The gens Pomponia was a

plebeian In ancient Rome, the plebeians or plebs were the general body of free Roman citizens who were not patricians, as determined by the census, or in other words "commoners". Both classes were hereditary. Etymology The precise origins of the gro ...

family at

ancient Rome In modern historiography, ancient Rome is the Roman people, Roman civilisation from the founding of Rome, founding of the Italian city of Rome in the 8th century BC to the Fall of the Western Roman Empire, collapse of the Western Roman Em ...

. Its members appear throughout the history of the

Roman Republic The Roman Republic ( ) was the era of Ancient Rome, classical Roman civilisation beginning with Overthrow of the Roman monarchy, the overthrow of the Roman Kingdom (traditionally dated to 509 BC) and ending in 27 BC with the establis ...

, and into imperial times. The first of the

gens In ancient Rome, a gens ( or , ; : gentes ) was a family consisting of individuals who shared the same ''nomen gentilicium'' and who claimed descent from a common ancestor. A branch of a gens, sometimes identified by a distinct cognomen, was cal ...

to achieve prominence was Marcus Pomponius,

tribune of the plebs Tribune of the plebs, tribune of the people or plebeian tribune () was the first office of the Roman Republic, Roman state that was open to the plebs, plebeians, and was, throughout the history of the Republic, the most important check on the pow ...

in 449 BC; the first who obtained the

consulship The consuls were the highest elected public officials of the Roman Republic ( to 27 BC). Romans considered the consulship the second-highest level of the ''cursus honorum''an ascending sequence of public offices to which politicians aspire ...

was Manius Pomponius Matho in 233 BC.''Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology'', vol. III, p. 493 (" Pomponia Gens").

Origin

In the latter part of the Republic, it was common for various gentes to claim descent from the founding figures of Rome; the companions of

Aeneas In Greco-Roman mythology, Aeneas ( , ; from ) was a Troy, Trojan hero, the son of the Trojan prince Anchises and the Greek goddess Aphrodite (equivalent to the Roman Venus (mythology), Venus). His father was a first cousin of King Priam of Troy ...

Romulus Romulus (, ) was the legendary founder and first king of Rome. Various traditions attribute the establishment of many of Rome's oldest legal, political, religious, and social institutions to Romulus and his contemporaries. Although many of th ...

, or those who came to Rome in the time of the kings. The Pomponii claimed to be descended from Pompo, one of the sons of

Numa Pompilius Numa Pompilius (; 753–672 BC; reigned 715–672 BC) was the Roman mythology, legendary second king of Rome, succeeding Romulus after a one-year interregnum. He was of Sabine origin, and many of Rome's most important religious and political ins ...

, the second

King of Rome The king of Rome () was the ruler of the Roman Kingdom, a legendary period of Roman history that functioned as an elective monarchy. According to legend, the first king of Rome was Romulus, who founded the city in 753 BC upon the Palatine H ...

, whose image appears on some of their coins. Several other gentes also claimed Numa as their ancestor. ''Pompo'', asserted as the name of the ancestor of the Pompilii, does indeed appear to have been an ancient praenomen of Sabine origin. It was the

Oscan Oscan is an extinct Indo-European language of southern Italy. The language is in the Osco-Umbrian or Sabellic branch of the Italic languages. Oscan is therefore a close relative of Umbrian and South Picene. Oscan was spoken by a number of t ...

equivalent of ''

Quintus Quintus is a male given name derived from ''Quintus (praenomen), Quintus'', a common Latin language, Latin forename (''praenomen'') found in the culture of ancient Rome. Quintus derives from Latin word ''quintus'', meaning "fifth". Quintus is ...

'', a very common name. Numa's father is said to have been named ''Pompo Pompilius'', and it is evident that the nomen ''Pompilius'' was itself a patronymic surname derived from ''Pompo''. ''Pomponius'' appears to be derived from an adjectival form of that name, and the equivalent of the

Latin Latin ( or ) is a classical language belonging to the Italic languages, Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. Latin was originally spoken by the Latins (Italic tribe), Latins in Latium (now known as Lazio), the lower Tiber area aroun ...

nomen '' Quinctilius''. Thus, it is reasonably certain that some ancestor of the Pomponii was indeed named ''Pompo'', although the claim that he was the son of Numa may well be a later addition. An alternative explanation suggested during the early nineteenth century, was that the name might be derived from an Etruscan root, '' Pumpu'' or ''Pumpili''. In her ''History of Etruria'', Mrs. Hamilton Gray supposed ''Pumpu'' to have been the name of Numa's mother, adopted as a surname according to a tradition common to the Etruscan and Sabine cultures.

Praenomina

The Pomponii used a wide variety of

praenomina The praenomen (; plural: praenomina) was a first name chosen by the parents of a Ancient Rome, Roman child. It was first bestowed on the ''dies lustricus'' (day of lustration), the eighth day after the birth of a girl, or the ninth day after the ...

. The principal names were '' Marcus, Lucius'', and ''

Titus Titus Caesar Vespasianus ( ; 30 December 39 – 13 September AD 81) was Roman emperor from 79 to 81. A member of the Flavian dynasty, Titus succeeded his father Vespasian upon his death, becoming the first Roman emperor ever to succeed h ...

''. A few of the Pomponii bore the praenomina ''

, Publius'', and '' Sextus''. The illustrious family of the Pomponii Mathones favored '' Manius'', and there are individual instances of ''

Gaius Gaius, sometimes spelled Caius, was a common Latin praenomen; see Gaius (praenomen). People * Gaius (biblical figure) (1st century AD) *Gaius (jurist) (), Roman jurist * Gaius Acilius * Gaius Antonius * Gaius Antonius Hybrida * Gaius Asinius Gal ...

'' and '' Gnaeus''.

Branches and cognomina

In the earliest times, the Pomponii were not distinguished by any surname, and the only family that rose to importance in the time of the Republic bore the surname ''Matho''. On coins we also find the '' cognomina Molo, Musa'', and ''Rufus'', but none of these occur in ancient writers. The other surnames found during the Republic, such as ''Atticus'', were personal cognomina. Numerous surnames appear in imperial times.

Members

Early Pomponii

* Marcus Pomponius,

in 449 BC. * Marcus Pomponius, ''tribunus plebis'' in 362 BC, brought an accusation against Lucius Manlius Capitolinus, the dictator of the preceding year, but withdrew it after being threatened by the dictator's son, Titus Manlius Torquatus.

Pomponii Rufi

* Lucius Pomponius Rufus, grandfather of the consular tribune of 399 BC. * Lucius Pomponius L. f. Rufus, father of the consular tribune. * Marcus Pomponius L. f. L. n. Rufus, consular tribune in 399 BC.Broughton, vol. I, p. 85. * Quintus Pomponius (L. f. L. n. Rufus), tribune of the plebs in 395 BC, opposed a measure to establish a colony at Veii, for which reason he was accused and fined two years later.

Pomponii Mathones

* Manius Pomponius Matho, grandfather of the consul of 233 BC. * Manius Pomponius M'. n. Matho, father of the consul of 233 BC. * Manius Pomponius M'. f. M'. n. Matho, consul in 233 BC.Broughton, vol. I, p. 224. * Marcus Pomponius M'. f. M'. n. Matho, consul in 231 BC. * Marcus Pomponius (M. f. M'. n.) Matho,

praetor ''Praetor'' ( , ), also ''pretor'', was the title granted by the government of ancient Rome to a man acting in one of two official capacities: (i) the commander of an army, and (ii) as an elected ''magistratus'' (magistrate), assigned to disch ...

in 204 BC. * Pomponia M'. f. M'. n., the daughter of Manius Pomponius Matho, consul in 233 BC, was the wife of Publius Cornelius Scipio, and mother of

Scipio Africanus Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus (, , ; 236/235–) was a Roman general and statesman who was one of the main architects of Rome's victory against Ancient Carthage, Carthage in the Second Punic War. Often regarded as one of the greatest milit ...

Pomponii Bassi

* Titus Pomponius Bassus, consul ''suffectus'' in AD 94. * Lucius Pomponius Bassus, consul ''suffectus'' in AD 118. * Lucius Pomponius L. f. Bassus Cascus Scribonianus, consul ''suffectus'' between AD 128 and 143. * Gaius Pomponius C. f. Bassus Terentianus, consul ''suffectus'' around AD 193. * Pomponius Bassus, consul in AD 211, put to death by

Elagabalus Marcus Aurelius Antoninus (born Sextus Varius Avitus Bassianus, 204 – 13 March 222), better known by his posthumous nicknames Elagabalus ( ) and Heliogabalus ( ), was Roman emperor from 218 to 222, while he was still a teenager. His short r ...

, so that the emperor could marry his widow, Annia Faustina. * Pomponius Bassus, consul in AD 259 and 271; in the latter year, his colleague was the emperor

Aurelian Aurelian (; ; 9 September ) was a Roman emperor who reigned from 270 to 275 AD during the Crisis of the Third Century. As emperor, he won an unprecedented series of military victories which reunited the Roman Empire after it had nearly disinte ...

Others

Republican Pomponii

* Sextus Pomponius, legate of the consul Tiberius Sempronius Longus in 218 BC, the first year of the

Second Punic War The Second Punic War (218 to 201 BC) was the second of Punic Wars, three wars fought between Ancient Carthage, Carthage and Roman Republic, Rome, the two main powers of the western Mediterranean Basin, Mediterranean in the 3rd century BC. For ...

. * Titus Pomponius Veientanus, a '' publicanus'', who as commander of some of the allied troops in southern Italy in 213 BC, attacked the Carthaginian general Hanno; he was defeated and taken prisoner. * Marcus Pomponius, praetor ''urbanus'' in 161 BC, obtained a decree of the

senate A senate is a deliberative assembly, often the upper house or chamber of a bicameral legislature. The name comes from the ancient Roman Senate (Latin: ''Senatus''), so-called as an assembly of the senior (Latin: ''senex'' meaning "the el ...

, forbidding philosophers and rhetoricians from living at Rome. * Marcus Pomponius, an intimate friend of

Gaius Gracchus Gaius Sempronius Gracchus ( – 121 BC) was a reformist Roman politician and soldier who lived during the 2nd century BC. He is most famous for his tribunate for the years 123 and 122 BC, in which he proposed a wide set of laws, i ...

, who sacrificed himself to afford Gracchus to escape his pursuers on the day of his death, in 121 BC. * Lucius Pomponius Bononiensis, a playwright of the early first century BC. * Marcus Pomponius,

aedile Aedile ( , , from , "temple edifice") was an elected office of the Roman Republic. Based in Rome, the aediles were responsible for maintenance of public buildings () and regulation of public festivals. They also had powers to enforce public orde ...

in 82 BC, exhibited scenic games, in which the dancer Galeria Copiola appeared, at the age of 13 or 14. * Gnaeus Pomponius, an orator of some repute, and

in 90 BC, was put to death by

Sulla Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix (, ; 138–78 BC), commonly known as Sulla, was a Roman people, Roman general and statesman of the late Roman Republic. A great commander and ruthless politician, Sulla used violence to advance his career and his co ...

. * Marcus Pomponius, the name erroneously assigned by

Plutarch Plutarch (; , ''Ploútarchos'', ; – 120s) was a Greek Middle Platonist philosopher, historian, biographer, essayist, and priest at the Temple of Apollo (Delphi), Temple of Apollo in Delphi. He is known primarily for his ''Parallel Lives'', ...

to Marcus Pompeius, commander of the cavalry under

Lucullus Lucius Licinius Lucullus (; 118–57/56 BC) was a Ancient Romans, Roman List of Roman generals, general and Politician, statesman, closely connected with Lucius Cornelius Sulla. In culmination of over 20 years of almost continuous military and ...

during the

Third Mithridatic War The Third Mithridatic War (73–63 BC), the last and longest of the three Mithridatic Wars, was fought between Mithridates VI of Pontus and the Roman Republic. Both sides were joined by a great number of allies, dragging the entire east of th ...

. * Marcus Pomponius, legate of Gnaeus Pompeius during the war against the pirates in 67 BC; he was assigned to keep watch over the

Ligurian Sea The Ligurian Sea is an arm of the Mediterranean Sea. It lies between the Italian Riviera ( Liguria) and the island of Corsica. The sea is thought to have been named after the ancient Ligures people. Geography The sea borders Italy as far as ...

and the sinus Gallicus. * Titus Pomponius, father of Atticus, a man of learning, who, being possessed of considerable property, gave his son a liberal education. * Titus Pomponius T. f. Atticus, an eques, moneylender, and friend of

Cicero Marcus Tullius Cicero ( ; ; 3 January 106 BC – 7 December 43 BC) was a Roman statesman, lawyer, scholar, philosopher, orator, writer and Academic skeptic, who tried to uphold optimate principles during the political crises tha ...

. * Pomponia T. f., married Quintus Tullius Cicero. * Pomponia T. f. T. n., married

Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa (; BC – 12 BC) was a Roman general, statesman and architect who was a close friend, son-in-law and lieutenant to the Roman emperor Augustus. Agrippa is well known for his important military victories, notably the B ...

, and became the mother of

Vipsania Agrippina Vipsania Agrippina (; unknown – 20 AD) was the first wife of the Roman emperor, Emperor Tiberius. She was the daughter of Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa and Attica (wife of Agrippa), Attica, thus being a granddaughter of Titus Pomponius Atticus, t ...

, the first wife of

Tiberius Tiberius Julius Caesar Augustus ( ; 16 November 42 BC – 16 March AD 37) was Roman emperor from AD 14 until 37. He succeeded his stepfather Augustus, the first Roman emperor. Tiberius was born in Rome in 42 BC to Roman politician Tiberius Cl ...

. * Marcus Pomponius Dionysius, a freedman of Titus Pomponius Atticus. * Quintus Pomponius Musa, ''

triumvir monetalis The ''triumvir monetalis'' ( ''tresviri'' or ''triumviri monetales'', also called the , abbreviated IIIVIR A. A. A. F. F.) was a moneyer during the Roman Republic and the Empire, who oversaw the minting of coins. In that role, he would be respon ...

circa'' 66 BC. * Publius Pomponius, a companion of Publius Clodius Pulcher at the time of his death, in 52 BC. * Marcus Pomponius, commanded Caesar's fleet at Messana; the greater part of the fleet was burnt by Gaius Cassius Longinus during the

Civil War A civil war is a war between organized groups within the same Sovereign state, state (or country). The aim of one side may be to take control of the country or a region, to achieve independence for a region, or to change government policies.J ...

, in 48 BC. * Pomponius, proscribed by the triumvirs in 43 BC, he escaped Rome disguised as a Praetor, accompanied by slaves playing the part of

lictor A lictor (possibly from Latin language, Latin ''ligare'', meaning 'to bind') was a Ancient Rome, Roman civil servant who was an attendant and bodyguard to a Roman magistrate, magistrate who held ''imperium''. Roman records describe lictors as hav ...

Pomponii of imperial times

* Publius Pomponius Graecinus, consul ''suffectus'' in AD 16, was a friend of

Ovid Publius Ovidius Naso (; 20 March 43 BC – AD 17/18), known in English as Ovid ( ), was a Augustan literature (ancient Rome), Roman poet who lived during the reign of Augustus. He was a younger contemporary of Virgil and Horace, with whom he i ...

, and the brother of Lucius Pomponius Flaccus, who was consul the following year. * Pomponia Graecina, married Aulus Plautius, the first governor of

Britannia The image of Britannia () is the national personification of United Kingdom, Britain as a helmeted female warrior holding a trident and shield. An image first used by the Romans in classical antiquity, the Latin was the name variously appli ...

. * Lucius Pomponius Flaccus, consul in AD 17, was a friend of

, and the brother of Publius Pomponius Graecinus, who had been consul the preceding year. * Marcus Pomponius Marcellus, a celebrated grammarian and advocate during the reign of Tiberius. * Pomponius Labeo, governor of

Moesia Moesia (; Latin: ''Moesia''; ) was an ancient region and later Roman province situated in the Balkans south of the Danube River. As a Roman domain Moesia was administered at first by the governor of Noricum as 'Civitates of Moesia and Triballi ...

during the reign of Tiberius, he was denounced by the emperor for maladministration, and put an end to his life in AD 34. * Publius Pomponius Secundus, a celebrated tragedian, consul ''suffectus'' in AD 44, later triumphed over the

Chatti The Chatti (also Chatthi or Catti) were an ancient Germanic tribe whose homeland was near the upper Weser (''Visurgis'') river. They lived in central and northern Hesse and southern Lower Saxony, along the upper reaches of that river and in ...

. * Quintus Pomponius Secundus, brother of the playwright, consul ''suffectus'' in AD 41, joined the revolt of Camillus Scribonianus the following year. *

Pomponius Mela Pomponius Mela, who wrote around AD 43, was the earliest known Roman geographer. He was born at the end of the 1st century BC in Tingentera (now Algeciras) and died AD 45. His short work (''De situ orbis libri III.'') remained in use nea ...

, a geographer, who probably lived during the reign of

Claudius Tiberius Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus ( ; ; 1 August 10 BC – 13 October AD 54), or Claudius, was a Roman emperor, ruling from AD 41 to 54. A member of the Julio-Claudian dynasty, Claudius was born to Nero Claudius Drusus, Drusus and Ant ...

. * Pomponia Decharis, possibly a freedwoman who was buried in the tomb of Eumachia in

Pompeii Pompeii ( ; ) was a city in what is now the municipality of Pompei, near Naples, in the Campania region of Italy. Along with Herculaneum, Stabiae, and Villa Boscoreale, many surrounding villas, the city was buried under of volcanic ash and p ...

. She was the adoptive mother of Alleius Nigidius Maius, who became one of the towns most admired patrons. * Gaius Pomponius Pius, consul ''suffectus'' in AD 65. * Gaius Pomponius, consul ''suffectus'' in AD 74. * Quintus Pomponius Rufus, consul ''suffectus'' in AD 95. * Lucius Pomponius Maternus, consul ''suffectus'' in AD 97. * Gaius Pomponius Pius, consul ''suffectus'' in AD 98. * Gaius Pomponius Rufus Acilius Priscus Coelius Sparsus, consul ''suffectus'' in AD 98 and proconsul of

Africa Africa is the world's second-largest and second-most populous continent after Asia. At about 30.3 million km2 (11.7 million square miles) including adjacent islands, it covers 20% of Earth's land area and 6% of its total surfac ...

in 112/113. * Pomponius Mamilianus, consul ''suffectus'' in AD 100. * Quintus Pomponius Marcellus, consul ''suffectus'' in AD 121. * Lucius Pomponius Silvanus, consul ''suffectus'' in AD 121. * Titus Pomponius Antistianus Funisulanus Vettonianus, consul ''suffectus'' in AD 121. * Quintus Pomponius Maternus, consul ''suffectus'' in AD 128. * Sextus Pomponius, a jurist active during the time of

Hadrian Hadrian ( ; ; 24 January 76 – 10 July 138) was Roman emperor from 117 to 138. Hadrian was born in Italica, close to modern Seville in Spain, an Italic peoples, Italic settlement in Hispania Baetica; his branch of the Aelia gens, Aelia '' ...

. * Gaius Pomponius Camerinus, consul in AD 138. * Quintus Pomponius Musa, consul in AD 158. * Titus Pomponius Proculus Vitrasius Pollio, consul ''iter'' in AD 178. * Pomponius Porphyrion, an important commentator on the poet Quintus Horatius Flaccus. * Pomponius Faustinianus, governor of

Egypt Egypt ( , ), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a country spanning the Northeast Africa, northeast corner of Africa and Western Asia, southwest corner of Asia via the Sinai Peninsula. It is bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to northe ...

from AD 185 to 187. * Lucius Pomponius Liberalis, consul ''suffectus'' in AD 204. * Pomponia Rufina, a

Vestal Virgin In ancient Rome, the Vestal Virgins or Vestals (, singular ) were priestesses of Vesta, virgin goddess of Rome's sacred hearth and its flame. The Vestals were unlike any other public priesthood. They were chosen before puberty from several s ...

put to death by Caracalla.Cassius Dio, lxxvii, 16. * Marcus Pomponius Maecius Probus, consul ''suffectus'' in AD 228. * Pomponius Januarianus, consul in AD 288.

Notes

References

{{reflist

Bibliography

Marcus Tullius Cicero Marcus Tullius Cicero ( ; ; 3 January 106 BC – 7 December 43 BC) was a Roman statesman, lawyer, scholar, philosopher, orator, writer and Academic skeptic, who tried to uphold optimate principles during the political crises tha ...

, '' Brutus'', ''

De Officiis ''De Officiis'' (''On Duties'', ''On Obligations'', or ''On Moral Responsibilities'') is a 44 BC treatise by Marcus Tullius Cicero divided into three books, in which Cicero expounds his conception of the best way to live, behave, and observe mor ...

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De Oratore ''De Oratore'' (''On the Orator'') is a dialogue written by Cicero in 55 BC. It is set in 91 BC, when Lucius Licinius Crassus dies, just before the Social War and the civil war between Marius and Sulla, during which Marcus Antonius, the oth ...

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Commentarii de Bello Civili '' Commentarii de Bello Civili'' (''Commentaries on the Civil War''), or ''Bellum Civile'', is an account written by Julius Caesar of his war against Gnaeus Pompeius and the Roman Senate. It consists of three books covering the events of 49– ...

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Livy Titus Livius (; 59 BC – AD 17), known in English as Livy ( ), was a Roman historian. He wrote a monumental history of Rome and the Roman people, titled , covering the period from the earliest legends of Rome before the traditional founding i ...

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Marcus Velleius Paterculus Marcus Velleius Paterculus (; ) was a Roman historian, soldier and senator. His Roman history, written in a highly rhetorical style, covered the period from the end of the Trojan War to AD 30, but is most useful for the period from the death o ...

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Valerius Maximus Valerius Maximus () was a 1st-century Latin writer and author of a collection of historical anecdotes: ' ("Nine books of memorable deeds and sayings", also known as ''De factis dictisque memorabilibus'' or ''Facta et dicta memorabilia''). He worke ...

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Pliny the Elder Gaius Plinius Secundus (AD 23/24 79), known in English as Pliny the Elder ( ), was a Roman Empire, Roman author, Natural history, naturalist, and naval and army commander of the early Roman Empire, and a friend of the Roman emperor, emperor Vesp ...

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Naturalis Historia The ''Natural History'' () is a Latin work by Pliny the Elder. The largest single work to have survived from the Roman Empire to the modern day, the ''Natural History'' compiles information gleaned from other ancient authors. Despite the work' ...

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Publius Cornelius Tacitus Publius Cornelius Tacitus, known simply as Tacitus ( , ; – ), was a Roman historian and politician. Tacitus is widely regarded as one of the greatest Roman historiography, Roman historians by modern scholars. Tacitus’ two major historical ...

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Appian Appian of Alexandria (; ; ; ) was a Greek historian with Roman citizenship who prospered during the reigns of the Roman Emperors Trajan, Hadrian, and Antoninus Pius. He was born c. 95 in Alexandria. After holding the senior offices in the pr ...

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Cassius Dio Lucius Cassius Dio (), also known as Dio Cassius ( ), was a Roman historian and senator of maternal Greek origin. He published 80 volumes of the history of ancient Rome, beginning with the arrival of Aeneas in Italy. The volumes documented the ...

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Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology The ''Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology'' is a biographical dictionary of classical antiquity, edited by William Smith (lexicographer), William Smith and originally published in London by John Taylor (English publisher), Tayl ...

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