Pseudoplatystoma Orinocoense

''Pseudoplatystoma'' is a genus of several South American catfish species of family Pimelodidae. The species are known by a number of different common names. They typically inhabit major rivers where they prefer the main channels and tend to stay at maximum depth, but some species can also be seen in lakes, flooded forests, and other freshwater habitats. They have robust bodies, and are important food fish. Recently, their population size has been on the drastic decline due to a variety of factors including overfishing and habitat destruction due to the construction of hydroelectric dams.

Common names

In their native waters, these fish may be called ''surubí'' in Guaraní. Specially in Paraguay- a country that still speaks both Spanish and Guaraní- This name is also used in some Spanish-speaking countries and in Brazil (''surubi'' or ''surubim''). In Peruvian Spanish, they are called ''doncella'' or ''zúngaro''. ''P. corruscans'' may be called ''moleque'' or ''pintado''. They often are referred to in the vernacular as ''bagre rayado''/''rajado'' or ''pintadillo''/''pintado'' (tiger catfish or tiger–shovelnose). ''P. corruscans'', ''P. fasciatum'', and ''P. tigrinum'' are also known as spotted sorubim, barred sorubim, and tiger sorubim, respectively. This genus contains the fish commonly known as the tiger shovelnose catfish in the aquarium hobby, though the species in this genus are relatively easy to confuse.

Taxonomy

''Pseudoplatystoma'' is a monophyletic assemblage of catfishes. ''P. fasciatum'' was the first species to be described, under the name ''Siluris fasciatus''. In 1829, ''P. corruscans'' was described under the name ''Platystoma corruscans'', and over a decade later, ''P. tigrinum'' was described as ''Platystoma tigrinum''. In 1862, ''Pseudoplatystoma'' was described and these species transferred to it, with ''P. fasciatum'' as type species.

Unrecognized species of ''Pseudoplatystoma'' have been included under the names ''P. fasciatum'' and ''P. tigrinum'' for decades. This genus traditionally contained only three species until 2007; currently, eight species are in this genus. ''P. orinocoense'', ''P. magdaleniatum'', and ''P. reticulatum'' were formerly recognized as ''P. fasciatum'', but are now recognized as distinct species. ''P. metaense'' is also now recognized as a distinct species from ''P. tigrinum''.

Two clades are recognized within the genus. One is the ''P. fasciatum'' clade which includes ''P. fasciatum'', ''P. orinocoense'', ''P. magdaleniatum'', ''P. reticulatum'', and ''P. corruscans''. Within this clade, ''P. fasciatum'' and ''P. punctifer'' are sister species, and ''P. orinocoense'' is sister to the clade formed by these two species. The other, the ''P. tigrinum'' clade, includes only ''P. tigrinum'' and ''P. metaense''. They are differentiated by anatomical characters.

The intergeneric relationships of this genus are well established. It forms a monophyletic group with ''Sorubim'', '' Sorubimichthys'', ''Hemisorubim'', and ''Zungaro''. Of these genera, ''Hemisorubim'' is most closely related to ''Pseudoplatystoma''.

Species

The currently recognized species in this genus include:
* ''Pseudoplatystoma corruscans'' (Spix & Agassiz, 1829) (spotted sorubim)
* ''Pseudoplatystoma fasciatum'' (Linnaeus, 1766) (barred sorubim)
* ''Pseudoplatystoma magdaleniatum'' Buitrago-Suárez & Burr, 2007
* ''Pseudoplatystoma metaense'' Buitrago-Suárez & Burr, 2007
* ''Pseudoplatystoma orinocoense'' Buitrago-Suárez & Burr, 2007
* ''Pseudoplatystoma punctifer'' ( Castelnau, 1855)
* ''Pseudoplatystoma reticulatum'' (Eigenmann & Eigenmann, 1889) (barred sorubim)
* ''Pseudoplatystoma tigrinum'' (Valenciennes, 1840) (tiger sorubim)

Distribution and habitat

The distribution of ''Pseudoplatystoma'' species includes the great river basins of South America: the Amazon, Orinoco, Paraná, São Francisco, Magdalena, Rupununi, Essequibo, and Suriname Rivers. They can also be found in the Cuiabá river, located in the Brazilian State of Mato Grosso.They have not been reported from river basins draining into the Pacific. ''P. fasciatum'' inhabits the Guyana region, including the Essequibo and Suriname Rivers and their tributaries, in Guyana, Suriname, and French Guiana. ''P. tigrinum'' is found in the Amazon River in Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela. ''P. corruscans'' originates from the Paraná and São Francisco Rivers in Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay. ''P. orinocoense'' is named for and endemic to the Orinoco River of Venezuela. ''P. metaense'' is distributed in the Orinoco River in Colombia and Venezuela; it is named for the Meta River, the type locality, a tributary of the Orinoco River. ''P. magdaleniatum'' is named for and endemic to the Magdalena River drainage, including the Cauca River of Colombia. ''P. reticulatum'' inhabits the central Amazon and Paraná Rivers in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay.

''Pseudoplatystoma'' species live in a diverse range of habitats, such as great rivers, lakes, side channels, floating meadows, and flooded forests. ''P. fasciatum'' is found in river beds and sometimes in flooded forests. Though it is biologically similar to ''P. tigrinum'', this fish seems to favor shadier streams. ''P. tigrinum'' occurs in estuarine zones, mainly upstream of the first rapids up to the basin's headwaters. They live in the main bed of slow or fast zones, and the juveniles particularly live in flooded forests.

Physical characteristics

''Pseudoplatystoma'' species are all large, boldly striped or spotted catfishes. They are familiar due to their distinctively marked color patterns. They are also recognized due to a depressed head, an occipital process extending backward to contact the predorsal plate, and a very long fontanel.

After gonadal maturation, females tend to grow faster than males. They have a large, depressed head with an expandable mouth. The eyes and teeth are small. They have dorsal and pectoral fin spines; ''P. fasciatum'' also has an additional, smaller, dorsal spinelet preceding the dorsal spine. They exhibit typical barbels of catfish, the maxillary barbels sometimes being quite long, especially in juveniles.

''P. fasciatum'' has 10–11 dark vertical bars that are relatively wider than other species of the Amazon, with fewer white vertical bars than dark ones; the pectoral fins and pelvic fins are darker with few or no spots; and the skull is at least one-sixth narrower than other species. It reaches a maximum of 90 cm (35 in) in total length (TL).

''P. tigrinum'' is distinguished by the presence of loop–like bands connecting to, or extending to, the dorsal region and continuing onto other side of body; loop–like bars form cells. The adipose fin also has some loop-like bands and spots, but no discrete dark spots occur on the sides of the body. It reaches a maximum size of 130 cm (51 in) TL.

''P. corruscans'' has a body covered by large spots in six to eight rows with four to 13 pale vertical bars. The adipose fin contains five to 10 or no spots, the caudal fin has few spots. It reaches a maximum size of 114 cm (45 in) TL.

''P. orinocoense'' has straight, vertical bars on its body, longer than those of ''P. faciatum'' and ''P. punctifer'', that extend to or connect dorsally. The bars of the anterior region extend below the dusky dorsolateral area. Usually, no spots are seen below the lateral line, though some individuals may have two or three. It has a maximum recorded length of 49 cm (19 in) TL.

''P. metaense'' has dark spots randomly distributed over the dusky region of its body; also, no more than five straight dark vertical bars are found on the side of the body. The adipose fin has fewer spots (five to seven) than in ''P. tigrinum'' (eight to 10). The pectoral and pelvic fins are pale without any dusky pigmentation. It has a maximum recorded length of about 53 cm (21 in) TL.

''P. magdaleniatum'' has wide, straight, dark vertical bars on its sides. No loops occur on the nape and associated areas. The pectoral fin has no spots, the dorsal fin has few or no spots, and the adipose has six or seven large spots. It has a maximum recorded length of 100 cm (39 in) TL.

''P. reticulatum'' is named for its pattern; it has loop-like dark bars forming a reticulated pattern, never straight as in ''P. fasciatum'' and ''P. orinocoense''. Its dark, loop–like bars join those in the dorsal region of the body forming distinct cells. It also has longer loop–like dark bars, extending far below the lateral line. The head shows either spots or loops. The anal fin is always with spots. The lower jaw is pointed. It has a maximum recorded length of about 60 cm (24 in) TL.

Juvenile ''Pseudoplatystoma'' fish are quite different in appearance from adults. Their juvenile coloration differs from their adult coloration, and the patterning is different. In the juvenile, the fish is dark on its back with an obvious boundary between the white of its sides and belly; also, the fish lacks stripes of ''P. fasciatum'' and ''P. tigrinum'', but has spots instead. The adult color is brown-olive, with about 13 or 14 dark transverse bands reaching up to the belly, which is white with a few dark spots.

Reproduction

''Pseudoplatystoma'' species are all migratory fish. ''P. orinocense'' and ''P. tigrinum'' make short migrations. At the end of the dry season, ''P. tigrinum'' can migrate at the same time as its prey, and then return at the end of the rainy season.

The migration of ''P. corruscans'' is heavily tied to flooding. The greatest reproductive activity, the highest rate of development of gonads, and the most energy spent in migration happens when rainfall occurs.

Diet

These fish are nocturnal hunters, primarily piscivorous, feeding on fish such as electric knifefishes, cichlids, loricariids, and characins. They may consume on other fish such as sábalos, and bogas. Opportunistic feeders, they may also feed on crustaceans such as crabs or shrimp.

Relationship to humans

''Pseudoplatystoma'' species are of considerable economic value; all are sold in fish markets throughout South America. They are important food fish for human consumption. ''P. fasciatum'' has a succulent, yellowish flesh without "stray" bones. ''P. tigrinum'' is the most important catfish in gill-net fisheries of Guaporé and Marmoré Rivers. These fish are being overexploited in their range, and uncontrolled fishing possibly has led to the disappearance of ''Pseudoplatystoma'' species in some local tributaries of the Amazon, Orinoco, and Magdalena. In the Argentine province of Entre Ríos alone, about 27,000 tonnes of ''Pseudoplatystoma'' species are harvested every year, comprising 70 to 80% of the total capture there, mostly concentrated on the fishing area near the city of Victoria, opposite Rosario, Santa Fe.

The capture of ''P. corruscans'' has declined greatly due to changes in their environment. This fish has a high commercial value due to the excellent quality of its flesh, its high marketability, and its marked participation in commercial fishing. Spawning of this fish can be induced with hormones, with a high potential for commercial production.

''P. fasciatum'' and ''P. tigrinum'' are often found in public aquaria.

In the aquarium

Juvenile ''Pseudoplatystoma'' fish are marked as ornamental fish in both North and South America; however, they are usually at a size too small for certain identification, but more than one species may be imported. These species appear in the aquarium hobby, where they are most often sold under the name "tiger shovelnose" or "tiger shovelnose catfish". These fish prove to be hardy. However, their large adult size is problematic for both matters of housing and finding suitable tankmates that will not be consumed. With the appetite these fish have, finding enough good food may present some difficulty.

See also

*List of freshwater aquarium fish species

References

{{Taxonbar, from=Q311350

Pimelodidae
Fish of South America
Fish of Argentina
Fish of Peru
Fauna of Peru
Paraná River
Catfish genera
Taxa named by Pieter Bleeker
Freshwater fish genera