van der Laan 2016 and Xu 2021. * Order †?Asarotiformes Schaeffer 1968 * Order †?Discordichthyiformes Minikh 1998 * Order †?Paphosisciformes Grogan & Lund 2015 * Order †?Scanilepiformes Selezneya 1985 * Order †Cheirolepidiformes Kazantseva-Selezneva 1977 * Order †Paramblypteriformes Heyler 1969 * Order †Rhadinichthyiformes * Order †Palaeonisciformes Hay 1902 * Order †Tarrasiiformes sensu Lund & Poplin 2002 * Order †Ptycholepiformes Andrews et al. 1967 * Order †Haplolepidiformes Westoll 1944 * Order †Aeduelliformes Heyler 1969 * Order †Platysomiformes Aldinger 1937 * Order †Dorypteriformes Cope 1871 * Order †Eurynotiformes Sallan & Coates 2013 * Subclass

Pander 1860 ** Order †Guildayichthyiformes Lund 2000 ** Order Polypteriformes Bleeker 1859 (

s and reedfishes) ** Subclass Actinopteri Cope 1972 s.s. *** Order †Elonichthyiformes Kazantseva-Selezneva 1977 *** Order †Phanerorhynchiformes *** Order †Bobasatraniiformes Berg 1940 *** Order †Saurichthyiformes Aldinger 1937 ** Subclass

Müller, 1844 *** Order †Birgeria, Birgeriiformes Heyler 1969 *** Order †Chondrosteiformes Aldinger, 1937 *** Order Acipenseriformes Berg 1940 (includes sturgeons and paddlefishes) ** Subclass

Regan 1923 sensu Xu & Wu 2012 *** Order †Pholidopleuriformes Berg 1937 *** Order †Redfieldiiformes Berg 1940 *** Order †Platysiagiformes Brough 1939 *** Order †Polzbergiiformes Griffith 1977 *** Order †Perleidiformes Berg 1937 *** Order †Louwoichthyiformes Xu 2021 *** Order †Peltopleuriformes Lehman 1966 *** Order †Luganoiiformes Lehman 1958 *** Order †Pycnodontiformes Berg 1937 *** Infraclass

Müller 1844 **** Division Halecomorphi Cope 1872 sensu Grande & Bemis 1998 ***** Order †Parasemionotiformes Lehman 1966 ***** Order †Ionoscopiformes Grande & Bemis 1998 ***** Order Amiiformes Huxley 1861 sensu Grande & Bemis 1998 (

s) **** Division Ginglymodi Cope 1871 ***** Order †Dapediiformes Thies & Waschkewitz 2015 ***** Order †Semionotiformes Arambourg & Bertin 1958 ***** Order Lepisosteiformes Hay 1929 ( gars) *** Clade Teleosteomorpha Arratia 2000 sensu Arratia 2013 **** Order †Prohaleciteiformes Arratia 2017 **** Division Aspidorhynchei Nelson, Grand & Wilson 2016 ***** Order †Aspidorhynchiformes Bleeker 1859 ***** Order †Pachycormiformes Berg 1937 **** Infraclass

Müller 1844 sensu Arratia 2013 ***** Order †?Araripichthyiformes ***** Order †?Ligulelliiformes Taverne 2011 ***** Order †?Tselfatiiformes Nelson 1994 ***** Order †Pholidophoriformes Berg 1940 ***** Order †Dorsetichthyiformes Nelson, Grand & Wilson 2016 ***** Order †Leptolepidiformes ***** Order †Crossognathiformes Taverne 1989 ***** Order †Ichthyodectiformes Bardeck & Sprinkle 1969 ***** Teleocephala de Pinna 1996 s.s. ******Megacohort Elopocephalai Patterson 1977 sensu Arratia 1999 (

Greenwood et al. 1966) ******* Order Elopiformes Gosline 1960 (ladyfishes and tarpon) ******* Order Albuliformes Greenwood et al. 1966 sensu Forey et al. 1996 (bonefishes) ******* Order Notacanthiformes Goodrich 1909 (halosaurs and spiny eels) ******* Order Anguilliformes Jarocki 1822 sensu Goodrich 1909 (true eels) ****** Megacohort Osteoglossocephalai sensu Arratia 1999 *******Supercohort Osteoglossocephala sensu Arratia 1999 (Osteoglossomorpha Greenwood et al. 1966) ******** Order †Lycopteriformes Chang & Chou 1977 ******** Order Hiodontiformes McAllister 1968 sensu Taverne 1979 (mooneye and goldeye) ******** Order Osteoglossiformes Regan 1909 sensu Zhang 2004 (bony-tongued fishes) ******* Supercohort Clupeocephala Patterson & Rosen 1977 sensu Arratia 2010 ********Cohort Otomorpha Wiley & Johnson 2010 (Otocephala; Ostarioclupeomorpha) ********* Subcohort Clupei Wiley & Johnson 2010 (Clupeomorpha Greenwood et al. 1966) ********** Order †Ellimmichthyiformes Grande 1982 ********** Order Clupeiformes Bleeker 1859 (herrings and anchovy, anchovies) ********* Subcohort Alepocephali ********** Order Alepocephaliformes Marshall 1962 ********* Subcohort Ostariophysi Sagemehl 1885 ********** Section Anotophysa (Rosen & Greenwood 1970) Sagemehl 1885 *********** Order †Sorbininardiformes Taverne 1999 *********** Order Gonorynchiformes Regan 1909 (milkfishes) ********** Section Otophysa Garstang 1931 *********** Order Cypriniformes Bleeker 1859 sensu Goodrich 1909 (Barb (fish), barbs, carp, danios, goldfishes, Loach (fish), loaches, minnows, rasboras) *********** Order Characiformes Goodrich 1909 (characins, pencilfishes, Freshwater hatchetfish, hatchetfishes, piranhas, tetras, Golden dorado, dourado / golden (genus ''Salminus'') and Piaractus mesopotamicus, pacu) *********** Order Gymnotiformes Berg 1940 (electric eels and knifefish (disambiguation), knifefishes) *********** Order Siluriformes Cuvier 1817 sensu Hay 1929 (catfishes) ******** Cohort Euteleosteomorpha (Greenwood et al. 1966) (Euteleostei Greenwood 1967 sensu Johnson & Patterson 1996) *********Subcohort Lepidogalaxii ********** Order Lepidogalaxiiformes Betancur-Rodriguez et al. 2013 (Lepidogalaxias salamandroides, salamanderfish) ********* Subcohort Protacanthopterygii Greenwood et al. 1966 sensu Johnson & Patterson 1996 ********** Order Argentiniformes (barreleyes and slickheads) (formerly in Osmeriformes) ********** Order Galaxiiformes ********** Order Salmoniformes Bleeker 1859 sensu Nelson 1994 (salmon, trout and esox, pike) ********* Subcohort Stomiati ********** Order Osmeriformes (Smelt (fish), smelts) ********** Order Stomiiformes Regan 1909 (bristlemouths and marine hatchetfishes) ********* Subcohort Neoteleostei Nelson 1969 **********Infracohort Ateleopodia *********** Order Ateleopodiformes (jellynose fish) ********** Infracohort Eurypterygia Rosen 1973 ***********Section Aulopa [Cyclosquamata Rosen 1973] ************ Order Aulopiformes Rosen 1973 (Bombay duck and lancetfishes) *********** Section Ctenosquamata Rosen 1973 ************Subsection Myctophata [Scopelomorpha] ************* Order Myctophiformes Regan 1911 (lanternfishes) ************ Subsection Acanthomorpha Betancur-Rodriguez et al. 2013 *************Division Lampridacea Betancur-Rodriguez et al. 2013 [Lampridomorpha; Lampripterygii] ************** Order Lampriformes Regan 1909 ( oarfish, opah and ribbonfishes) ************* Division Paracanthomorphacea sensu Grande et al. 2013 (Paracanthopterygii Greenwood 1937) ************** Order Percopsiformes Berg 1937 (Amblyopsidae, cavefishes and trout-perches) ************** Order †Sphenocephaliformes Rosen & Patterson 1969 ************** Order Zeiformes Regan 1909 (List of fishes known as dory, dories) ************** Order Gadiformes Goodrich 1909 (cods) ************* Division Polymixiacea Betancur-Rodriguez et al. 2013 (Polymyxiomorpha; Polymixiipterygii) ************** Order †Pattersonichthyiformes Gaudant 1976 ************** Order †Ctenothrissiformes Berg 1937 ************** Order Polymixiiformes Lowe 1838 (beardfishes) ************* Division Euacanthomorphacea Betancur-Rodriguez et al. 2013 (Euacanthomorpha sensu Johnson & Patterson 1993; Acanthopterygii Gouan 1770 sensu]) **************Order Trachichthyiformes (fangtooths and pineconefishes) **************Subdivision Berycimorphaceae Betancur-Rodriguez et al. 2013 *************** Order Beryciformes (Alfonsino, alfonsinos and Holocentridae, holocentrids) (incl. Holocentriformes,Stephanoberyciformes; Cetomimiformes) ************** Subdivision Percomorphaceae Betancur-Rodriguez et al. 2013 (Percomorpha sensu Miya et al. 2003; Acanthopteri) ***************Series Ophidiimopharia Betancur-Rodriguez et al. 2013 **************** Order Ophidiiformes (pearlfishes) *************** Series Batrachoidimopharia Betancur-Rodriguez et al. 2013 **************** Order Batrachoidiformes (Batrachoididae, toadfishes) *************** Series Gobiomopharia Betancur-Rodriguez et al. 2013 **************** Order Gobiiformes (cardinalfishes, sleepers and gobies) *************** Series Scombrimopharia Betancur-Rodriguez et al. 2013 **************** Order Syngnathiformes (Seahorse (fish), seahorses, pipefishes, sea moths, cornetfishes and flying gurnardsIn Nelson and ITIS, Syngnathiformes is placed as the suborder Syngnathoidei of the order Gasterosteiformes.) **************** Order Scombriformes (Tunas and (mackerels) *************** Series Carangimopharia Betancur-Rodriguez et al. 2013 **************** Subseries Anabantaria Betancur-Rodriguez et al. 2014 ***************** Order Synbranchiformes (swamp eels) ***************** Order Anabantiformes (Labyrinthici) (gouramies, Snakehead (fish), snakeheads, ) **************** Subseries Carangaria Betancur-Rodriguez et al. 2014 ***************** Order Carangiformes (Jack mackerels, pompanos, flatfishes, Billfish, billfishes) **************** Subseries Ovalentaria Smith & Near 2012 (Stiassnyiformes sensu Li et al. 2009) ***************** Order Atheriniformes Rosen 1964 (Silverside (fish), silversides and rainbowfishes) ***************** Order Cyprinodontiformes Berg 1940 (live-bearing aquarium fish, livebearers, killifishes) ***************** Order Beloniformes Berg 1940 (flyingfishes and ricefishes) ***************** Order Cichliformes Betancur-Rodriguez et al. 2013 (Cichlids, Convict blenny, leaf fishes) ***************** Order Mugiliformes Berg 1940 (mullet (fish), mullets) ***************** Order Blenniiformes Springer 1993 (Blennies, damselfish,Clingfishes) *************** Series Eupercaria Betancur-Rodriguez et al. 2014 (Percomorpharia Betancur-Rodriguez et al. 2013) ****************Order Perciformes Bleeker 1859 ****************Order Centrarchiformes Bleeker 1859 (Centrarchidae, Sunfishes and mandarin fishes) ****************Order Labriformes (Wrasses and Parrotfishes) ****************Order Acropomatiformes ****************Order Acanthuriformes **************** Order Lophiiformes Garman 1899 (Anglerfishes) **************** Order Tetraodontiformes Regan 1929 (Filefishes and pufferfish)

References

External links

* * {{Authority control Actinopterygii, Fish classes Extant Silurian first appearances