The Philippine Revolutionary Army ( Spanish: ; ), later renamed Philippine Republican Army, was the

army An army, ground force or land force is an armed force that fights primarily on land. In the broadest sense, it is the land-based military branch, service branch or armed service of a nation or country. It may also include aviation assets by ...

of the

First Philippine Republic The Philippine Republic (), now officially remembered as the First Philippine Republic and also referred to by historians as the Malolos Republic, was a state established in Malolos, Bulacan, during the Philippine Revolution against the Spanish ...

from its formation in March 1897 to its dissolution in November of 1899 in favor of guerrilla operations in the

Philippine–American War The Philippine–American War, known alternatively as the Philippine Insurrection, Filipino–American War, or Tagalog Insurgency, emerged following the conclusion of the Spanish–American War in December 1898 when the United States annexed th ...

History

Insurgent soldiers in the Philippines 1899

The revolutionary army used the 1896 edition of the Spanish regular army's ''Ordenanza del Ejército'' to organize its forces and establish its character as a modern army. Rules and regulations were laid down for the reorganization of the army, along with the regulation of ranks and the adoption of new fighting methods, new rank insignias, and a new standard uniform known as the '' rayadillo''. Filipino artist

Juan Luna Juan Luna de San Pedro y Novicio (, ; October 25, 1857 – December 7, 1899) was a Filipino painter, sculptor and a political activism, activist of the Philippine Revolution during the late 19th century. He became one of the first recog ...

is credited with this design. Juan Luna also designed the collar insignia for the uniforms, distinguishing between the services:

infantry Infantry, or infantryman are a type of soldier who specialize in ground combat, typically fighting dismounted. Historically the term was used to describe foot soldiers, i.e. those who march and fight on foot. In modern usage, the term broadl ...

cavalry Historically, cavalry (from the French word ''cavalerie'', itself derived from ''cheval'' meaning "horse") are groups of soldiers or warriors who Horses in warfare, fight mounted on horseback. Until the 20th century, cavalry were the most mob ...

artillery Artillery consists of ranged weapons that launch Ammunition, munitions far beyond the range and power of infantry firearms. Early artillery development focused on the ability to breach defensive walls and fortifications during sieges, and l ...

sapper A sapper, also called a combat engineer, is a combatant or soldier who performs a variety of military engineering duties, such as breaching fortifications, demolitions, bridge-building, laying or clearing minefields, preparing field defenses ...

s, and

medic A medic is a person trained to provide medical care, encompassing a wide range of individuals involved in the diagnosis, treatment, and management of health conditions. The term can refer to fully qualified medical practitioners, such as physic ...

s. His brother, General

Antonio Luna Antonio Narciso Luna de San Pedro y Novicio Ancheta (; October 29, 1866 – June 5, 1899) was a Filipinos, Filipino army general and a pharmacist who fought in the Philippine–American War before his assassination on June 5, 1899, at the age ...

commissioned him with the task and personally paid for the new uniforms. At least one researcher has postulated that Juan Luna may have patterned the tunic after the English Norfolk jacket, since the Filipino version is not a copy of any Spanish-pattern uniform.

Infantry Infantry, or infantryman are a type of soldier who specialize in ground combat, typically fighting dismounted. Historically the term was used to describe foot soldiers, i.e. those who march and fight on foot. In modern usage, the term broadl ...

officers wore blue pants with two white stripes down the side, while

Cavalry Historically, cavalry (from the French word ''cavalerie'', itself derived from ''cheval'' meaning "horse") are groups of soldiers or warriors who Horses in warfare, fight mounted on horseback. Until the 20th century, cavalry were the most mob ...

officers wore red trousers with two black stripes. Soldiers and junior officers wore straw hats while senior officers often wore peaked caps. Orders and circulars were issued covering matters such as building trenches and fortifications, equipping every male aged 15 to 50 with bows and arrows (as well as bolo knives, though officers wielded European swords), enticing Filipino soldiers in the Spanish army to defect, collecting empty cartridges for refilling, prohibiting unplanned sorties, inventories of captured arms and ammunition, fundraising, purchasing of arms and supplies abroad, unification of military commands, and exhorting the rich to give aid to the soldiers. Aguinaldo, a month after he declared Philippine independence, created a pay scale for officers in the army: Following the board, a brigadier general would receive 600 pesos annually, and a sergeant 72 pesos. When the

erupted on February 4, 1899, the Filipino army suffered heavy losses on every sector. Even

urged

Apolinario Mabini Apolinario Mabini y Maranán (; July 23, 1864 – May 13, 1903) was a Filipino revolutionary, revolutionary leader, educator, lawyer, and Politician, statesman who served first as a legal and constitutional adviser to the Philippine Revolution# ...

, Aguinaldo's chief adviser, to convince the President that

guerrilla warfare Guerrilla warfare is a form of unconventional warfare in which small groups of irregular military, such as rebels, partisans, paramilitary personnel or armed civilians, which may include recruited children, use ambushes, sabotage, terrori ...

must be announced as early as April 1899. Aguinaldo adopted guerrilla tactics on November 13, 1899, dissolving what remained of the regular army and after many of his crack units were decimated in set-piece battles.

Weaponry

The Filipinos were short on modern weapons. Most of its weapons were captured from the Spanish, were improvised or were traditional weapons. The service rifles of the nascent army were the Spanish M93 and the Spanish Remington Rolling Block rifle. Moreover, while in Hong Kong,

Emilio Aguinaldo Emilio Aguinaldo y Famy (: March 22, 1869February 6, 1964) was a Filipino revolutionary, statesman, and military leader who became the first List of presidents of the Philippines, president of the Philippines (1899–1901), and the first pre ...

purchased rifles from the Americans. Two batches of 2,000 rifles each including ammunition were ordered and paid for. The first batch arrived while the second batch never did. In his letters to Galicano Apacible,

Mariano Ponce Mariano Ponce y Collantes (; March 22, 1863 – May 23, 1918) commonly known as just Mariano Ponce was a Filipino physician, writer, statesman, and active member of the Propaganda Movement. In Spain, he was among the founders of ''La Solidarid ...

also sought weapons from both domestic and international dealers in the

Empire of Japan The Empire of Japan, also known as the Japanese Empire or Imperial Japan, was the Japanese nation state that existed from the Meiji Restoration on January 3, 1868, until the Constitution of Japan took effect on May 3, 1947. From Japan–Kor ...

. He was offered different breech-loading

single-shot In firearm designs, the term single-shot refers to guns that can hold only a single round of ammunition inside and thus must be reloaded manually after every shot. Compared to multi-shot repeating firearms ("repeaters"), single-shot designs have ...

rifles since most nations were discarding them in favor of new smokeless

bolt-action Bolt action is a type of manual Action (firearms), firearm action that is operated by ''directly'' manipulating the bolt (firearms), turn-bolt via a cocking handle, bolt handle, most commonly placed on the right-hand side of the firearm (a ...

rifles. However, there was no mention of any purchase occurring. Another planned purchase was the

Murata rifle The was the first indigenously produced Japanese service rifle adopted in 1880 as the ''Meiji Type 13 Murata single-shot rifle''. The ''13'' referred to the adoption date, the year 13 in the Meiji period according to the Japanese calendar. De ...

from Japan but no record exists that it made its way into the hands of Filipino revolutionaries. Crew-served weapons of the Philippine military included lantaka, Krupp guns, Hontoria guns, Ordóñez guns, Hotchkiss guns, Nordenfelt guns, Maxim guns, and Colt guns. Many of these were captured from the Spanish and the Americans. There were also improvised artillery weapons made of water pipes reinforced with bamboo or timber, which could only fire once or twice. File:Armamento - Museo de Armas de la Nación 97 (Mondragon cropped).jpg, The Filipino Army considered acquiring the Mondragón rifle. File:Murata gun.jpg,

s were used in small numbers by the Filipino Army. File:Gevär m-1867 Sverige (Typexemplar serienummer 1 - Armémuseum).jpg, The Spanish Remington Rolling Block rifle was one of the first rifles used by the Filipinos during the

Revolution In political science, a revolution (, 'a turn around') is a rapid, fundamental transformation of a society's class, state, ethnic or religious structures. According to sociologist Jack Goldstone, all revolutions contain "a common set of elements ...

. File:Nordenfelt machine gun 10 barrels.jpg, the multi-barreled Nordenfelt machine gun. File:Philippine Revolutionary Army Rifles.jpg, Relics of Mauser 93 rifles used by Filipino infantry during the Philippine Revolution and Philippine–American War on display at Clark Museum. File:Filipino knives.jpg, Bolo knives were widely available in the islands and were used extensively by the revolutionaries.

Ranks

Commissioned officer ranks

The rank insignia of

commissioned officer An officer is a person who holds a position of authority as a member of an armed force or uniformed service. Broadly speaking, "officer" means a commissioned officer, a non-commissioned officer (NCO), or a warrant officer. However, absent ...

Other ranks

The rank insignia of

non-commissioned officer A non-commissioned officer (NCO) is an enlisted rank, enlisted leader, petty officer, or in some cases warrant officer, who does not hold a Commission (document), commission. Non-commissioned officers usually earn their position of authority b ...

s and enlisted personnel.

Branch colors

In 1898, the Philippine government prescribed branch colors twice:

Branch insignia

*Engineers: A castle superimposed on a diagonally crossed pickax and

shovel A shovel is a tool used for digging, lifting, and moving bulk materials, such as soil, coal, gravel, snow, sand, or ore. Most shovels are hand tools consisting of a broad blade fixed to a medium-length handle. Shovel blades are usually made ...

, surmounted by a

sun The Sun is the star at the centre of the Solar System. It is a massive, nearly perfect sphere of hot plasma, heated to incandescence by nuclear fusion reactions in its core, radiating the energy from its surface mainly as visible light a ...

. *Artillery: Crossed

field gun A field gun is a field artillery piece. Originally the term referred to smaller guns that could accompany a field army on the march, that when in combat could be moved about the battlefield in response to changing circumstances (field artillery ...

s above six cannonballs, surmounted by a sun. *Infantry: A diagonally crossed

dagger A dagger is a fighting knife with a very sharp point and usually one or two sharp edges, typically designed or capable of being used as a cutting or stabbing, thrusting weapon.State v. Martin, 633 S.W.2d 80 (Mo. 1982): This is the dictionary or ...

and bolo surmounted by a sun, superimposed on three concentric circles. *Cavalry: Two crossed

lance The English term lance is derived, via Middle English '' launce'' and Old French '' lance'', from the Latin '' lancea'', a generic term meaning a wikt:lancea#Noun">lancea'', a generic term meaning a spear">wikt:lancea#Noun">lancea'', a generi ...

s over two crossed

saber A sabre or saber ( ) is a type of backsword with a curved blade associated with the light cavalry of the Early Modern warfare, early modern and Napoleonic period, Napoleonic periods. Originally associated with Central European cavalry such a ...

s, surmounted by a sun. *Light Infantry/Rifle battalions: Two crossed

rifle A rifle is a long gun, long-barreled firearm designed for accurate shooting and higher stopping power, with a gun barrel, barrel that has a helical or spiralling pattern of grooves (rifling) cut into the bore wall. In keeping with their focus o ...

s with fixed

bayonet A bayonet (from Old French , now spelt ) is a -4; we might wonder whether there's a point at which it's appropriate to talk of the beginnings of French, that is, when it wa ... , now spelt ) is a knife, dagger">knife">-4; we might wonder whethe ...

s surmounted by a sun, superimposed on three concentric circles. (This badge is the basis of the current PA infantry branch insignia). *Intendancy-Quartermaster: A

cockade A cockade is a knot of ribbons, or other circular- or oval-shaped symbol of distinctive colours which is usually worn on a hat or cap. The word cockade derives from the French ''cocarde'', from Old French ''coquarde'', feminine of ''coquard'' (va ...

within a wreath surmounted by a sun. *Signals: Six lightning bolts over a semicircular wreath surmounted by a sun. *Medical Service: A bowl of Hygieia within a wreath surmounted by a sun.

Recruitment and conscription

During the revolution against

Spain Spain, or the Kingdom of Spain, is a country in Southern Europe, Southern and Western Europe with territories in North Africa. Featuring the Punta de Tarifa, southernmost point of continental Europe, it is the largest country in Southern Eur ...

, the

Katipunan The Katipunan (), officially known as the (; ) and abbreviated as the KKK, was a revolutionary organization founded in 1892 by a group of Filipino nationalists Deodato Arellano, Andrés Bonifacio, Valentin Diaz, Ladislao Diwa, José Dizon, an ...

gave leaflets to the people to encourage them to join the revolution. Since the revolutionaries had become regular soldiers at the time of

, they started to recruit males and some females aged 15 and above as a form of national service. A few Spanish and Filipino enlisted personnel and officers of the Spanish Army and Spanish Navy defected to the Revolutionary Army, as well as a number of foreign individuals and American defectors who volunteered to join during the course of the revolution. Conscription in the revolutionary army was in effect in the

Philippines The Philippines, officially the Republic of the Philippines, is an Archipelagic state, archipelagic country in Southeast Asia. Located in the western Pacific Ocean, it consists of List of islands of the Philippines, 7,641 islands, with a tot ...

and

military service Military service is service by an individual or group in an army or other militia, air forces, and naval forces, whether as a chosen job (volunteer military, volunteer) or as a result of an involuntary draft (conscription). Few nations, such ...

was mandatory at that time by the order of Gen.

, the Chief Commander of the Army during the

Organization

The largest standard unit in the Filipino army according to the decree issued by President Aguinaldo on July 30, 1898 was the

battalion A battalion is a military unit, typically consisting of up to one thousand soldiers. A battalion is commanded by a lieutenant colonel and subdivided into several Company (military unit), companies, each typically commanded by a Major (rank), ...

, which varied in size depending on the province: six-

company A company, abbreviated as co., is a Legal personality, legal entity representing an association of legal people, whether Natural person, natural, Juridical person, juridical or a mixture of both, with a specific objective. Company members ...

battalions in populous provinces like

Cavite Cavite, officially the Province of Cavite (; Chavacano: ''Provincia de Cavite''), is a Provinces of the Philippines, province of the Philippines located in the Calabarzon region. On the southern shores of Manila Bay and southwest of Manila, i ...

and

Manila Manila, officially the City of Manila, is the Capital of the Philippines, capital and second-most populous city of the Philippines after Quezon City, with a population of 1,846,513 people in 2020. Located on the eastern shore of Manila Bay on ...

, four-company battalions in Morong, Bataan, and

Nueva Ecija Nueva Ecija, officially the Province of Nueva Ecija ( ; ; ; ), is a landlocked province in the Philippines located in the Central Luzon region. Its capital is the city of Palayan, while Cabanatuan, its former capital, is the largest Local gove ...

, a two-company battalion in Mindoro, and a single company in

Marinduque Marinduque (; ), officially the Province of Marinduque, is an island province in the Philippines located in Southwestern Tagalog Region or Mimaropa, formerly designated as Region IV-B. Its capital is the municipality of Boac, the most popul ...

. Soldiers were recruited voluntarily, with surplus volunteers either joining the police or forming a 3,000-strong central corps under the President. Battalions were named after their respective provinces, such as the ''1st Battalion of Tayabas''.

Philippine Revolutionary Navy

The Philippine Revolutionary Navy was established during the second phase of the

Philippine Revolution The Philippine Revolution ( or ; or ) was a war of independence waged by the revolutionary organization Katipunan against the Spanish Empire from 1896 to 1898. It was the culmination of the 333-year History of the Philippines (1565–1898), ...

when General

formed the Revolutionary Navy. On May 1, 1898, the first ship handed by Admiral George Dewey to the Revolutionary Navy is a small pinnace from the Reina Cristina of Admiral Patricio Montojo, which was named ''Magdalo''. The Navy was initially composed of a small fleet of eight Spanish steam launches captured from the Spaniards. The ships were refitted with 9-centimeter guns. The rich, namely Leon Apacible, Manuel Lopez and Gliceria Marella de Villavicencio, later donated five other vessels of greater tonnage, the ''Taaleño'', the ''Balayan'', the ''Bulusan'', the ''Taal'' and the ''Purísima Concepción''. The 900-ton inter-island tobacco steamer further reinforced the fleet, '' Compania de Filipinas'' (renamed as the navy flagship ''Filipinas''), steam launches purchased from China and other watercraft donated by wealthy patriots. Naval stations were later established to serve as ships' home bases in the following: *Ports of Aparri *Ports of Legaspi *Ports of Balayan *Ports of Calapan *Ports of San Roque, Cavite On September 26, 1898, Aguinaldo appointed Captain Pascual Ledesma (a

merchant ship A merchant ship, merchant vessel, trading vessel, or merchantman is a watercraft that transports cargo or carries passengers for hire. This is in contrast to pleasure craft, which are used for personal recreation, and naval ships, which are ...

captain) as Director of the Bureau of the Navy, assisted by Captain Angel Pabie (another merchant ship captain). After passing of the

Malolos Constitution The Political Constitution of 1899 (), informally known as the Malolos Constitution, was the constitution of the First Philippine Republic. It was written by Felipe Calderón y Roca and Felipe Buencamino as an alternative to a pair of prop ...

the Navy was transferred from the Ministry of Foreign Relations to the Department of War (thereafter known as the Department of War and the Navy) headed by Gen. Mariano Trías. As the tensions between Filipinos and Americans erupted in

1899 Events January * January 1 ** Spanish rule formally ends in Cuba with the cession of Spanish sovereignty to the U.S., concluding 400 years of the Spanish Empire in the Americas.''The American Monthly Review of Reviews'' (February 1899), p ...

and a continued blockade on naval forces by the Americans, the Philippine naval forces started to be decimated.

Flags and early banners of the revolution

File:Flag of the Philippines (1898–1901).svg, Official Flag of the

. File:Philippines Aguinaldo flag (obverse).svg, Color of the North Luzon Expeditionary Forces. File:Flag of the Biak-na-Bato.svg, Flag of the Republic of Biak-na-Bato. File:Personal flag of Andres Bonifacio.svg, Flag used during the

Cry of Pugadlawin The Cry of Pugad Lawin (, ) was the beginning of the Philippine Revolution against the Spanish Empire. In late August 1896, members of the Katipunan led by Andrés Bonifacio revolted somewhere around Caloocan, which included parts of the ...

. File:Flag of the Sovereign Tagalog Nation.svg, Flag of Magdiwang faction led by

Mariano Álvarez Mariano Malia Álvarez (: March 15, 1818 – August 25, 1924) was a Philippines, Filipino revolutionary and statesman. He was the first Municipal President of Noveleta. Pre-war life Álvarez was born in Noveleta, Tierra Alta, Cavite to Se ...

and Flag of the Magdalo faction led by Baldomero Aguinaldo. File:Flag of Katipunan.svg, The flag of the

was also used in many campaigns. File:Philippine revolution flag llanera.png, The ''Skull Banner'' by General Mariano Llanera of the republican army. File:Flag of Pio del Pilar.svg, Banner of Pio del Pilar, called the ''Bandila ng Matagumpay'' (Flag Of the Triumphants). File:Philippine revolution flag gregoriodelpilar.svg, Banner of General Gregorio del Pilar, which he used during his campaigns. File:Flag of the Katagalugan Republic.svg, Flag of "''Republic of Katagalugan''" established by Macario Sakay File:Red flag.svg, The supposed flag adopted by the Kakarong Republic was either the Katipunan banner or a plain red banner shown above. File:Flag of the Katipuneros of Bicol.svg, Flag of the Katipuneros of the

Bicol region The Bicol Region, designated as Region V, is an administrative region of the Philippines. It comprises six Provinces of the Philippines, provinces, four on the Bicol Peninsula (the luzon#Southeastern Luzon, southeastern end of Luzon): Albay, Ca ...

. File:Flag of Negros Republic.svg, Flag of the Revolutionary Government in Bacolod (1899), Republic of Negros. File:Negrense revolution banner.svg, Flag of the Negros Revolution.

Officers

General officers

During the existence of the Philippine Revolutionary Army, over a hundred individuals were appointed to

General Officer A general officer is an Officer (armed forces), officer of high rank in the army, armies, and in some nations' air force, air and space forces, marines or naval infantry. In some usages, the term "general officer" refers to a rank above colone ...

grades.

Other notable officers

* General Águeda Kahabagan y Iniquinto - Commander of the Reserve Corps from April 6, 1899. The only female general in the roster. * Colonel Agapito Bonzón * Colonel Felipe Salvador – Commander of the Santa Iglesia faction. * Colonel Apolinar Vélez * Colonel Alejandro Avecilla * Colonel Francisco "Paco" Román – Aide to Lieutenant General Antonio Luna. *General

Ambrosio Flores Ambrosio Flores y Flores (March 20, 1843 – June 24, 1912) was a Filipino general in the Philippine Revolution and the first Governor of Rizal, governor of the province of Rizal (province), Rizal. Biography Ambrosio Flores was born on March ...

* Colonel Pablo Tecson – Leader, Battle of Quingua. * Colonel Alipio Tecson – Supreme Military Commander of

Tarlac Tarlac, officially the Province of Tarlac (; ; ; ; ), is a landlocked Provinces of the Philippines, province in the Philippines located in the Central Luzon Regions of the Philippines, region. It had a population of 1,503,456 people according to ...

in 1900 and exiled to

Guam Guam ( ; ) is an island that is an Territories of the United States, organized, unincorporated territory of the United States in the Micronesia subregion of the western Pacific Ocean. Guam's capital is Hagåtña, Guam, Hagåtña, and the most ...

. * Colonel Simón Tecson – Leader of

Siege of Baler The siege of Baler (; ) was a battle of the Philippine Revolution. Filipino revolutionaries laid siege to a fortified church defended by Spanish troops in the town of Baler, Aurora, for 337 days, from 1 July 1898 until 2 June 1899. The Spanish� ...

; signatory of the Biak-na-Bato Constitution. * Colonel Simeón Villa * Colonel Luciano San Miguel * Colonel Joaquin Luna * Colonel José Tagle – Known for his role in the

Battle of Imus The Battle of Imus (, ), or the Siege of Imus (, ), was the first major battle of the Philippine revolution against the Spanish colonial government in the province of Cavite. It was fought between September 1–3, 1896 at Imus, Cavite provinc ...

. * Lieutenant Colonel Lázaro Macapagal – Commanding officer in-charge at the execution of Andrés and Procopio Bonifacio brothers. * Lieutenant Colonel José Torres Bugallón – Hero of the Battle of La Loma. * Lieutenant Colonel Regino Díaz Relova – Fought as one of the heads of columns under General Juan Cailles in the Laguna province. * Major

Manuel Quezon Manuel Luis Quezon y Molina (, , , ; 19 August 1878 – 1 August 1944), also known by his initials MLQ, was a Filipino lawyer, statesman, soldier, and politician who was president of the Commonwealth of the Philippines from 1935 until his d ...

– Aide to President Emilio Aguinaldo. Eventually succeeded him as the

second The second (symbol: s) is a unit of time derived from the division of the day first into 24 hours, then to 60 minutes, and finally to 60 seconds each (24 × 60 × 60 = 86400). The current and formal definition in the International System of U ...

president of the Philippines The president of the Philippines (, sometimes referred to as ) is the head of state, head of government and chief executive of the Philippines. The president leads the executive branch of the Philippine government and is the commander-in-ch ...

under the United States-sponsored

Commonwealth A commonwealth is a traditional English term for a political community founded for the common good. The noun "commonwealth", meaning "public welfare, general good or advantage", dates from the 15th century. Originally a phrase (the common-wealth ...

. * Major Eugenio Daza – Area Commander Southeastern

Samar Samar ( ) is the third-largest and seventh-most populous island in the Philippines, with a total population of 1,909,537 as of the 2020 census. It is located in the eastern Visayas, which are in the central Philippines. The island is divided in ...

and overall Commander and chief organizer of the Balangiga Encounter. * Major Geronimo Gatmaitan – Commanding Officer of the presidential guards responsible for the protection of the President. * Major Juan Arce * * Captain Eduardo Rusca – Aide to Lieutenant General Antonio Luna. * Captain Pedro Janolino – Commanding Officer of the Kawit Battalion. * Captain Vicente Roa * Captain Serapio Narváez – Officer of the 4th Company, Morong Battalion. * Captain Cirilo Arenas - Captain of Maguagui (Naic), Cavite. * Lieutenant García – one of Gen. Luna's favorite sharpshooters of the Black Guard units. * Corporal Anastacio Félix – 4th Company, Morong Battalion the first Filipino casualty of the Philippine–American War.

Notable officers and servicemen and their ethnic background

;Army: * General Juan Cailles – Franco-Indian ''

mestizo ( , ; fem. , literally 'mixed person') is a term primarily used to denote people of mixed European and Indigenous ancestry in the former Spanish Empire. In certain regions such as Latin America, it may also refer to people who are culturall ...

'' who led Filipino forces in Laguna. * General José Valesy Nazaraire – Spanish. * Brigadier General José Ignacio Paua – Full-blooded Chinese general in the Army.. * Brigadier General Benito Natividad – Brigade Acting Commander in Vigan under General Tinio. * Colonel Manuel Sityar – Half-Spanish Director of Academía Militar de Malolos. A former captain in the Spanish colonial army who defected to the Filipino side.. * Colonel Sebastian de Castro – Spanish director of the military hospital at Malasiqui, Pangasinan. * Colonel Dámaso Ybarra y Thomas – Spanish. * Lieutenant Colonel Potenciano Andrade – Spanish. * Estaquio Castellor – French ''mestizo'' who led a battalion of sharpshooters. * Major Candido Reyes – Instructor at the Academía Militar de Malolos. Former sergeant in the Spanish Army.. * Major José Reyes – Instructor at the Academía Militar de Malolos. Former sergeant in the Spanish Army. * Major José Torres Bugallón – Spanish officer who served under General Luna. * Captain Antonio Costosa – Former officer in the Spanish Army. * Captain Tei Hara – Japanese officer who fought in the Philippine-American war with volunteer soldiers. * Captain Chizuno Iwamoto – Japanese officer who served on Emilio Aguinaldo's staff. Returned to Japan after Aguinaldo's capture. * A Japanese national named Tobira ("Tomvilla" in American records) who was adjutant to General Licerio Geronimo. * Captain David Fagen – An

African-American African Americans, also known as Black Americans and formerly also called Afro-Americans, are an American racial and ethnic group that consists of Americans who have total or partial ancestry from any of the Black racial groups of Africa. ...

Captain who served under Brigadier General Urbano Lacuna. A former Corporal in

United States Army The United States Army (USA) is the primary Land warfare, land service branch of the United States Department of Defense. It is designated as the Army of the United States in the United States Constitution.Article II, section 2, clause 1 of th ...

24th Colored Regiment.. * Captain Francisco Espina – Spanish.. * Captain Estanislao de los Reyes – Spanish aide-de-camp to General Tinio. * Captain Feliciano Ramoso – Spanish aide-de-camp to General Tinio. * Captain Mariano Queri – Spanish officer who served under General Luna as an instructor in the Academía Militar de Malolos and later as the director-general of the staff of the war department. * Captain Camillo Ricchiardi – Italian. * Captain Telesforo Centeno – Spanish. * Captain Arthur Howard – American deserter from the 1st California Volunteers. * Captain Glen Morgan – American who organized insurgent forces in central Mindanao. * Captain John Miller – American who organized insurgent forces in central Mindanao. * Captain Russel – American deserter from the 10th Infantry. * Lieutenant Danfort – American deserter from the 10th Infantry. * Lieutenant Maximino Lazo – Spanish. * Lieutenant Gabriel Badelly Méndez – Cuban. * 2nd Lieutenant Segundo Paz – Spanish. * Lieutenant Alejandro Quirulgico – Spanish. * Lieutenant Rafael Madina – Spanish. * Lieutenant Saburo Nakamori – Japanese. * Lieutenant Arsenio Romero – Spanish. * Private John Allane – United States Army. * Private Harry Dennis – United States Army. * Private William Hyer – United States Army. * Private Meeks (given name not specified) – United States Army. * Private George Raymond – 41st Infantry, United States Army. * Private Maurice Sibley – 16th Infantry, United States Army. * Private John Wagner – United States Army. * Private Edward Walpole – United States Army. * Henry Richter – American deserter from the 9th Cavalry. * Gorth Shores – American deserter from the 9th Cavalry. * Fred Hunter – American deserter from the 9th Cavalry. * William Denten – American deserter who joined General Lukban in Samar. * Enrique Warren – American deserter who served under Francisco Makabulos in Tarlac. * Frank Mekin - American deserter from the 37th Infantry who served as a lieutenant under General Juan Cailles. * Earl Guenther - American deserter and canteen keeper from the 37th Infantry at the Paete garrison who served under General Juan Cailles. * Antonio Prisco – Spanish. * Manuel Alberto – Spanish. * Eugenia Plona – Spanish aide-de-camp to Baldermo Aguinaldo. * Alexander MacIntosh – English.. * William McAllister – English. * Charles MacKinley – Englishman who served in Laoag. * James O'Brian – English. ;Navy: * Captain Simplicio Agoncillo Orosa - Captain of the first steam flagship of the navy, SS Bulusan. * Captain Vicente Catalan – Captain of the

Philippine Navy The Philippine Navy (PN) () is the naval warfare service branch of the Armed Forces of the Philippines. It has an estimated strength of 24,500 active service personnel, including the 10,300-strong Philippine Marine Corps. It operates 91 combat ...

ship ''Filipinas''. A Criollo from

Cuba Cuba, officially the Republic of Cuba, is an island country, comprising the island of Cuba (largest island), Isla de la Juventud, and List of islands of Cuba, 4,195 islands, islets and cays surrounding the main island. It is located where the ...

and a former member of the

Spanish Navy The Spanish Navy, officially the Armada, is the Navy, maritime branch of the Spanish Armed Forces and one of the oldest active naval forces in the world. The Spanish Navy was responsible for a number of major historic achievements in navigation ...

. Admiral of the Philippine Navy.Flagships of the Philippine Navy up to the Present Day
/ref>

References

Bibliography

* * * * * * * *

In popular media

The Philippine revolutionary army has been mentioned in several books and films.

Books

Films

* ''Teniente Rosario'' (1937) * ''Dugo sa Kapirasong Lupa'' (1975) * '' Ganito Kami Noon, Paano Kayo Ngayon?'' (1976) * ''Aguila'' (1980) * '' Tirad Pass: The Last Stand of Gen. Gregorio del Pilar'' (1996) * ''

José Rizal José Protasio Rizal Mercado y Alonso Realonda (, ; June 19, 1861 – December 30, 1896) was a Filipino nationalist, writer and polymath active at the end of the Spanish colonial period of the Philippines. He is popularly considered a na ...

'' (1998) * ''

Baler A baler or hay baler is a piece of farm machinery used to compress a cut and raked crop (such as hay, cotton, flax straw, salt marsh hay, or silage) into compact bales that are easy to handle, transport, and store. Often, bales are config ...

'' (2008) * '' Amigo'' (2010) * '' El Presidente'' (2012) * '' Bonifacio: Ang Unang Pangulo'' (2014) * '' Heneral Luna'' (2015) * '' Goyo: Ang Batang Heneral'' (2018)

External links

Philippines Independence Armies: Insignia 1896 – 1902
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{{Philippine Revolution Military of the Philippines Philippine Revolution Military history of the Philippines Disbanded armies Rebel groups in the Philippines National liberation armies