The Permanent Peoples' Tribunal (PPT) is an international human rights organization founded in

Bologna Bologna ( , , ; ; ) is the capital and largest city of the Emilia-Romagna region in northern Italy. It is the List of cities in Italy, seventh most populous city in Italy, with about 400,000 inhabitants and 150 different nationalities. Its M ...

, Italy, on June 24, 1979, at the initiative of Senator

Lelio Basso Lelio Basso (25 December 1903 – 16 December 1978) was an Italian democratic socialist politician, political scientist and journalist. Early life Lelio Basso was born in Varazze (in the province of Savona) into a Liberal bourgeois family. In ...

. It was established during the final session of the

Russell Tribunal The Russell Tribunal, also known as the International War Crimes Tribunal, Russell–Sartre Tribunal, or Stockholm Tribunal, was a private people's tribunal organised in 1966 by Bertrand Russell, British philosopher and Nobel Prize winner, and ...

with the aim of condemning Latin American dictatorships. The court is composed of a president, four vice-presidents, a secretary-general and 66 international members. Since its establishment, the Tribunal

conducted Conducting is the art of directing a musical performance, such as an orchestral or Choir, choral concert. It has been defined as "the art of directing the simultaneous performance of several players or singers by the use of gesture." The primary d ...

46 sessions.

History

The Permanent Peoples' Tribunal (PPT) began in Bologna in 1979, continuing the work of the

II on

Latin American Latin Americans (; ) are the citizenship, citizens of Latin American countries (or people with cultural, ancestral or national origins in Latin America). Latin American countries and their Latin American diaspora, diasporas are Metroethnicity, ...

dictatorships. It was founded by

to denounce the crimes committed by military regimes in the region. The PPT aims to encourage action in judicial courts based on intergovernmental treaties, such as the International Criminal Court and the

International Court of Justice The International Court of Justice (ICJ; , CIJ), or colloquially the World Court, is the only international court that Adjudication, adjudicates general disputes between nations, and gives advisory opinions on International law, internation ...

. The PPT's work is based on the principles of the

Universal Declaration of the Rights of Peoples The Universal Declaration of the Rights of Peoples was first drafted and elaborated during three round-table conferences that were organized by the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization (UNPO) Tartu Coordination Office on 29–30 August 1 ...

, proclaimed in Algiers in 1976, and on the main international instruments protecting human rights. The historical and geographical context of the Declaration, known as the Charter of Algiers, links its general principles with liberation struggles, which Resolution 1514 (XV) of the

United Nations The United Nations (UN) is the Earth, global intergovernmental organization established by the signing of the Charter of the United Nations, UN Charter on 26 June 1945 with the stated purpose of maintaining international peace and internationa ...

of December 14, 1960 had already placed under the protection of international law, as the right to self-determination remained unfulfilled, and it was not related to the process of decolonization.

Structure

The court is composed of a president, four vice-presidents, a secretary general, a coordination officer, and 58 members from 26 countries, from different disciplines such as law, economy, sociology, arts, and literature.

Sessions

As of 2016, the Tribunal has held 46 sessions on numerous cases of human rights violations. The judgments of the Tribunale Permanente dei Popoli (TPP) rely on sources of existing international law.

List of sessions

Western Sahara Western Sahara is a territorial dispute, disputed territory in Maghreb, North-western Africa. It has a surface area of . Approximately 30% of the territory () is controlled by the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR); the remaining 70% is ...

(Brussels, 10–11 November 1979) #

Argentina Argentina, officially the Argentine Republic, is a country in the southern half of South America. It covers an area of , making it the List of South American countries by area, second-largest country in South America after Brazil, the fourt ...

(Genève, 3–4 May 1980) #

Eritrea Eritrea, officially the State of Eritrea, is a country in the Horn of Africa region of East Africa, with its capital and largest city being Asmara. It is bordered by Ethiopia in the Eritrea–Ethiopia border, south, Sudan in the west, and Dj ...

(Milano, 24–26 May 1980) # The

Philippines The Philippines, officially the Republic of the Philippines, is an Archipelagic state, archipelagic country in Southeast Asia. Located in the western Pacific Ocean, it consists of List of islands of the Philippines, 7,641 islands, with a tot ...

and the Bangsamoro people (Anvers, 30 October – 3 November 1980) #

El Salvador El Salvador, officially the Republic of El Salvador, is a country in Central America. It is bordered on the northeast by Honduras, on the northwest by Guatemala, and on the south by the Pacific Ocean. El Salvador's capital and largest city is S ...

(Mexico, 9–12 February 1981) #

Afghanistan Afghanistan, officially the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan, is a landlocked country located at the crossroads of Central Asia and South Asia. It is bordered by Pakistan to the Durand Line, east and south, Iran to the Afghanistan–Iran borde ...

I (Stockholm, 1–3 May 1981) # Afghanistan Il (Paris, 16–20 December 1982) # Timor Orientale (Lisbon, 19–21 July 1981) #

Zaire Zaire, officially the Republic of Zaire, was the name of the Democratic Republic of the Congo from 1971 to 18 May 1997. Located in Central Africa, it was, by area, the third-largest country in Africa after Sudan and Algeria, and the 11th-la ...

(Rotterdam, 18–20 September 1982) #

Guatemala Guatemala, officially the Republic of Guatemala, is a country in Central America. It is bordered to the north and west by Mexico, to the northeast by Belize, to the east by Honduras, and to the southeast by El Salvador. It is hydrologically b ...

(Madrid, 27–31 January 1983) #

Armenian Genocide The Armenian genocide was the systematic destruction of the Armenians, Armenian people and identity in the Ottoman Empire during World War I. Spearheaded by the ruling Committee of Union and Progress (CUP), it was implemented primarily t ...

(Paris, 13–16 April 1984) # The interventions of the United States in Nicaragua (Brussels, 5–8 October 1984) # The policies of the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank I (Berlin, 26–29 September 1988) # The policies of the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank II (Madrid, 1–3 October 1994) # Porto-Rico (Barcelona, 27–29 January 1989) #

Brazilian Amazon Brazilian commonly refers to: * Brazil, a country * Brazilians, its people * Brazilian Portuguese, its dialect Brazilian may also refer to: * "The Brazilian", a 1986 instrumental music piece by Genesis * Brazilian Café, Baghdad, Iraq (1937) * Bra ...

(Paris, 12–16 October 1990) # Impunity for crimes against humanity in Latin America (Bogotá, 22–25 April 1991) # The conquest of and international law (Padua-Venice, 5–8 October 1992) #

Tibet Tibet (; ''Böd''; ), or Greater Tibet, is a region in the western part of East Asia, covering much of the Tibetan Plateau and spanning about . It is the homeland of the Tibetan people. Also resident on the plateau are other ethnic groups s ...

(Strasburg, 16–20 November 1992) # Industrial risks and human rights I (Bhopal, 19–23 October 1992) # Industrial risks and human rights II (London, 28 November – 2 December 1994) # Asylum right in Europe (Berlin, 8–12 December 1994) # Crimes against humanity in the former

Yugoslavia , common_name = Yugoslavia , life_span = 1918–19921941–1945: World War II in Yugoslavia#Axis invasion and dismemberment of Yugoslavia, Axis occupation , p1 = Kingdom of SerbiaSerbia , flag_p ...

I (Bern, 17–20 February 1995) # Crimes against humanity in the former Yugoslavia II (Barcelona, 7–11 December 1995) # Violations of the fundamental rights of children and minors (Trento, 27–29 March; Macerata, 30 March; Napoli 1–4 April 1995) #

Chernobyl Chernobyl, officially called Chornobyl, is a partially abandoned city in Vyshhorod Raion, Kyiv Oblast, Ukraine. It is located within the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone, to the north of Kyiv and to the southwest of Gomel in neighbouring Belarus. ...

: environment, health and human rights (Vienna, 12–15 April 1996) # The rights of workers and consumers in the garment industry (Brussels, 30 April-5 May 1998) # Violations of the fundamental rights of children and adolescents in Brazil (São Paulo, 17–19 March 1999) # Elf-Aquitaine (Paris, 19–21 May 1999) # Global multinationals and "human distorted" (Warwick, 22–23 March 2000) # International Law and the new wars (Roma, 14–16 December 2002) # Human rights violations in Algeria, 1992–2004 (Paris, 5–8 November 2004) # The European Union and transnational corporations in Latin America: policies, instruments and actors complicity in the violation of peoples' rights (Madrid, 14–17 May 2010) # The Philippines II (The Hague, 21–25 March 2007) # Transnational corporations and the rights of peoples in Colombia (Colombia, 2006–2008) # Sri Lanka and the Tamil People I (Dublin, 14–16 January 2010) # Session on agrochemical transnational corporations (Bangalore, 3–6 December 2011) # Free trade, violence, impunity and people's rights in Mexico (Mexico, 2011–2014) # Sri Lanka and the Tamil People II (Bremen, 7–10 December 2013) # Session on the Canadian mining transnational corporations (on-going) # Fundamental rights, local community participation and infrastructure projects (Torino-Almese, 5–8 November 2015) # Living wage for Asian garment workers as fundamental human right (Sri Lanka 2011; Cambodia 2012; India 2012; Indonesia 2014; Sri Lanka 2015) # Myanmar's crimes against the Rohingya and Kachin Peoples I (London, 2017) # Permanent Peoples Tribunal on Human Rights of Migrant and Refugee Peoples (Launched Barcelona 2017, on-going Session) # Session on the violation of human rights of migrants and refugee people (2017–2018) # Session on Alleged violations of international law and international humanitarian law by the Turkish Republic and its officials against the Kurdish people and their organizations (Paris 2018)

References

External links