Pine–oak forest, pine–oak woodland, or oak–pine forest is a group of similar of ecosystems, primarily found in North and Central America. These areas are dominated by

pine A pine is any conifer tree or shrub in the genus ''Pinus'' () of the family Pinaceae. ''Pinus'' is the sole genus in the subfamily Pinoideae. ''World Flora Online'' accepts 134 species-rank taxa (119 species and 15 nothospecies) of pines as cu ...

and

oak An oak is a hardwood tree or shrub in the genus ''Quercus'' of the beech family. They have spirally arranged leaves, often with lobed edges, and a nut called an acorn, borne within a cup. The genus is widely distributed in the Northern Hemisp ...

trees. Under the Forest-Range Environmental Study Ecosystems classification these are denoted as FRES 14. FRES14 includes the Kuchler system forest types of cedar–hemlock–Douglas-fir forest (K-2), Douglas-fir forest (K-11),

California mixed evergreen forest : California mixed evergreen forest is a plant community found in the mountain ranges of California and southwestern Oregon. The Mixed evergreen forest plant community is native to the Northern and Southern California Coast Ranges and Sierra Ne ...

(K-25), and Mosaic of cedar-hemlock-douglas-fir forest and Oregon oakwoods (K-24). A pine–oak forest can be a stage in

ecological succession Ecological succession is the process of how species compositions change in an Community (ecology), ecological community over time. The two main categories of ecological succession are primary succession and secondary succession. Primary successi ...

between pine forests and

oak forest An oak forest is a plant community with a tree canopy dominated by oaks (''Quercus spp.''). In terms of canopy closure, oak forests contain the most closed canopy, compared to oak savannas and oak woodlands. Setting Oak forests are categoriz ...

s. It can also be a long-term stable stage. Sierra

Examples include: *

Central American pine–oak forests The Central American pine–oak forests is a tropical and subtropical coniferous forests ecoregion in the mountains of northern Central America and Chiapas state in southern Mexico. Setting The Central American pine–oak forests occupy an area ...

Central Appalachian dry oak–pine forest The central Appalachian dry oak–pine forest is a forest system found from Maine south through New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Maryland, to West Virginia and Virginia. It is ab ...

* Central Appalachian pine–oak rocky woodland *

Madrean pine–oak woodlands The Madrean pine–oak woodlands are subtropical woodlands found in the mountains of Mexico and the southwestern United States. They are a biogeography, biogeographic region of the tropical and subtropical coniferous forests and temperate broadlea ...

Mesoamerican pine–oak forests The Mesoamerican pine–oak forests is a composite ecoregion of southern Mexico and Central America, designated by the World Wildlife Fund as one of their Global 200 ecoregions, a list of priority ecoregions for conservation. These forests include ...

* Pine-oak Forests, Puebla *

Sierra Juárez and San Pedro Mártir pine–oak forests The Sierra Juárez and San Pedro Mártir pine–oak forests is a Nearctic temperate coniferous forests ecoregion that covers the higher elevations of the Sierra Juárez and Sierra San Pedro Mártir ranges of the Peninsular Ranges, of the norther ...

Sierra Madre Occidental pine–oak forests The Sierra Madre Occidental pine–oak forests () are a Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests ecoregion of the Sierra Madre Occidental range from the southwest USA region to the western part of Mexico. They are home to a large number of endemic p ...

Sierra Madre Oriental pine–oak forests The Sierra Madre Oriental pine–oak forests are a temperate broadleaf and mixed forest ecoregion of northeastern and Central Mexico, extending into the state of Texas in the United States. Setting The Sierra Madre Oriental pine–oak forests are ...

* Sierra Madre de Oaxaca pine–oak forests *

Sierra Madre del Sur pine–oak forests The Sierra Madre del Sur pine–oak forests is a tropical and subtropical coniferous forests, subtropical coniferous forest ecoregion in the Sierra Madre del Sur mountain range of southern Mexico. Setting The Sierra Madre del Sur pine–oak fore ...

Sierra de la Laguna pine–oak forests The Sierra de la Laguna pine–oak forests are a tropical and subtropical coniferous forests, subtropical coniferous forest terrestrial ecoregion, ecoregion, found in the Sierra de la Laguna mountain range at the southern tip of the Baja Califor ...

Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt pine–oak forests The Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt pine–oak forests is a subtropical coniferous forest ecoregion of the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt of central Mexico. Setting The Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt pine–oak forests occupy an area of , extending from ...

References

{{Reflist Forests of North America Ecoregions of North America Pine–oak forests

See also

References