Pulse-frequency modulation (PFM) is a

modulation Signal modulation is the process of varying one or more properties of a periodic waveform in electronics and telecommunication for the purpose of transmitting information. The process encodes information in form of the modulation or message ...

method for representing an

analog signal An analog signal (American English) or analogue signal (British and Commonwealth English) is any continuous-time signal representing some other quantity, i.e., ''analogous'' to another quantity. For example, in an analog audio signal, the ins ...

using only two levels (1 and 0). It is analogous to pulse-width modulation (PWM), in which the magnitude of an analog signal is encoded in the duty cycle of a

square wave Square wave may refer to: *Square wave (waveform) A square wave is a non-sinusoidal waveform, non-sinusoidal periodic waveform in which the amplitude alternates at a steady frequency between fixed minimum and maximum values, with the same ...

. Unlike PWM, in which the width of square pulses is varied at a constant

frequency Frequency is the number of occurrences of a repeating event per unit of time. Frequency is an important parameter used in science and engineering to specify the rate of oscillatory and vibratory phenomena, such as mechanical vibrations, audio ...

, PFM fixes the width of square pulses while varying the

. In other words, the

of the pulse train is varied in accordance with the instantaneous amplitude of the modulating signal at sampling intervals. The amplitude and width of the pulses are kept constant.

Applications

PFM is a method of encoding analog signals into trains of square pulses and therefore has a wide variety of applications. There are practical difficulties in the design of electronics when working with non-fixed frequencies, such as transmission line effects in board layout and magnetic component selection, so generally, PWM mode is preferred. There are, however, select cases in which PFM mode is advantageous.

Buck converters

PFM mode is a common technique for increasing the efficiency of switching step-down DC-DC converters (

buck converter file:Commutation cell in converters.svg, Comparison of non-isolated switching DC-to-DC converter topologies: buck, Boost converter, boost, Buck–boost converter, buck–boost, Ćuk converter, Ćuk. The input is left side, the output with load is ...

s) when driving light loads. In medium to high loads, the DC resistance of buck converter switching elements tends to dominate the overall efficiency of the buck converter. When driving light loads, however, the effects of DC resistances are reduced and AC losses in the inductor, capacitor, and switching elements play a larger role in overall efficiency. This is especially true in discontinuous mode operation, in which the inductor current drops below zero, resulting in the discharging of the output capacitor and even higher . PFM mode operation allows the switching frequency to be reduced and for a control method that prevents the inductor current from dropping below zero during light loads. Rather than applying square pulses of varying widths to the inductor, square pulse trains with a fixed 50% duty cycle are used to charge the inductor to a predefined current limit then discharge the inductor current to, but not below, zero. The frequency of these pulse trains is then varied to produce the desired output voltage with the aid of the output filter capacitor. This allows for a number of switching loss savings. The inductor is given known levels of peak current, which, if chosen carefully in regards to saturation current, can reduce switching losses in its magnetic core. Since the inductor current is never allowed to fall below zero, the output filter capacitor is not discharged and does not have to be recharged with every switching cycle to maintain the proper output voltage. All of this done at the expense of output voltage and current ripple, which increases as a result of the reduction in switching frequency and the gap between pulse trains.

References

*Lenk, John D. (1999). "Circuit Troubleshooting Handbook" p242. McGraw-Hill, New York

External links

Determining Buck Converter Efficiency in PFM Mode

Pulse Frequency Modulation in Google Patents
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Introduction to Buck Converters: Understanding Mode Transitions
Contains a video with a nice description of PFM in the buck converter application. Quantized radio modulation modes de:Pulsfrequenzmodulation

Applications

Buck converters

See also

References

External links