In
mathematics, Pugh's closing lemma is a result that links
periodic orbit solutions of
differential equations to
chaotic behaviour. It can be formally stated as follows:
:Let
be a
diffeomorphism
In mathematics, a diffeomorphism is an isomorphism of smooth manifolds. It is an invertible function that maps one differentiable manifold to another such that both the function and its inverse are differentiable.
Definition
Given tw ...
of a
compact smooth manifold . Given a
nonwandering point of
, there exists a diffeomorphism
arbitrarily close to
in the
topology
In mathematics, topology (from the Greek words , and ) is concerned with the properties of a geometric object that are preserved under continuous deformations, such as stretching, twisting, crumpling, and bending; that is, without closing ho ...
of
such that
is a
periodic point In mathematics, in the study of iterated functions and dynamical systems, a periodic point of a function is a point which the system returns to after a certain number of function iterations or a certain amount of time.
Iterated functions
Given ...
of
.
Interpretation
Pugh's closing lemma means, for example, that any chaotic set in a bounded continuous
dynamical system
In mathematics, a dynamical system is a system in which a function describes the time dependence of a point in an ambient space. Examples include the mathematical models that describe the swinging of a clock pendulum, the flow of water i ...
corresponds to a periodic orbit in a different but closely related dynamical system. As such, an open set of conditions on a bounded continuous dynamical system that rules out periodic behaviour also implies that the system cannot behave chaotically; this is the basis of some
autonomous convergence theorems.
See also
*
Smale's problems
Smale's problems are a list of eighteen unsolved problems in mathematics proposed by Steve Smale in 1998 and republished in 1999. Smale composed this list in reply to a request from Vladimir Arnold, then vice-president of the International Mathem ...
References
Further reading
*
{{PlanetMath attribution, id=5526, title=Pugh's closing lemma
Dynamical systems
Lemmas in analysis
Limit sets