People's Park in
Berkeley, California
Berkeley ( ) is a city on the eastern shore of San Francisco Bay in northern Alameda County, California, United States. It is named after the 18th-century Anglo-Irish bishop and philosopher George Berkeley. It borders the cities of Oakland, Cali ...
is a parcel of land owned by the
University of California, Berkeley
The University of California, Berkeley (UC Berkeley, Berkeley, Cal, or California), is a Public university, public Land-grant university, land-grant research university in Berkeley, California, United States. Founded in 1868 and named after t ...
. Located east of
Telegraph Avenue and bound by Haste and Bowditch Streets and Dwight Way, People's Park was a symbol during the radical political
activism of the late 1960s.
Formerly a park, the site is now under construction for new university student housing and homeless supportive housing.
While the land is owned by the University of California, People's Park was de facto established as a
public park
An urban park or metropolitan park, also known as a city park, municipal park (North America), public park, public open space, or municipal gardens (United Kingdom, UK), is a park or botanical garden in cities, densely populated suburbia and oth ...
on April 20, 1969, by local activists.
On May 13, University Chancellor
Roger W. Heyns announced plans to construct a soccer field on the site, leading to a confrontation two days later between protesters and police on May 15.
On a day known as
"Bloody Thursday", police used tear gas and fired shotguns at the protesters to quell the riot, resulting notably in the death of James Rector.
In 1984, the city of Berkeley declared it a historical and cultural landmark.
In 2018, the university published a plan to build 1,100 new units of student housing and 125 units of supportive housing for homeless people on the site, but a small contingent of activists delayed those plans through opposition including protests,
lawsuits,
sabotage of construction equipment,
and trespassing on the site.
The housing plans were backed by the
Berkeley City Council, Mayor
Jesse Arreguin, Berkeley's California Assembly representative
Buffy Wicks and California Governor
Gavin Newsom
Gavin Christopher Newsom ( ; born October 10, 1967) is an American politician and businessman serving since 2019 as the 40th governor of California. A member of the Democratic Party (United States), Democratic Party, he served from 2011 to 201 ...
, and a majority of UC Berkeley students.
Pending a judgment in a legal challenge to the university's housing plan, the park was closed off in early January 2024, when construction workers and police surrounded the park with a 17-foot high wall of shipping containers to prevent trespassing. On June 6, the California Supreme Court unanimously ruled in the university's favor, allowing construction to proceed.
Consequently, construction officially started on July 22.
History
Early history
In 1956, the
Regents of the University of California
The Regents of the University of California (also referred to as the Board of Regents to distinguish the board from the corporation it governs of the same name) is the governing board of the University of California (UC), a state university sys ...
allocated a plot of land containing residences for future development into student housing, parking, and offices as part of the university's long range development plan. At the time, public funds were lacking to buy the land, and the plan was shelved until June 1967, when the university acquired $1.3 million to buy the land through
eminent domain
Eminent domain, also known as land acquisition, compulsory purchase, resumption, resumption/compulsory acquisition, or expropriation, is the compulsory acquisition of private property for public use. It does not include the power to take and t ...
.
The short-term goal was to create athletic fields with student housing being a longer-range goal.
Bulldozers arrived in February 1968 and began demolition of the residences. However, the university ran out of development funds, leaving the lot only partially cleared of demolition debris and rubble for 14 months.
On April 15, local boilermaker and activist Michael Delacour held a meeting with fellow political activists to discuss transforming the vacant lot into a community park. The idea quickly gained traction, and in the following days, the ''
Berkeley Barb
The ''Berkeley Barb'' was a weekly underground newspaper published in Berkeley, California, during the years 1965 to 1980. It was one of the first and most influential of the counterculture newspapers, covering such subjects as the anti-war mov ...
'', a local underground newspaper, published a call to action for the creation of the park.
On Sunday, April 20, more than 100 people arrived at the site to begin building the park. Local landscape architect Jon Read and many others contributed trees, flowers, shrubs, and sod. Eventually, about 1,000 people became directly involved, with many more donating money and materials.
On May 13, Chancellor
Roger W. Heyns notified the media via a press release that the university would build a fence around the property and begin construction.
1969 protests and "Bloody Thursday"
In the early morning of Thursday, May 15, 1969, local police cleared the lot and arrested three people who refused to leave. University work crews arrived later and erected an tall fence around the site.
[ Beginning at noon,] about 3,000 people appeared in Sproul Plaza at nearby UC Berkeley for a rally in favor of the park. The crowd later moved down Telegraph Avenue toward People's Park. Arriving in the early afternoon, protesters were met by the remaining 159 Berkeley and university police officers assigned to guard the fenced-off park site. A major confrontation ensued between police and the crowd, which grew to 4,000.
James Rector was watching from the roof of Granma Books when he was shot by police; he died on May 19. A carpenter, Alan Blanchard, was permanently blinded by a load of birdshot directly to his face. At least 128 Berkeley residents were admitted to local hospitals for head trauma, shotgun wounds, and other serious injuries inflicted by police.
That evening, Governor Ronald Reagan
Ronald Wilson Reagan (February 6, 1911 – June 5, 2004) was an American politician and actor who served as the 40th president of the United States from 1981 to 1989. He was a member of the Republican Party (United States), Republican Party a ...
declared a state of emergency in Berkeley and sent in 2,700 National Guard
National guard is the name used by a wide variety of current and historical uniformed organizations in different countries. The original National Guard was formed during the French Revolution around a cadre of defectors from the French Guards.
...
troops. Demonstrations continued in Berkeley for several days after Bloody Thursday, and National Guard troops remained stationed there for two weeks.
Later history
After the march in support of People's Park on May 30, 1969, the university decided to keep the 8-foot-tall perimeter chain-link wire fence and maintain a 24-hour guard over the site. On June 20, the University of California Regents voted to turn the People's Park site into a soccer field and parking lot, pending construction of apartments within a year. These plans never materialized. Efforts by the university to put in a soccer field in 1971 were met with resistance, with 44 people arrested during the protests. In 1979, protesters tore up a parking lot after the university paved over a part of the park for student parking.
Relation to Ohlone Park
In the immediate aftermath of the May 1969 demonstrations, and consistent with their goal of "letting a thousand parks bloom," on May 25, People's Park activists began gardening a two-block strip of land called the "Hearst Corridor," located adjacent to Hearst Avenue just northwest of the university campus. The Hearst Corridor was a strip of land along the north side of Hearst Avenue that had been left largely untended after the houses had been torn down to facilitate the completion of an underground subway line by the Bay Area Rapid Transit
Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART) is a rapid transit system serving the San Francisco Bay Area in California. BART serves 50 stations along six routes and of track, including eBART, a spur line running to Antioch, and Oakland Airport Connecto ...
(BART) District. Initially slated for apartments, community outreach by a citizen's committee in 1974 revealed overwhelming support for the establishment of a public park, and the park was officially dedicated on June 7, 1979.
1991 volleyball court controversy
In the spring of 1991, the university released plans to redevelop People's Park. They proposed removing the Free Speech Stage and installing several large volleyball courts throughout the park. Bulldozers were ushered in, accompanied by riot police, to install the sand volleyball courts, spurring a new wave of protests.
Protests grew each day, and police escalated to shooting wood pellets and rubber bullets at demonstrators. More than 104 people were arrested''.'' The ''San Francisco Examiner'' later reported the cost to the university of installing one sand volleyball court to be $150,000, not including costs for security to defend the courts against protesters. The volleyball courts remained until 1997, however, when the university finally removed them from the park.
On August 25, 1992, Rosebud Denovo, who had been arrested or questioned more than a dozen times since 1991, broke into the basement of the residence of UC Berkeley Chancellor Chang-Lin Tien. Officers from the University of California Police Department
The police departments of the University of California system are charged with providing law enforcement to each of the system's campuses.
History
The University of California was established in 1868, and moved its first campus to Berkeley in 1 ...
(UCPD) responded to a silent alarm that had been triggered. Oakland Police Department
The Oakland Police Department (OPD) is a law enforcement agency responsible for policing the city of Oakland, California, United States. As of May 2021, the department employed 709 sworn officers and 371 civilian employees. The department is div ...
(OPD) were called to assist. Refusing to surrender when called upon to do so by the responding officers, Denovo fled into the house. OPD police officers, with dogs, entered the house; after a brief encounter, an OPD officer shot and killed Denovo. Denovo was carrying a note demanding an end to the construction in People's Park; it read, in part: "We are willing to die for this piece of land. Are you?" Several protests over Denovo's death were made in the week following the shooting. Although the Office of the Alameda County District Attorney determined the police had acted appropriately in a report released in October, park activists and street people doubted the use of deadly force was justified.
2000s to 2010s
In 2011, People's Park saw a new wave of protests, known as the " tree-sit", consisting of a series of individual "tree-sitters" who occupied a wooden platform in one of the trees in People's Park. These protests lasted throughout most of the fall of 2011, only ending when a protester fell out of a tree.
In late 2011, UC Berkeley bulldozed the west end of People's Park, in an effort to provide students and the broader community with safer, more sanitary conditions.
People's Park has been the subject of long-running contention between those who see it as a haven for criminals that is unfriendly to visitors and families, and those who see it as an essential green space south of campus and a memorial to the Free Speech Movement. While the site had public bathrooms, gardens, and a playground area, many residents do not see it as a welcoming place, citing drug use and a high crime rate. A ''San Francisco Chronicle
The ''San Francisco Chronicle'' is a newspaper serving primarily the San Francisco Bay Area of Northern California. It was founded in 1865 as ''The Daily Dramatic Chronicle'' by teenage brothers Charles de Young and M. H. de Young, Michael H. ...
'' article on January 13, 2008, referred to People's Park as "a forlorn and somewhat menacing hub for drug users and the homeless." The same article quoted denizens and supporters of the park saying it was "perfectly safe, clean and accessible." In May 2018, UC Berkeley reported that campus police had been called 1,585 times to People's Park in the previous year. The university also said there had been 10,102 criminal incidents in the park between 2012 and 2017. A 2015 investigation by the ''Daily Californian'' found that most crimes reported at People's Park were related to "quality-of-life" such as drug and alcohol violations, and disorderly conduct, but that there were also multiple reports of assault, battery, aggravated theft, and robbery at the park.
Redevelopment and controversy (since 2018)
In 2018, UC Berkeley unveiled a plan for People's Park that would include the construction of housing for as many as 1,000 students, supportive housing for the homeless or military veterans, and a memorial honoring the park's history and legacy.[ On August 29, 2019, Chancellor Carol T. Christ confirmed plans to create student housing for 600–1000 students, and supportive housing for 100–125 people. San Francisco-based LMS architects were selected to build the housing, and Christ stated that the university was moving to a time of "extensive public comment" on the plans for construction.
In February 2020, the university held its first public comment forum. Advocates of the park held a rally to protest the proposal, with students citing the historical, cultural, and social relevance of the park.
On April 17, 2020, UC Berkeley published its plans for the People's Park Housing Project during its third virtual open house. Because of the ]COVID-19 pandemic
The COVID-19 pandemic (also known as the coronavirus pandemic and COVID pandemic), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), began with an disease outbreak, outbreak of COVID-19 in Wuhan, China, in December ...
, and the following shelter-in-place ordinances, the university moving forward with the plan was faced with significant backlash. The mayor of Berkeley, Jesse Arreguín, wrote "I think we should launch this process at a time and in a way that allows full transparency and participation. I therefore reiterate my request that the campus delay the public comment period until after the Shelter in Place order is lifted."
On April 29, 2020, the Associated Students of the University of California (ASUC), planned to vote on re-establishing the nonpartisan housing commission.
2021 occupation
In January 2021, UC Berkeley erected fences around portions of People's Park to take core samples of the soil composition in preparation for construction. Homeless people who had set up tents in the park during the COVID-19 pandemic were removed from the site by UC police. In response, a rally was organized on January 29. Michael Delacour, one of the founders of the park, gave a speech expressing frustration. Spurred on by his words, hundreds of people broke down construction equipment, tore down the fences, and carried them down Telegraph Avenue. Some were deposited on the front steps of Sproul Hall, the UC Berkeley administration building.
Protesters, including some UC Berkeley students, occupied the park in February 2021 to call for an immediate halt of development plans and evictions of current residents of the park, citing police mistreatment of the homeless' belongings. A university spokesman said that he was unaware of any reports of police throwing away those belongings.
In a statement issued shortly after the occupation began, UC Berkeley Chancellor Carol Christ described building on the park as a "a unique opportunity for a win-win-win-win."
National historical recognition
People's Park was officially listed on the National Register of Historic Places
The National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) is the Federal government of the United States, United States federal government's official United States National Register of Historic Places listings, list of sites, buildings, structures, Hist ...
on May 24, 2022.
2022 demolition effort
Just after midnight on August 3, 2022, the UC Berkeley Police Department and contractors began fencing off People's Park. Protesters gathered after multiple "bulldozer" alerts were shared when workers began unloading heavy machinery and construction equipment into the park. At about 3 a.m., activists tried to block the movement of machinery into the park by lying on the road, and arrests were made. By noon, 47 trees in People's Park were cut down by a local company.
These events were accompanied by a protest at Sproul Plaza
Sproul Plaza is one center of student activity at the University of California, Berkeley. It is divided into two sections: Upper Sproul and Lower Sproul. They are vertically separated by and linked by a set of stairs.
History
Sproul Plaza as ...
on the UC Berkeley
The University of California, Berkeley (UC Berkeley, Berkeley, Cal, or California), is a public land-grant research university in Berkeley, California, United States. Founded in 1868 and named after the Anglo-Irish philosopher George Berkele ...
campus. Demonstrators marched down Telegraph Avenue and Haste Street, coalescing at the park. By noon, the university decided to withdraw construction crews from the site, citing "destruction of construction materials, unlawful protest activities and violence on the part of some." Hours later, the university announced that construction work at People's Park would be temporarily paused.
On August 4, a special City Council meeting was canceled by Mayor Jesse Arreguín. The meeting was scheduled a day after confrontations with law enforcement occurred, in order to discuss lifting Berkeley's ban on the use of tear gas and pepper spray by police. The June 2020 ban was put in place by a unanimous vote, with Arreguín saying at the time that tear gas "is banned in warfare and should not be used on our streets or in protests." The mayor said he initially called for the August 4 meeting following the protests at People's Park, but later said that he "came to the conclusion that it was the wrong approach and that the ban on tear gas should remain." The mayor stated that he supports the university's housing project, but said that "it’s understandable that people are very concerned and upset about the construction at the park" and that there is a need to "make sure that people can protest peacefully, and make sure we are protecting the safety of the broader community at the same time."
On August 5, the California First District Court of Appeal upheld a stay on construction, demolition and tree-cutting, temporarily pausing further development work at People's Park until the legal issue was resolved. The university, however, retained and enforced its legal right to fence the perimeter of the park.
2024 fencing
On January 4, 2024, shortly after midnight, UC Berkeley fenced off the park's perimeter with double-stacked intermodal container
An intermodal container, often called a shipping container, or a freight container, (or simply "container") is a large metal crate designed and built for intermodal freight transport, meaning these containers can be used across different Mode ...
s in an action that involved at least 100 police officers from UCPD, Cal State campus police, California Highway Patrol, and the Alameda County Sheriff's Office. About 60 protesters occupied the park during the overnight operation until forced to leave by police, which led to seven arrests. The university was not allowed to start construction on its proposed development due to the ongoing court case, but took measures to fully secure the perimeter of the lot, as several large trees were also chopped down.
On the previous night, park advocates had held an overnight vigil to defend against rumored fencing, expressing concern that UC Berkeley's winter break meant that many students were not around. In a press release, UC Berkeley stated that the park was being closed to "minimize disruption for the city of Berkeley and campus communities".
Within a week after setting up the containers, UC Berkeley added razor wire along their tops to prevent protesters from climbing onto or over them.
2024 California Supreme Court decision
On June 6, 2024, the California Supreme Court unanimously sided with the university in an appeal to begin construction on the site. UC Berkeley announced after the ruling that it would be preparing a plan to start construction of student housing at the site, and subsequently began on July 22.
See also
*1960s Berkeley protests
The 1960s Berkeley protests were a series of events at the University of California, Berkeley, and Berkeley, California. Many of these protests were a small part of the larger Free Speech Movement, which had national implications and constituted ...
* Earth Peoples Park
* Guerrilla gardening
* Rosebud Denovo
* South Central Farm
References
Further reading
*California Governor's Office. ''The "People's Park" - A Report on the Confrontation at Berkeley, California.'' Submitted to Gov. Ronald Reagan. July 1, 1969.
*Gruen, Gruen and Associates. ''Southside Student Housing Project Preliminary Environmental Study.'' Report to UCB Chancellor. February 1974.
*People's Park Handbills. Distributed May–April 1969. Located at the Bancroft Library
The Bancroft Library is the primary special-collections library of the University of California, Berkeley. It was acquired from its founder, Hubert Howe Bancroft, in 1905, with the proviso that it retain the name Bancroft Library in perpetuity. ...
, University of California, Berkeley.
*Pichirall, Joe. ''The Daily Californian.'' Cover Story on People's Park. May 16, 1969.
*"Reagan's Reaction to Riot: Call Park Here 'Excuse'" ''The Daily Californian.'' May 16, 1969.
*Statement on People's Park. University of California, Berkeley – Office of Public Information. April 30, 1969.
*Weiss, Norman. ''The Daily Californian.'' "People's Park: Then & Now." March 17, 1997.
* Compost, Terri (ed.) (2009) ''People's Park: Still Blooming''. Slingshot! Collective. . Includes original photos and materials.
* Dalzell, Tom (Foreword by Todd Gitlin, Afterword by Steve Wasserman) (2019) ''Battle for People's Park, Berkeley 1969''
Heyday Books
. Eyewitness testimonies and hundreds of remarkable, often previously unpublished photographs.
* Rorabaugh, W. J. ''Berkeley at War: The 1960s'' (1990)
*
External links
People's Park official page
People's Park at the official City of Berkeley website
– archived from the original on November 7, 2016
{{Authority control
1969 establishments in California
Parks established in the 1960s
Parks in Berkeley, California
Culture of Berkeley, California
Crime in the San Francisco Bay Area
Politics of the San Francisco Bay Area
Berkeley landmarks in Berkeley, California
Tourist attractions in Berkeley, California
National Register of Historic Places in Berkeley, California
Parks on the National Register of Historic Places in California
Guerrilla gardening
University of California, Berkeley