Pánfilo de Narváez (; born 1470 or 1478, died 1528) was a Spanish ''

conquistador Conquistadors (, ) or conquistadores (; ; ) were Spanish Empire, Spanish and Portuguese Empire, Portuguese colonizers who explored, traded with and colonized parts of the Americas, Africa, Oceania and Asia during the Age of Discovery. Sailing ...

'' and soldier in the

Americas The Americas, sometimes collectively called America, are a landmass comprising the totality of North America and South America.''Webster's New World College Dictionary'', 2010 by Wiley Publishing, Inc., Cleveland, Ohio. When viewed as a sing ...

. Born in

Spain Spain, or the Kingdom of Spain, is a country in Southern Europe, Southern and Western Europe with territories in North Africa. Featuring the Punta de Tarifa, southernmost point of continental Europe, it is the largest country in Southern Eur ...

, he first sailed to the island of

Jamaica Jamaica is an island country in the Caribbean Sea and the West Indies. At , it is the third-largest island—after Cuba and Hispaniola—of the Greater Antilles and the Caribbean. Jamaica lies about south of Cuba, west of Hispaniola (the is ...

(then Santiago) in 1510 as a soldier. Pánfilo participated in the conquest of

Cuba Cuba, officially the Republic of Cuba, is an island country, comprising the island of Cuba (largest island), Isla de la Juventud, and List of islands of Cuba, 4,195 islands, islets and cays surrounding the main island. It is located where the ...

and led an expedition to Camagüey, escorting

Bartolomé de las Casas Bartolomé de las Casas, Dominican Order, OP ( ; ); 11 November 1484 – 18 July 1566) was a Spanish clergyman, writer, and activist best known for his work as an historian and social reformer. He arrived in Hispaniola as a layman, then became ...

. He is best remembered as the leader of two failed expeditions, the first of which began in 1519 and ended in 1520 after defeat and capture in battle against

Hernán Cortés Hernán Cortés de Monroy y Pizarro Altamirano, 1st Marquis of the Valley of Oaxaca (December 1485 – December 2, 1547) was a Spanish ''conquistador'' who led an expedition that caused the fall of the Aztec Empire and brought large portions o ...

. Pánfilo's second expedition, the Narváez expedition, began in 1527 and ended for him with his death the following year. Only four men returned from it, reaching present-day Mexico City in 1536. He was named an '' adelantado'' by King Carlos V before embarking on that final expedition.

Birth and family

Pánfilo de Narváez was born in Castile (in either Navalmanzano, near Cuéllar, or

Valladolid Valladolid ( ; ) is a Municipalities of Spain, municipality in Spain and the primary seat of government and ''de facto'' capital of the Autonomous communities of Spain, autonomous community of Castile and León. It is also the capital of the pr ...

) in 1470 or 1478. He was a relative of Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar, the first Spanish governor of Cuba. Pánfilo's nephew was Antonio Velázquez de Narváez. Bartolomé de las Casas described him as "a man of authoritative personality, tall of body and somewhat blonde inclined to redness".

Early years as conquistador

Narváez took part in the Spanish conquest of

in 1509. In 1511, he went to

to participate in the conquest of that island under the command of Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar. He led expeditions to the eastern end of the island in the company of

and Juan de Grijalva. De las Casas (who was an eyewitness) reported that Narváez presided over the massacre of Caonao, where Spanish troops killed a village full of natives who had come to meet them with food. After the massacre Narváez asked de las Casas, "What do you think about what our Spaniards have done?" De las Casas replied, "I send both you and them to the Devil!"

Expedition to Mexico

Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar, the governor of Cuba, sponsored

to man an expedition to Mexico in 1519. With second thoughts about Cortés' loyalty, however, he recalled the expedition shortly after it began. Cortés disobeyed, proceeding with the expedition that would result in the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire. Narváez (arriving from Cuba) was named governor of Mexico by Velázquez, who sent him and 1,400 men on 19 ships to México to intercept Cortés.Diaz, B., 1963, The Conquest of New Spain, London: Penguin Books, Narváez disembarked at

Veracruz Veracruz, formally Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave, officially the Free and Sovereign State of Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave, is one of the 31 states which, along with Mexico City, comprise the 32 Political divisions of Mexico, Federal Entit ...

, where Cortés had left a small garrison and set out with the rest of his men for the

Aztec The Aztecs ( ) were a Mesoamerican civilization that flourished in central Mexico in the Post-Classic stage, post-classic period from 1300 to 1521. The Aztec people included different Indigenous peoples of Mexico, ethnic groups of central ...

capital of Tenochtitlan. The garrison was manned by Cortés' captain, Gonzalo de Sandoval, who captured some of Narváez's men and sent them to Tenochtitlan to alert Cortés. Unable to defeat the garrison, Narváez went to the Totonac town of Cempoala and set up camp. When news of Narváez's arrival reached Cortés, he gathered a contingent of his troops (perhaps as few as 250) and returned to the coast. Although his remaining 900 men outnumbered those of Cortés three to one, Narváez was outmanoeuvred, lost an eye and was taken prisoner in the Battle of Cempoala on May 27, 1520. After a two-year imprisonment, he was returned to Spain.

Expedition to Florida

When Narváez returned to Spain, he was appointed '' adelantado'' of

Florida Florida ( ; ) is a U.S. state, state in the Southeastern United States, Southeastern region of the United States. It borders the Gulf of Mexico to the west, Alabama to the northwest, Georgia (U.S. state), Georgia to the north, the Atlantic ...

by Charles V and sent to colonize the territory. He embarked from Sanlúcar de Barrameda on June 17, 1527, with a fleet of five ships and 600 men. Narváez himself believed that there were other wealthy empires, like the Aztecs, up North. After reaching Cuba and losing several ships in a hurricane, Narváez regrouped and set sail with five ships, 400 men, and 10 women for the Rio de las Palmas (near present-day Tampico) in February 1528. His fleet ran aground, and he decided to go to Havana to obtain additional supplies. Narváez was unable to reach Havana, as storms and strong winds forced him north to Florida's west coast. The expedition arrived there in April 1528, weakened by storms and desertions. Narváez landed with 300 men at the mouth of Boca Ciega Bay, north of Tampa Bay at the present-day Jungle Prada Site in St. Petersburg, among hostile natives.Oviedo y Valdez, G. F., & Davenport, H. (1923). "The Expedition of Pánfilo de Narváez". ''The Southwestern Historical Quarterly'', 27(2), 120–139. St Petersburg FL Jungle Prada sign02

He led an excursion inland, where he discovered the southern shore of present-day Old Tampa Bay. Narváez continued along its coastline and arrived at the main village of the Tocobaga Indians (present-day Safety Harbor), where he discovered "many boxes from Castile" and several European artefacts. Recent research suggests that he may have found the remnants of the 1521 settlement established and abandoned by Juan Ponce de León. Finding their landing place unsuitable for settlement, Narváez ordered the expedition to split into 100 men and 10 women aboard ships and 300 men and 42 horses travelling by land. They planned to head north along the coast, planning to re-unite at a large bay that his pilots assured him was nearby. There was no large harbour north of their landing site, and Narváez never saw his ships again. His expedition moved north until it reached the present-day St. Marks River, in the territory of the Apalachee people. Unable to find the gold and other riches he sought and tired of hostilities with the natives, Narváez ordered the construction of four rafts in an attempt to reach Pánuco (his original destination). A storm drowned most of his remaining 240 men near Galveston Island, with only about 80 swept ashore. Narváez and a small group of men were carried out to sea and were never seen again. Only four men survived the six years it took for the remainder of the expedition to find its way back. It was eight years from their initial landing in Florida before they arrived in Culiacán (Sinaloa), where they found Melchor Diaz mayor and captain of the province. Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca, Andrés Dorantes de Carranza, Alonso del Castillo Maldonado and the Moroccan slave Estevanico (Esteban) had remained in captivity on (or near) Galveston Island for six years. Cabeza de Vaca wrote a ''relación'' about the journey on foot by these four survivors across the present-day southwestern United States and northern Mexico. It was the first book describing the people, animals, flora and fauna of inland North America.

References

External links

"Cabeza de Vaca's Trail with Pánfilo de Narváez in North America"

''The West''. PBS.

About.com.
''Historia de las Indias''
Bartolome de las Casas.
''Shipwrecked''
by "Alvar Nuñez Cabeza de Vaca, and the Description of the Journey Which he Made Through Florida with Panfilo de Narvaez," from the

World Digital Library The World Digital Library (WDL) is an international digital library operated by UNESCO and the United States Library of Congress. The WDL has stated that its mission is to promote international and intercultural understanding, expand the volume ...

{{DEFAULTSORT:Narvaez, Panfilo de Spanish explorers of North America 16th-century South American people 16th-century Spanish people 1470s births 1528 deaths Year of birth uncertain People from Spanish Florida Spanish conquistadors Castilian conquistadors Explorers of Mexico Explorers of the United States Explorers of Spanish Florida People from the Colony of Santiago