Phyllodesmium

''Phyllodesmium'' is a genus of predatory sea slugs, aeolid nudibranchs, marine gastropod molluscs in the family Facelinidae.Bouchet, P. (2012). ''Phyllodesmium'' Ehrenberg, 1831. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=204424 on 2012-06-05

These nudibranchs occur in the tropical Indo-Pacific Ocean and warm temperate waters of Japan, Tasmania and South Africa.

The nudibranchs in this genus often show extraordinary mimicry, each species very closely resembling its prey species, which are octocorals, a kind of soft coral.Moore E. & Gosliner T. (18 August 2009)
"Three new species of ''Phyllodesmium'' Ehrenberg (Gastropoda: Nudibranchia: Aeolidoidea), and a revised phylogenetic analysis"
'' Zootaxa'' 2201: 30–48.

Some of the species are also unusual in that they are able to utilize zooxanthellae from their prey, in a symbiotic relationship that provides them with extra nutrition from photosynthesis, hence they are commonly called "solar-powered" sea slugs (also see the Sacoglossa).

Species

Species within the genus ''Phyllodesmium'' include:

* ''Phyllodesmium acanthorhinum'' Moore & Gosliner, 2015
* '' Phyllodesmium briareum'' (Bergh, 1896)
* ''Phyllodesmium colemani'' Rudman, 1991
* ''Phyllodesmium crypticum'' Rudman, 1981Rudman W. B. (1981). "The anatomy and biology of alcyonarian-feeding aeolid opisthobranch molluscs and their development of symbiosis with zooxanthellae". '' Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society'' 72(3): 219-262. .
* '' Phyllodesmium guamense'' Avila, Ballesteros, Slattery, Starmer & Paul, 1998
* ''Phyllodesmium horridum'' (Macnae, 1954)
* '' Phyllodesmium hyalinum'' (Ehrenberg, 1831) - type species
* ''Phyllodesmium iriomotense'' Baba, 1991Baba K. (1991). "Taxonomical study of some species of the genus ''Phyllodesmium'' from Cape Muroto-misaki, Shikoku, and Okinawa Province, Southern Japan (Nudibranchia: Facelinidae)". ''Venus'' 50(2): 109-124
abstract

* '' Phyllodesmium jakobsenae'' Burghardt & Wägele, 2004Burghardt I. & Wägele H. (2004). "A new solar powered species of the genus ''Phyllodesmium'' Ehrenberg, 1831 (Mollusca: Nudibranchia: Aeolidoidea) from Indonesia with analysis of its photosynthetic activity and notes on biology". '' Zootaxa'' 596: 1-18
PDFt

* '' Phyllodesmium kabiranum'' Baba, 1991
* '' Phyllodesmium karenae'' Moore & Gosliner, 2009
* '' Phyllodesmium koehleri'' Burghardt, Schrödl & Wägele, 2008
* '' Phyllodesmium lembehense'' Burghardt, Schrödl & Wägele, 2008
* '' Phyllodesmium lizardense'' Burghardt, Schrödl & Wägele, 2008Burghardt I., Schrödl M. & Wägele H. (2008). "Three new solar-powered species of the genus ''Phyllodesmium'' Ehrenberg, 1831 (Mollusca: Nudibranchia: Aeolidioidea) from the tropical Indo-Pacific, with analysis of their photosynthetic activity and notes on biology". '' Journal of Molluscan Studies'' 74(3): 277-292.
abstract

* '' Phyllodesmium longicirrum'' (Bergh, 1905)
* ''Phyllodesmium macphersonae'' (Burn, 1962)
* '' Phyllodesmium magnum'' Rudman, 1991Rudman W. B. (1991). "Further studies on the taxonomy and biology of the octocoral-feeding genus ''Phyllodesmium'' Ehrenberg, 1831 (Nudibranchia: Aeolidacea)". ''Journal of Molluscan Studies'' 57(2): 167–203
abstract

* '' Phyllodesmium opalescens'' Rudman, 1991
* '' Phyllodesmium orientale'' Baba, 1991
* '' Phyllodesmium parangatum'' Ortiz & Gosliner, 2003
* '' Phyllodesmium pecten'' Rudman, 1981
* ''Phyllodesmium pinnatum'' Moore & Gosliner, 2009
* ''Phyllodesmium poindimiei'' (Risbec, 1928)
* '' Phyllodesmium rudmani'' Burghardt & Gosliner, 2006Burghardt I. & Gosliner T. M. (2006). "''Phyllodesmium rudmani'' (Mollusca: Nudibranchia: Aeolidoidea), a new solar powered species from the Indo-West Pacific with data on its symbiosis with zooxanthellae". '' Zootaxa'' 1308: 31-47
abstractfull PDF

* ''Phyllodesmium serratum'' (Baba, 1949)
* '' Phyllodesmium tuberculatum'' Moore & Gosliner, 2009
* '' Phyllodesmium undulatum'' Moore & Gosliner, 2014

;Species brought into synonymy:
* ''Phyllodesmium xeniae'' Gohar & Aboul-Ela, 1957: synonym of ''Phyllodesmium hyalinum'' Ehrenberg, 1831

File:Phyllodesmium crypticum.jpg, ''Phyllodesmium crypticum''
File:Phyllodesmium kabiranum.jpg, '' Phyllodesmium kabiranum''
File:Phyllodesmium longicirrum.jpg, '' Phyllodesmium longicirrum''

Ecology

Species of the genus ''Phyllodesmium'' are carnivorous and feed on octocorals (for example in the family Xeniidae). This is a unique feature within the Aeolidida.

Some of these nudibranchs contain endosymbiotic zooxanthellae, which are in effect single-celled plants. Zooxanthellae are one kind of dinoflagellate protists and they live only within other organisms, most notably in corals. The nudibranchs in this genus obtain zooxanthellae from their food, the soft corals.
As they previously did within the corals, the zooxanthellae provide the nudibranch with a supply of food in the form of the products of photosynthesis. The nudibranchs are able to avoid digesting these protists, and sequester them in their tissues instead. This process is somewhat reminiscent of the relationship between the Sacoglossan sea slugs and the living chloroplasts that they are able to sequester. Both these nudibranchs and the sacoglossans have been referred to as "solar-powered sea slugs".Rudman, W.B., 1998 (October 11
Solar-powered sea slugs.
n/nowiki> Sea Slug Forum. Australian Museum, Sydney.

Many other species of nudibranchs are brilliantly colored in order to warn away would-be predators, that is, they have aposematic coloring. This is because they contain in their tissues many examples of an organ called the cnidosac which contains undischarged cnidocytes (also known as nematocysts). These are stinging cells that the nudibranchs obtain from the tissues of the cnidarians they eat. Thus the very brightly colored nudibranchs are quite unpalatable for predators. Some nudibranchs, such as '' Glaucus atlanticus'', are even capable of stinging humans very painfully.

The nudibranchs in this genus, however, use an opposite tactic. They do not have cnidosacs, and thus they would in reality be palatable to eat for various predators, however they are almost all extremely well camouflaged, so that they resemble almost perfectly the soft coral on which they live and feed, not only in color but also in form. The shape and form of the cerata of the nudibranch in each individual species resembles very closely the tentacles of the species of soft coral polyp on which that species feeds. This excellent camouflage also makes these nudibranchs difficult for humans to notice, and it is likely that a number of species in this genus have not yet been discovered, described and named scientifically.

Another tactic these nudibranchs use to protect themselves is that when threatened by a predator, they can drop one or more of their cerata. These organs will wiggle for some time after being cast off, hopefully distracting a predator away from the animal itself.''Phyllodesmium magnum Rudman, 1991
. Sea Slug Forum, accessed 26 September 2009. This is an example of a defensive technique known as autotomy.

A molecular phylogeny study of ''Phyllodesmium'' by Moore and Gosliner (2011)Moore E. J. & Gosliner T. M. (2011). "Molecular phylogeny and evolution of symbiosis in a clade of Indopacific nudibranchs". '' Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution'' Volume 58, Issue 1, January 2011, Pages 116–123 . accessed 17 December 2010. demonstrated that the non-symbiotic species of ''Phyllodesmium'' evolved separately from the symbiotic species of ''Phyllodesmium''. However, there is one exception: '' Phyllodesmium karenae'' evolved in the symbiotic clade and subsequently lost its zooxanthellae.

References

External links

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{{Taxonbar, from=Q3901735

Facelinidae
Taxa named by Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg