Pumping stations, also called pumphouses in situations such as drilled wells and drinking water, are facilities containing

pump A pump is a device that moves fluids (liquids or gases), or sometimes slurries, by mechanical action, typically converted from electrical energy into hydraulic energy. Pumps can be classified into three major groups according to the method they u ...

s and equipment for pumping fluids from one place to another. They are used for a variety of

infrastructure Infrastructure is the set of facilities and systems that serve a country, city, or other area, and encompasses the services and facilities necessary for its economy, households and firms to function. Infrastructure is composed of public and priv ...

systems, such as the supply of water to

canal Canals or artificial waterways are waterways or engineered channels built for drainage management (e.g. flood control and irrigation) or for conveyancing water transport vehicles (e.g. water taxi). They carry free, calm surface fl ...

s, the drainage of low-lying land, and the removal of

sewage Sewage (or domestic sewage, domestic wastewater, municipal wastewater) is a type of wastewater that is produced by a community of people. It is typically transported through a sewer system. Sewage consists of wastewater discharged from residenc ...

to processing sites. A pumping station is an integral part of a

pumped-storage hydroelectricity Pumped-storage hydroelectricity (PSH), or pumped hydroelectric energy storage (PHES), is a type of hydroelectric energy storage used by electric power systems for load balancing. The method stores energy in the form of gravitational potential ...

installation.

Canal water supply

In countries with

systems, pumping stations are also frequent. Because of the way the system of canal locks work, water is lost from the upper part of a canal each time a vessel passes through. Also, most lock gates are not watertight, so some water leaks from the higher levels of the canal to those lower down. Obviously, the water has to be replaced or eventually the upper levels of the canal would not hold enough water to be navigable. Canals are usually fed by diverting water from streams and rivers into the upper parts of the canal, but if no suitable source is available, a pumping station can be used to maintain the water level. An excellent example of a canal pumping station is the Claverton Pumping Station on the

Kennet and Avon Canal The Kennet and Avon Canal is a waterway in southern England with an overall length of , made up of two lengths of navigable river linked by a canal. The name is used to refer to the entire length of the navigation rather than solely to the cent ...

in southern England, United Kingdom. This pumps water from the nearby River Avon to the canal using pumps driven by a waterwheel which is powered by the river. Where no external water supply is available, back pumping systems may be employed. Water is extracted from the canal below the lowest lock of a flight and is pumped back to the top of the flight, ready for the next boat to pass through. Such installations are usually small.

Land drainage

When low-lying areas of land are drained, the general method is to dig drainage ditches. However, if the area is below sea level then it is necessary to pump the water upwards into water channels that finally drain into the sea. The

Victorian Victorian or Victorians may refer to: 19th century * Victorian era, British history during Queen Victoria's 19th-century reign ** Victorian architecture ** Victorian house ** Victorian decorative arts ** Victorian fashion ** Victorian literature ...

s understood this concept, and in the United Kingdom they built pumping stations with water pumps, powered by

steam engine A steam engine is a heat engine that performs mechanical work using steam as its working fluid. The steam engine uses the force produced by steam pressure to push a piston back and forth inside a cylinder. This pushing force can be trans ...

s to accomplish this task. In Lincolnshire, large areas of wetland at sea level, called The Fens, were turned into rich arable farmland by this method. The land is full of nutrients because of the accumulation of sedimentary mud that created the land initially. Pumping station, Lido de Thau, Sète 02

Elsewhere, pumping stations are used to remove water that has found its way into low-lying areas as a result of leakage or flooding (in

New Orleans New Orleans ( , ,New Orleans

drainage system. They are suitable for mechanical building services collection and pumping of liquids like surface water, wastewater or sewage from areas where drainage by gravity is not possible. A package pumping station is an integrated system, built in a housing manufactured from strong, impact-resistant materials such as precast concrete, polyethylene, or glass-reinforced plastic. The unit is supplied with internal pipework fitted, pre-assembled ready for installation into the ground, after which the submersible pumps and control equipment are fitted. Features may include controls for fully automatic operation; a high-level alarm indication, in the event of pump failure; and possibly a guide-rail/auto-coupling/pedestal system, to permit easy removal of pumps for maintenance. Traditional site constructed systems have the valve vault components installed in a separate structure. Having two structural components can lead to potentially serious site problems such as uneven settling between components which results in stress on, and failure of the pipes and connections between components. The development of a packaged pump station system combined all components into a single housing which not only eliminates uneven settling issues, but pre-plumbing and outfitting each unit prior to installation can reduce the cost and time involved with civil work and site labor.

Water pumping stations

Water pumping stations are differentiated from wastewater pumping stations in that they do not have to be sized to account for high peak flow rates. They have five general categories: * Source (such as a well) pump discharging into an elevated tank * Raw water pumping from a river or lake * In-line booster pumping into an elevated tank * High service pumping of finished water at high pressure * Distributed system booster without a storage tank in the piping system Water pumping stations are constructed in areas in which the demand or projected demand is reasonably defined, and is dependent on a combination of customer needs and fire flow requirements. Average annual per-capita water consumption, peak hour, and maximum daily can vary greatly due to factors such as climate, income levels, population, and the proportions of residential, commercial, and industrial users.

Wastewater pumping stations

Pumping stations in sewage collection systems are normally designed to handle raw sewage that is fed from underground gravity pipelines (pipes that are sloped so that a liquid can flow in one direction under gravity). Sewage is fed into and stored in a pit, commonly known as a ''wet well''. The well is equipped with electrical instrumentation to detect the level of sewage present. When the sewage level rises to a predetermined point, a pump will be started to lift the sewage upward through a pressurized pipe system called a ''sewer force main'' if the sewage is transported some significant distance. The pumping station may be called a ''lift station'' if the pump merely discharges into a nearby gravity manhole. From here the cycle starts all over again until the sewage reaches its point of destination—usually a treatment plant. By this method, pumping stations are used to move waste to higher elevations. In the case of high sewage flows into the well (for example during peak flow periods and wet weather) additional pumps will be used. If this is insufficient, or in the case of failure of the pumping station, a backup in the sewer system can occur, leading to a sanitary sewer overflow—the discharge of raw sewage into the environment. Sewage pumping stations are typically designed so that one pump or one set of pumps will handle normal peak flow conditions. Redundancy is built into the system so that in the event that any one pump is out of service, the remaining pump or pumps will handle the designed flow. The storage volume of the wet well between the "pump on" and "pump off" settings is designed to minimize pump starts and stops, but is not so long a retention time as to allow the sewage in the wet well to go septic. Sewage pumps are almost always end-suction centrifugal pumps with open impellers and are specially designed with a large open passage so as to avoid clogging with debris or winding stringy debris onto the impeller. A four pole or six pole AC induction motor normally drives the pump. Rather than provide large open passages, some pumps, typically smaller sewage pumps, also macerate any solids within the sewage breaking them down into smaller parts which can more easily pass through the impeller. The interior of a sewage pump station is a very dangerous place. Poisonous gases, such as methane and

hydrogen sulfide Hydrogen sulfide is a chemical compound with the formula . It is a colorless chalcogen-hydride gas, and is poisonous, corrosive, and flammable, with trace amounts in ambient atmosphere having a characteristic foul odor of rotten eggs. The unde ...

, can accumulate in the wet well; an ill-equipped person entering the well would be overcome by fumes very quickly. Any entry into the wet well requires the correct confined space entry method for a hazardous environment. To minimize the need for entry, the facility is normally designed to allow pumps and other equipment to be removed from outside the wet well. Traditional sewage pumping stations incorporate both a wet well and a "dry well". Often these are the same structure separated by an internal divide. In this configuration pumps are installed below ground level on the base of the dry well so that their inlets are below water level on pump start, priming the pump and also maximising the available NPSH. Although nominally isolated from the sewage in the wet well, dry wells are underground, confined spaces and require appropriate precautions for entry. Further, any failure or leakage of the pumps or pipework can discharge sewage directly into the dry well with complete flooding not an uncommon occurrence. As a result, the electric motors are normally mounted above the overflow, top water level of the wet well, usually above ground level, and drive the sewage pumps through an extended vertical shaft. To protect the above ground motors from weather, small pump houses are normally built, which also incorporate the electrical switchgear and control electronics. These are the visible parts of a traditional sewage pumping station although they are typically smaller than the underground wet and dry wells. More modern pumping stations do not require a dry well or pump house and usually consist only of a wet well. In this configuration, submersible sewage pumps with closely coupled electric motor are mounted within the wet well itself, submerged within the sewage. Submersible pumps are mounted on two vertical guide rails and seal onto a permanently fixed "duckfoot", which forms both a mount and also a vertical bend for the discharge pipe. For maintenance or replacement, submersible pumps are raised by a chain off of the duckfoot and up the two guide rails to the maintenance (normally ground) level. Reinstalling the pumps simply reverses this process with the pump being remounted on the guide rails and lowered onto the duckfoot where the weight of the pump reseals it. As the motors are sealed and weather is not a concern, no above ground structures are required, excepting a small kiosk to contain the electrical switchgear and control systems. Due to the much reduced health and safety concerns, and smaller footprint and visibility, submersible pump sewage pumping stations have almost completely superseded traditional sewage pumping stations. Further, a refit of a traditional pumping station usually involves converting it into a modern pumping station by installing submersibles in the wet well, demolishing the pump house and retiring the dry well by either stripping it, or knocking down the internal partition and merging it with the wet well.

Electronic controllers

Pump manufacturers have always designed and manufactured electronic devices to control and supervise pumping stations. Today it is also very common to use a

programmable logic controller A programmable logic controller (PLC) or programmable controller is an industrial computer that has been ruggedized and adapted for the control of manufacturing processes, such as assembly lines, machines, robotic devices, or any activity th ...

(PLC) or Remote Terminal Unit (RTU) for such work, but the experience needed to solve certain particular problems, makes an easy choice to look for a specific pump controller. RTUs are very helpful in remote monitoring of each pumping station from a centralized control room with

SCADA Supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) is a control system architecture comprising computers, networked data communications and graphical user interfaces for high-level supervision of machines and processes. It also covers sensors and ...

(Supervisory Control & Data Acquisition) systems. This setup can be helpful in monitoring pump faults, levels, and other alarms and parameters, making it more efficient.

Pumped-storage schemes

A pumped-storage scheme is a type of power station for storing and producing electricity to supply high peak demands by moving water between reservoirs at different elevations. Typically, water is channeled from a high-level reservoir to a low-level reservoir, through turbine generators that generate electricity. This is done when the station is required to generate power. During low-demand periods, such as overnight, the generators are reversed to become pumps that move the water back up to the top reservoir.

List of pumping stations

There are countless thousands of pumping stations throughout the world. The following is a list of those described in this encyclopedia.

United Kingdom

In the UK, during the Victorian Era, there was a fashion for public buildings to feature highly ornate architecture. Consequently, a considerable number of former pumping stations have been listed and preserved. The majority were originally steam-powered, and where the

s are still ''in situ'', many of the sites have since re-opened as museum attractions.

Canal water supply

* Claverton Pumping Station, on the

, near

Bath Bath may refer to: * Bathing, immersion in a fluid ** Bathtub, a large open container for water, in which a person may wash their body ** Public bathing, a public place where people bathe * Thermae, ancient Roman public bathing facilities Plac ...

, water-powered *

Cobb's Engine House Cobb's Engine House (properly known as Windmill End Pumping Station) in Rowley Regis, West Midlands, England, is a scheduled ancient monument and a Grade II listed building built around 1831. It housed a stationary steam pump used to pump water ...

, ruin near southern portal of

Netherton Tunnel Netherton Tunnel Branch Canal, in the West Midlands county, England, is part of the Birmingham Canal Navigations, (BCN). It was constructed at a 453–foot elevation, the Wednesbury or Birmingham level; it has no locks. The total length of the b ...

* Crofton Pumping Station, on the Kennet and Avon Canal, near Great Bedwyn * Leawood Pump House, on the Cromford Canal in Derbyshire *

Smethwick Engine The Smethwick Engine is a Watt steam engine made by Boulton and Watt, which was installed near Birmingham, England, and was brought into service in May 1779. Now at Thinktank, Birmingham Science Museum, it is the oldest working steam engine and ...

, now removed from original site to

Birmingham Thinktank Thinktank, Birmingham (formerly known as simply Thinktank) is a science museum in Birmingham, England. Opened in 2001, it is part of Birmingham Museums Trust and is located within the Millennium Point complex on Curzon Street, Digbeth. Hist ...

*New Smethwick Pumping Station (now part of

Galton Valley Canal Heritage Centre Galton Valley Canal Museum is a small museum, located in Smethwick, England, on the border with Birmingham and alongside the BCN Main Line canals. The Museum tells the story of the development of the Galton Valley canals and those who designed, ...

)

Groundwater supply

''Used to pump water from a well into a reservoir'' * Bestwood Pumping Station, Nottinghamshire *

Boughton Pumping Station Boughton Pumping Station was a water pumping station near New Ollerton in Nottinghamshire, operating from 1905. After closure it became a commercial hospitality venue. History Situated on the edge of Sherwood Forest, Boughton Pumping Station ...

, Nottinghamshire * Bratch Pumping Station,

Staffordshire Staffordshire (; postal abbreviation Staffs.) is a landlocked county in the West Midlands region of England. It borders Cheshire to the northwest, Derbyshire and Leicestershire to the east, Warwickshire to the southeast, the West Midlands ...

Mill Meece Pumping Station Mill Meece Pumping Station is a pumping station, located in the village of Mill Meece in Staffordshire, England. Its function, powered by steam engines, was to pump water from boreholes to a reservoir in Hanchurch, from which it flows by grav ...

, in Staffordshire * Papplewick Pumping Station, Nottinghamshire ''(pumped from a deep well)'' *

Selly Oak Pumping Station Selly Oak Pumping Station was a water pumping station operating in Selly Oak, Birmingham, England, from 1878 until the 1920s. History It was built by the Birmingham Corporation Waterworks department in 1878 to house a Boulton and Watt steam en ...

Birmingham Birmingham ( ) is a city and metropolitan borough in the metropolitan county of West Midlands in England. It is the second-largest city in the United Kingdom with a population of 1.145 million in the city proper, 2.92 million in the We ...

''(building converted to an electricity substation)'' *

Twyford Pumping Station Twyford Waterworks is a preserved pumping station and waterworks situated close to the village of Twyford and the city of Winchester in Hampshire, England. It is a scheduled monument and now operates as a museum. The site is leased by the ...

, Hampshire

Hydraulic power station

* Wapping Hydraulic Power Station, London ''(converted to electricity, now an arts centre and restaurant)''

Land drainage

* Pinchbeck Engine, near Spalding ''(preserved beam engine and scoop wheel)'' * Pode Hole pumping station, near Spalding, Lincolnshire ''(formerly steam beam engines, no longer present)'' * Prickwillow Engine House, near Ely, Cambridgeshire ''(now the Museum of Fenland Drainage)'' * Stretham Old Engine, Stretham,

Cambridgeshire Cambridgeshire (abbreviated Cambs.) is a Counties of England, county in the East of England, bordering Lincolnshire to the north, Norfolk to the north-east, Suffolk to the east, Essex and Hertfordshire to the south, and Bedfordshire and North ...

* Westonzoyland Pumping Station, Somerset

Public water supply

''Used to pump drinking water from a reservoir into a water supply system.'' * Blagdon Pumping Station, Chew Valley, Somerset * Edgbaston Waterworks,

* Kempton Park Pumping Station, London * Kew Bridge Pumping Station, Kew Bridge, London * Langford Pumping Station ("Museum of Power"), Essex * Ryhope Engines Museum, Sunderland * Tees Cottage Pumping Station, Darlington

Sewage

* Abbey Pumping Station,

Leicester Leicester ( ) is a city status in the United Kingdom, city, Unitary authorities of England, unitary authority and the county town of Leicestershire in the East Midlands of England. It is the largest settlement in the East Midlands. The city l ...

* Abbey Mills Pumping Station, in North London. ''(steam engines no longer present)'' * Cheddars Lane Pumping Station,

Cambridge Cambridge ( ) is a university city and the county town in Cambridgeshire, England. It is located on the River Cam approximately north of London. As of the 2021 United Kingdom census, the population of Cambridge was 145,700. Cambridge beca ...

* Claymills Pumping Station, near Burton upon Trent * Coleham Pumping Station, Coleham, near

Shrewsbury Shrewsbury ( , also ) is a market town, civil parish, and the county town of Shropshire, England, on the River Severn, north-west of London; at the 2021 census, it had a population of 76,782. The town's name can be pronounced as either 'Sh ...

* Crossness Pumping Station, in South London *

Dock Road Edwardian Pumping Station Dock Road Edwardian Pumping Station is a sewage pumping station in Northwich, Cheshire, United Kingdom. The pumping station is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade II listed building. History Towards the ...

, in

Northwich {{Infobox UK place , static_image_name = Northwich - Town Bridge.jpg , static_image_caption = Town Bridge, the River Weaver and the spire of Holy Trinity Church , official_name = Northwich , country ...

, Cheshire ''(Gas engines. Built 1913)'' *

Low Hall Pumping Station The Walthamstow Pumphouse Museum is a museum based in Walthamstow, north-east London, it is contained in and around Low Hall Pumping Station, a Grade II listed building, originally built as a sewage pumping station in 1885. The museum focuses o ...

Walthamstow Walthamstow ( or ) is a large town in East London, east London, England, within the Ceremonial counties of England, ceremonial county of Greater London and the Historic counties of England, ancient county of Essex. Situated northeast of Chari ...

, North London * Markfield Beam Engine, Tottenham, London *

Old Brook Pumping Station Old Brook Pumping Station, was a water pumping station operating in Chatham, Kent from 1929 until 1980. It now survives as a working museum. History In the 16th century, due to an earth dam (between Rochester, Kent, Rochester and Chatham Dockya ...

, Chatham, Kent

Underground railway

* Brunel Engine House (now Brunel Museum), Rotherhithe, East London ''(extracted water from Thames Tunnel; engine no longer present)'' * Shore Road Pumping Station,

Birkenhead Birkenhead (; cy, Penbedw) is a town in the Metropolitan Borough of Wirral, Merseyside, England; Historic counties of England, historically, it was part of Cheshire until 1974. The town is on the Wirral Peninsula, along the south bank of the R ...

, Wirral ''(originally steam, now electric; extracts water from the rail tunnel under the River Mersey)''

Hong Kong

;Public water supply * Engineer's Office of the Former Pumping Station, Hong Kong

Iraq

;

Agricultural drainage An agricultural drainage system is a system by which water is drained on or in the soil to enhance agricultural production of crops. It may involve any combination of stormwater control, erosion control, and watertable control. Classification Whi ...

Nasiriyah Drainage Pump Station The Nasiriyah Drainage Pump Station is a land drainage pumping station in Iraq 10 km southeast of Nasiriyah in the province of Dhi Qar. The station pumps farm run-off collected by the Main Outfall Drain (MOD) north of the Euphrates River in Dh ...

, Dhi Qar Province

Canada

Hamilton Museum of Steam and Technology
Hamilton, Ontario's first Water Works, powered by two 1859 steam engines

Netherlands

;Land drainage * Cruquius pumping station ''(Operational, but no longer steam-powered.)'' *:– an 8-beam Cornish engine with the largest cylinder (144 in (3.5m) diameter) in the world. * ir.D.F. Woudagemaal, ( ir. Wouda pumping station) ''(world's largest steam-powered pumping station)''

Spain

*Stations for public water supply in Barcelona. One of them is a Barcelona City History Museum heritage site ''(MUHBA Casa de l'aigua)''. Another is a museum itself: ''Museu Agbar de les Aigües'' (Agbar water museum).

United States

* Chicago Avenue Pumping Station in

Chicago (''City in a Garden''); I Will , image_map = , map_caption = Interactive Map of Chicago , coordinates = , coordinates_footnotes = , subdivision_type = List of sovereign states, Count ...

, built in 1869, still in use (with modern pumps) but also serves as a theater. * Pumping Station No. 2 San Francisco Fire Department Auxiliary Water Supply System, San Francisco, California, listed on the National Register of Historic Places

References

External links

Packaged pumping stations - definitions and applicationsHow to look after your packaged pumpstationPrickwillow MuseumHow Much Do Sewage Pumping Stations Cost
{{DEFAULTSORT:Pumping Station Scottish inventions

Canal water supply

Land drainage

Water pumping stations

Wastewater pumping stations

Electronic controllers

Pumped-storage schemes

List of pumping stations

United Kingdom

Canal water supply

Groundwater supply

Hydraulic power station

Land drainage

Public water supply

Sewage

Underground railway

Hong Kong

Iraq

Canada

Netherlands

Spain

United States

See also

Waterworks railways

References

External links