Pure Virtual Class

In programming languages, an abstract type (also known as existential types) is a type in a nominative type system that cannot be instantiated directly; by contrast, a concrete type be instantiated directly. Instantiation of an abstract type can occur only indirectly, via a concrete ''subtype''.

An abstract type may provide no implementation, or an incomplete implementation. In some languages, abstract types with no implementation (rather than an incomplete implementation) are known as ''protocols'', ''interfaces'', ''signatures'', or ''class types''. In class-based object-oriented programming, abstract types are implemented as '' abstract classes'' (also known as '' abstract base classes''), and concrete types as ''concrete classes''. In generic programming, the analogous notion is a ''concept'', which similarly specifies syntax and semantics, but does not require a subtype relationship: two unrelated types may satisfy the same concept.

Often, abstract types will have one or more implementations provided separately, for example, in the form of concrete subtypes that be instantiated. In object-oriented programming, an abstract class may include ''abstract methods'' or ''abstract properties'' that are shared by its subclasses. Other names for language features that are (or may be) used to implement abstract types include '' traits'', '' mixins'', ''flavors'', ''roles'', or ''type classes''.

Abstract types may also include any number of non-abstract methods and properties, such as when implementing the Template Method Pattern which uses a mixture of invariant methods with fixed implementations and hook methods which can be overridden in concrete subclasses to provide custonised logic.

Creation

Abstract classes can be created, signified, or simulated in several ways:
* By use of the explicit keyword in the class definition, as in Java, D or C#.
* By including, in the class definition, one or more abstract methods (called ''pure virtual functions'' in C++), which the class is declared to accept as part of its protocol, but for which no implementation is provided.
* By inheriting from an abstract type, and not overriding all missing features necessary to complete the class definition. In other words, a child type that does not implement all abstract methods from its parent becomes abstract itself.
* In many dynamically typed languages such as Smalltalk, any class that sends a particular method to this, but does not implement that method, can be considered abstract. (However, in many such languages, like Objective-C, the error is not detected until the class is used, and the message returns results in an exception error message such as "Does not recognize selector: xxx" as - SObject doesNotRecognizeSelector:(SEL)selector/code> is invoked upon detection of an unimplemented method).


Examples

Java

By default, all methods in all classes are concrete, unless the abstract keyword is used. An abstract class may include abstract methods, which have no implementation.
By default, all methods in all interfaces are abstract, unless the default keyword is used.
The default keyword can be used to specify a concrete method in an interface.

//By default, all methods in all classes are concrete, unless the abstract keyword is used.
public abstract class Demo

//By default, all methods in all interfaces are abstract, unless the default keyword is used.
interface DemoInterface

Usage

Abstract types are an important feature in statically typed OOP languages. Many dynamically typed languages have no equivalent feature (although the use of duck typing makes abstract types unnecessary); however '' traits'' are found in some modern dynamically-typed languages.

Some authors argue that classes should be leaf classes (have no subtypes), or else be abstract.

Abstract types are useful in that they can be used to define and enforce a '' protocol''; a set of operations that all objects implementing the protocol must support.

Abstract types are also an essential part of the Template Method Pattern.

See also

* Class
* Concept
* Type class

References

Further reading

* {{cite book, title=Head First Java, year=2003, publisher=O'Reilly Media, isbn=0-596-00920-8, page
688
url=https://archive.org/details/headfirstjava00sier_0/page/688
*Core Java: An Integrated Approach by R. Nageswara Rao

External links

* "Abstract or Skeletal Interfaces Explained

* ''Types and Programming Languages'' by Benjamin Pierce (MIT Press 2002

*
Abstract type
' at Rosetta Code

Type theory
Articles with example Java code

sv:Klass (programmering)#Abstrakt klass