The enzyme polynucleotide 5′-phosphatase (RNA 5′-triphosphatase, RTPase, EC 3.1.3.33) is an

enzyme An enzyme () is a protein that acts as a biological catalyst by accelerating chemical reactions. The molecules upon which enzymes may act are called substrate (chemistry), substrates, and the enzyme converts the substrates into different mol ...

that

catalyzes Catalysis () is the increase in rate of a chemical reaction due to an added substance known as a catalyst (). Catalysts are not consumed by the reaction and remain unchanged after it. If the reaction is rapid and the catalyst recycles quick ...

the reaction :a 5′-phosphopolynucleotide + H₂O

\rightleftharpoons

a polynucleotide + phosphate This enzyme belongs to the family of

hydrolase In biochemistry, hydrolases constitute a class of enzymes that commonly function as biochemical catalysts that use water to break a chemical bond: :\ce \quad \xrightarrowtext\quad \ce This typically results in dividing a larger molecule into s ...

s, specifically those acting on phosphoric

monoester In chemistry, an ester is a compound derived from an acid (either organic or inorganic) in which the hydrogen atom (H) of at least one acidic hydroxyl group () of that acid is replaced by an organyl group (R). These compounds contain a distinct ...

bonds. The

systematic name A systematic name is a name given in a systematic way to one unique group, organism, object or chemical substance, out of a specific population or collection. Systematic names are usually part of a nomenclature. A semisystematic name or semitrivi ...

is polynucleotide 5′-phosphohydrolase. This enzyme is also called 5′-polynucleotidase. The only specific molecular function known is the catalysis of the reaction: :a 5′-end triphospho-(purine-ribonucleotide) in mRNA + H₂O = a 5′-end diphospho-(purine-ribonucleoside) in mRNA + phosphate RTPases cleave the 5′-terminal γ-β phosphoanhydride bond of nascent

messenger RNA In molecular biology, messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) is a single-stranded molecule of RNA that corresponds to the genetic sequence of a gene, and is read by a ribosome in the process of synthesizing a protein. mRNA is created during the ...

molecules, enabling the addition of a

five-prime cap In molecular biology, the five-prime cap (5′ cap) is a specially altered nucleotide on the 5′ end of some primary transcripts such as precursor messenger RNA. This process, known as mRNA capping, is highly regulated and vital in the creation ...

as part of

post-transcriptional modification Transcriptional modification or co-transcriptional modification is a set of biological processes common to most eukaryotic cells by which an RNA primary transcript is chemically altered following transcription from a gene to produce a mature, f ...

s. RTPases generate 5′-diphosphate-ended mRNA and a phosphate ion from 5′-triphosphate-ended

precursor mRNA Precursor or Precursors may refer to: *Precursor (religion), a forerunner, predecessor ** The Precursor, John the Baptist Science and technology * Precursor (bird), hypothesized genus of fossil birds that was composed of fossilized parts of unrel ...

. mRNA guanylyltransferase then adds a backwards

guanosine monophosphate Guanosine monophosphate (GMP), also known as 5′-guanidylic acid or guanylic acid (conjugate base guanylate), is a nucleotide that is used as a monomer in RNA. It is an ester of phosphoric acid with the nucleoside guanosine. GMP consists of the p ...

(GMP) group from GTP, generating

pyrophosphate In chemistry, pyrophosphates are phosphorus oxyanions that contain two phosphorus atoms in a linkage. A number of pyrophosphate salts exist, such as disodium pyrophosphate () and tetrasodium pyrophosphate (), among others. Often pyrophosphates a ...

, and

mRNA (guanine-N7-)-methyltransferase In enzymology, a mRNA (guanine-N7-)-methyltransferase also known as mRNA cap guanine-N7 methyltransferase is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction :''S''-adenosyl-L-methionine + G(5')pppR-RNA \rightleftharpoons ''S''-adenosyl-L-homocys ...

methylates the

guanine Guanine () (symbol G or Gua) is one of the four main nucleotide bases found in the nucleic acids DNA and RNA, the others being adenine, cytosine, and thymine ( uracil in RNA). In DNA, guanine is paired with cytosine. The guanine nucleoside ...

to form the final 5′-cap structure. There are two families of RTPases known so far: *the metal-dependent family.

Yeast Yeasts are eukaryotic, single-celled microorganisms classified as members of the fungus kingdom (biology), kingdom. The first yeast originated hundreds of millions of years ago, and at least 1,500 species are currently recognized. They are est ...

protozoa Protozoa (: protozoan or protozoon; alternative plural: protozoans) are a polyphyletic group of single-celled eukaryotes, either free-living or parasitic, that feed on organic matter such as other microorganisms or organic debris. Historically ...

n, and viral RTPases require a metal co-factor for their activity, which is most often either Mg²⁺ or Mn²⁺. This class of enzymes is also able to hydrolyze free

nucleoside triphosphate A nucleoside triphosphate is a nucleoside containing a nitrogenous base bound to a 5-carbon sugar (either ribose or deoxyribose), with three phosphate groups bound to the sugar. They are the molecular precursors of both DNA and RNA, which are chai ...

s in the presence of either Mn²⁺ or Co²⁺. *the metal-independent family. These groups do not require metals for their activity, and some enzymes have been shown to be inactivated in the presence of metal ions. These enzymes are very much similar to

protein tyrosine phosphatase Protein tyrosine phosphatases (EC 3.1.3.48, systematic name protein-tyrosine-phosphate phosphohydrolase) are a group of enzymes that remove phosphate groups from phosphorylated tyrosine residues on proteins: : proteintyrosine phosphate + H2O = ...

s in their structure and mechanism. This family includes RTPases from mammals, plants, and other higher eukaryotes, and is structurally and mechanistically different from the metal-dependent RTPase family.

Structural studies

As of late 2007, 5

structures A structure is an arrangement and organization of interrelated elements in a material object or system, or the object or system so organized. Material structures include man-made objects such as buildings and machines and natural objects such as ...

have been solved for this class of enzymes, with PDB accession codes , , , , and .

Structural studies

See also

References

Further reading