Parthenium Hysterophorus

''Parthenium hysterophorus'' is a species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae. It is native to the American tropics. Common names include Santa-Maria, Santa Maria feverfew, whitetop weed, and famine weed.McConnachie AJ, Strathie LW, et al. Current and potential geographical distribution of the invasive plant Parthenium hysterophorus (Asteraceae) in eastern and southern Africa. Weed Research. 2011 51(1) From http://www.farmersweekly.co.za 27 December 2013 In India, it is locally known as carrot grass, congress grass or ''Gajar Ghas''. It is a common invasive species in India, Australia, and parts of Africa.

Invasive species

''Parthenium hysterophorus'' invades disturbed land, including roadsides. It infests pastures and farmland, causing often disastrous loss of yield, as reflected in common names such as ''famine weed''. In some areas, heavy outbreaks have been ubiquitous, affecting livestock and crop production, and human health.

The plant produces allelopathic chemicals that suppress crop and pasture plants, and allergens that affect humans and livestock. It also frequently causes pollen allergies. A study published in 2021 further showed that the plant could promote malaria by supplying much appreciated food and shelter to mosquitoes in Eastern Africa.

It is being investigated as a means of removing heavy metals and dyes from the environment, control of aquatic weeds, commercial enzyme production, an additive in manure for biogas production, as a biopesticide, and as green manure and compost.

The species has been listed as an invasive alien species of Union Concern. This means it is illegal to import or sell this species in the whole of the European Union.

Toxicity

Contact with the plant causes dermatitis and respiratory malfunction in humans, and dermatitis in cattle and domestic animals. The main substance responsible is parthenin, which is dangerously toxic. It also is responsible for bitter milk disease in livestock when their fodder is polluted with ''Parthenium'' leaves.

Among other allelopathic effects of the species, the presence of ''Parthenium'' pollen grains inhibits fruit set in tomato, brinjal, beans, and a number of other crop plants.

Control

Light infestations of ''Parthenium hysterophorus'' in cultivated fields may be hoed or weeded by hand if labour is available at acceptable cost.

Generally the application of herbicides is expensive and often harmful; Paraquat sprays may be applied while the weeds are young. Glyphosate is not effective against this species.

The most satisfactory and promising means of practical long-term control are biological. Several species that feed on the weed are variously in use or on trial in various countries. The best-established control organism so far is a beetle native to Mexico, '' Zygogramma bicolorata'' (Mexican Beetle), which was first introduced to India in 1984. It since has become widespread and well-established on the subcontinent. It defoliates and often kills the weed, and its damage to the young flowering tops reduces seed production.

In various countries, such as Australia and South Africa, several other biocontrol agents have been released or are under evaluation. These include at least two more species of beetles that have been released in South Africa, a stem boring weevil ''Listronotus setosipennis'', and a seed weevil '' Smicronyx lutulentus''.ARC-PPRI Fact Sheets on Invasive Alien Plants and their Control in South Afric

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Also in South Africa, rust fungi have been of some use: the winter rust ''Puccinia abrupta var. partheniicola'' plus the summer rust ''Puccinia xanthii''

In Australia, apart from the foregoing, yet other biocontrol agents have been employed or evaluated on ''Parthenium hysterophorus'', to a total of 11 species since 1980. Of those eleven, nine appear to have established in various regions. The two with the greatest effect seem to be the Parthenium beetle '' Zygogramma bicolorata'' and a stem-galling moth '' Epiblema strenuana''. However, other species that appear to have established usefully include a leaf-mining moth, '' Bucculatrix parthenica''; a stem-galling weevil, ''Conotrachelus albocinereus''; and a root-boring moth '' Carmenta ithacae''.CRC for Australian Weed Management: Best Practice Guide. Impact evaluation of weed biological control agents 200

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References

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{{Taxonbar, from=Q3595850

Parthenium, hysterophorus
Plants described in 1753
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
Flora of the Caribbean
Flora of Central America
Flora of Mexico
Flora of South America
Poisonous plants
Flora without expected TNC conservation status