Rade (Rhade; Rade: ; or ) is an
Austronesian language of southern
Vietnam
Vietnam, officially the Socialist Republic of Vietnam (SRV), is a country at the eastern edge of mainland Southeast Asia, with an area of about and a population of over 100 million, making it the world's List of countries and depende ...
. There may be some speakers in Cambodia. It is a member of the
Chamic subgroup, and is closely related to the Cham language of central Vietnam.
Dialects
Đoàn Văn Phúc (1998:24)
lists nine dialects of Rade. They are spoken mostly in
Đắk Lắk Province in the
Central Highlands region of Vietnam.
*Kpă: spoken throughout
Buôn Ma Thuột
*Krung: spoken in
Ea H'leo and
Krông Năng; some Krung also live among the Jarai in
Gia Lai Province
Gia Lai is a northern mountainous Provinces of Vietnam, province in the Central Highlands (Vietnam), Central Highlands region, the Central Vietnam, Central of Vietnam. It borders Kon Tum province, Kon Tum in the north, Quảng Ngãi province, Qu ...
*Adham: spoken in
Krông Buk,
Krông Năng, and
Ea H'leo
*Ktul: spoken in
Krông Bông and the southern part of
Krông Pắk
*Drao (Kơdrao): spoken in
M'Đrăk (in the townships of Krông Jing, Cư M'Ta, and Ea Trang)
*Blô: spoken in
M'Đrăk (small population)
*Êpan: spoken in
M'Đrăk (small population)
*Mdhur: spoken in
Ea Kar and
M'Đrăk; also in
Gia Lai Province
Gia Lai is a northern mountainous Provinces of Vietnam, province in the Central Highlands (Vietnam), Central Highlands region, the Central Vietnam, Central of Vietnam. It borders Kon Tum province, Kon Tum in the north, Quảng Ngãi province, Qu ...
and
Phu Yen Province
*Bih: spoken in
Krông Ana and in the southern part of
Buôn Ma Thuột
Bih, which has about 1,000 speakers, may be a separate language. Tam Nguyen (2015) reported that there are only 10 speakers of Bih out of an ethnic population of about 400 people.
A patrilineal Rade subgroup known as the Hmok or Hmok Pai is found in the
Buôn Ma Thuột area (Phạm 2005:212).
Classification
Đoàn Văn Phúc (1998:23)
provides the following classification for the Rade dialects. Đoàn (1998) also provides a 1,000-word vocabulary list for all of the nine Rade dialects.
*Area 1
**''Area 1.1'': Krung, Kpă, Adham
**''Area 1.2'': Drao. Êpan, Ktul
**Blô (mixture of areas 1.1 and 1.2, as well as Mdhur)
*Area 2
**Mdhur
**Bih
Đoàn Văn Phúc (1998:23)
assigns the following cognacy percentages for comparisons between Kpă and the other eight dialects of Rade, with Bih as the most divergent dialect.
*Kpă – Krung: 85.5%
*Kpă – Adham: 82%
*Kpă – Ktul: 82%
*Kpă – Mdhur: 80%
*Kpă – Blô: 82%
*Kpă – Êpan: 85%
*Kpă – Drao: 81%
*Kpă – Bih: 73%
Vocabulary
* – the most senior in age and authority
* – Protestant of Christian (single word identity of E-de)
* – you
* – husband
* – her/him
* – they
* – we
* – love
* – hate
* – younger sibling
* – mom/mother
* – grandma/grandmother
* – grandma/grandfather
* – father, dad daddy
* – ugly, bad
* – pretty
* – beautiful girl
* – good
* – love
* – give
* – true
* – go
* – I/me
* – name
* – country
* – want/like
* – God
* – speak
* – language
* – rice porridge
* – fat
* – skinny
* – black
* – to be from
* – from
*, , , , – 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
*, , , , : 6, 7, 8, 9, 10
* – America
* – Cambodia
* – person
* – learn
* – sound of displeasure/pain
* –
Buôn Ma Thuột (city)
* – type/write
* – English
* – Rade/Ede
* – A lot
* – French
*-crazy
Phonology
The spelling is shown in italics.
Consonants
*The voiced implosives are also described as "
preglottalized stops" (.
*According to :
** is as an
affricate
An affricate is a consonant that begins as a stop and releases as a fricative, generally with the same place of articulation (most often coronal). It is often difficult to decide if a stop and fricative form a single phoneme or a consonant pai ...
.
** are
dental ().
** has slight friction ().
**There is an optional
schwa between the bilabial plosives and . Thus ''pra'' "scaffold" is pronounced .
** is weakened before most consonants, except before the
liquids
Liquid is a state of matter with a definite volume but no fixed shape. Liquids adapt to the shape of their container and are nearly incompressible, maintaining their volume even under pressure. The density of a liquid is usually close to th ...
where there may be a schwa. Compare ''mčah'' "broken" and ''mla'' "tusk" .
*When other consonants is followed by , there may be a schwa or
coarticulation
Coarticulation in its general sense refers to a situation in which a conceptually isolated speech sound is influenced by, and becomes more like, a preceding or following speech sound. There are two types of coarticulation: ''anticipatory coarticul ...
. Compare ''trah'' "to fish" , ''tlao'' "to laugh" , ''dlao'' "to scold" , ''dhan'' "branch" , ''jhat'' "bad" , ''ghang'' "to roast" .
* can also be heard as a more bilabial .
* Glottalized final consonant sounds are heard only in final position.
Vowels
* are central (respectively ).
Notes
References
Further reading
*
*
*
*
*
External links
Alphabet and pronunciation* ELAR archive o
Documenting Bih*
{{Nuclear Malayo-Polynesian languages
Chamic languages
Languages of Vietnam