Prahladpuri Temple, Multan

Prahladpuri Temple () is a Hindu temple located in Multan city of Punjab province in Pakistan, adjacent to the Shrine of Bahauddin Zakariya. Named after Prahlada, it is dedicated to the Hindu deity Narasimha. In 1992, following the Demolition of the Babri Masjid in India, the temple was razed to ruin in a retaliatory act of violence by a Muslim mob. The site is currently owned by Evacuee Trust Property Board.

Location

The temple is located on top of a raised platform ('' mandapa'') at the southern tip of the Fort of Multan, adjacent to the mausoleum of Baha’ul Haq Zakariya. Survey & Studies for Conservation of Historical Monuments of Multan. Department of Archeology & Museums, Ministry of Culture, Government of Pakistan

History

Hindu Folklore

According to local folklore, Prahlada — son of Hiranyakashipu, the Asur-king of Multan — built the temple in honor of Narasimha, an incarnation of Vishnu, who had appeared out of a pillar in the royal court to disembowel the oppressive King and reward his devoutness. The temple was constructed around the pillar and thus, the festival of Holika Dahan commenced.

Pre-modern India

The temple stands on the ruins of pre-Muslim structures. There appear to have been older temples on the site which were subject to cycles of razing and re-construction during the medieval era; however, the precise details are hazy in light of conflicting legends.

Oral legends assert that a temple — with columns and roof made of gold — used to exist at the site c. 15th century before being dismantled by Sher Shah Suri to construct a mosque; the current temple was constructed when this mosque fell. Another account published in Calcutta Review (1891) reproduces the same narrative except that the pre-existing temple had sunk of "unknown causes."

Colonial India

In 1810, the temple's height was raised (or, was the temple rebuilt - ?), which led to tensions with the Muslim community. In 1831, Alexander Burnes noted the temple as a low-height structure, supported by wooden pillars and having Hanuman and Ganesha as the portal guardians; he was denied entrance to what was "the only place of Hindu worship in Multan". An annual festival was held on the temple's premises on the anniversary of Narasimha's appearance.

During the Siege of Multan in 1848, a shell fired by forces of the East India Company fell on a gunpowder store within the fort and blew away the temple's roof. Post-siege, the East India Company retained total control of the fort and all adjacent areas — including the temple and the mausoleum — for a couple of years before returning the shrines to native communities in July 1852. A month later, the Company prohibited approaching the temple via precincts of the mausoleum in lieu of allowing a request from local Hindus to refurbish the temple. In 1854, Alexander Cunningham found the temple to be a roofless "square brick building with some very finely carved wooden pillars", and the only Hindu shrine in Multan alongside Suraj Kund.

In 1859, local Hindus and Muslims agreed to not incorporate conspicuous additions to the temple or the mausoleum. In 1861, the Chief Mahant of the temple, Baba Ram Das, had raised about Rs.11,000 by way of public donation to refurbish the temple. In the early 1870s, his successor, Baba Narayan Das, proposed to increase the height of the temple spire to 45 ft — more than that of the mausoleum — but was opposed by local Muslims as a breach of the 1859 agreement, fomenting an acrimonious dispute. Eventually, the local administration decided the issue in favor of the Muslims; an agreement enacted on 14 April 1876 restricted the height to 33 ft. However, the Hindus were not content and sought to overturn it.

Multan Riots

In August 1880, the Mahant obtained consent from local civil and military authorities to install the 45 ft. spire. Construction continued for about three months before the Mahdoom of the mausoleum petitioned Cordery, the Commissioner of Multan, for a cease order. Upon investigation, Cordery reported to Lt. Governor Egerton, who decided to not only reinstate the 1876 agreement but also ask Hindus to cede possession of the compound well and an adjacent plot. The Hindus appealed before Viceroy Ripon, and c. August 1881, a committee composed of six people each from the Hindu and Muslim community was set up to arrive at a compromise — their proposed solution was to allow the spire but as a compensation, grant the sole possession of the well and ownership of the plot to the Muslims.

Before the solution could be approved by the government and implemented, the town got enmeshed in the communal tensions fomenting across Punjab against the backdrop of Arya Samaj's cow-protectionist movements. The question of transport and sale of beef in Multan town became an affair of competitive communalism. On 20 September 1881, a riot erupted and spanned over two days, resulting in 50,000 rupees worth of damage but no casualties. Hindu rioters had burned a mosque in the city's bazaar, attacked the Walli Muhammadi Mosque, and incinerated a Quran; in retaliation, a Muslim mob arsoned the Prahladpuri temple.

However, the temple was quickly renovated by the Hindu community. A month later, on 14 October, the government issued its decision — the local authorities lacked jurisdiction to decide on the issue of additions to the temple structure, and hence, the Hindus were to either dismantle the spire or follow the compromise arrived at by the committee. On 29 October, the Hindus decided in favor of the latter. A well for the Hindus was constructed in an adjacent plot and a wall erected between the mausoleum and the temple.

Beyond riots

In the early morning of 7 November 1912, miscreants removed an image of Lakshmi from the temple and threw it in a nearby well after stealing the crown; the Hindu devotees blamed local Muslims. On 23 January 1913, a ''Panchayat'' (trans. assemblage) of Hindus removed the incumbent Mahant leading to protracted litigation.

Independent Pakistan

After the creation of Pakistan, most Hindus migrated to India, but the few remaining Hindus of the city continued to manage the temple affairs. Eventually, the image of Narasimha was taken away to a temple in Haridwar in the 70s, and the Evacuee Trust Property Board (ETPB) took over the site, in whose hands it fell into a state of neglect; a madrasa got established inside the temple premises sometime in the 80s. Despite this, the temple continued to be a prominent landmark in Multan and even had a dharamshala.

Destruction and aftermath

In 1992, a Muslim mob destroyed the temple and the dharamshala in retaliation for Hindus razing the Babri Masjid in Ayodhya, India; they also targeted local Hindus. The temple continues to be in ruins. By 2006, squatters had encroached on the lower levels of the ruined structure, and garbage was regularly dumped at the site.

Proposed Reconstructions

In 2009, the Central Government allocated funds to document and preserve the site; the survey determined a risk of an imminent collapse of the temple ruins, but preservation plans were shelved. In May 2015, ETPB announced new plans to restore the temple and, in August, granted a fund of 5 million PKR to the Punjab Archeology Department. However, the local administration refused to issue a No Objection Certificate, apparently fearing local Muslim fanatics.

In February 2021, the Supreme Court of Pakistan established a one-person commission to interrogate the status of minority religious shrines. It criticized ETPB's handling of Hindu shrines and submitted for the immediate restoration of the temple along with the construction of lodging facilities for potential tourists; the State of Punjab and ETPB were ordered to ensure optimum preparedness of the shrine for the Holi festival. Soon, the local "peace committee" — with representatives from the government, civil society, and Ulemas — announced plans to restore the temple to ensure religious harmony.

Architecture

Prior to being demolished, the temple featured a main hall, and circumlocutory passages adorned with skylights. The hall continued to feature a replica of the idol under a baldachin.

See also

* Multan Sun Temple
* Hinduism in Pakistan
* Evacuee Trust Property Board
* Mankiala stupa
* Hinglaj Mata
* Kalat Kali Temple
* Katasraj temple
* Multan Sun Temple
* Sadh Belo
* Shiv Mandir, Umerkot
* Shri Varun Dev Mandir
* Tilla Jogian

Notes

References

{{Hindu temples in Pakistan

Hindu temples in Punjab, Pakistan
Hindu pilgrimage sites in Pakistan
Buildings and structures in Multan
Buildings and structures demolished in 1992
Hindu temples sacked in the Muslim period in the Indian subcontinent
Anti-Hindu violence in Pakistan