Pedro Álvarez de Toledo y Leiva, 1st Marquis of Mancera (c. 1585–1654), was a
Spanish nobleman, general, colonial administrator, and diplomat. He served as Captain General of
Galicia and
Viceroy of Peru from December 18, 1639 to September 20, 1648.
Early life
Pedro de Toledo was the son of Don Luis de Toledo, 4th Lord of Mancera, and of his second wife Isabel de Leiva. He served with the Spanish armies in Italy, rising to the rank of lieutenant general in the royal
galley
A galley is a type of ship optimised for propulsion by oars. Galleys were historically used for naval warfare, warfare, Maritime transport, trade, and piracy mostly in the seas surrounding Europe. It developed in the Mediterranean world during ...
s of Sicily.
King
Philip IV of Spain
Philip IV (, ; 8 April 160517 September 1665), also called the Planet King (Spanish: ''Rey Planeta''), was King of Spain from 1621 to his death and (as Philip III) King of Portugal from 1621 to 1640. Philip is remembered for his patronage of the ...
raised his title from Lord to Marquis of
Mancera in 1623. Thereafter he served eight years as governor and Captain General of
Galicia.
Viceroy of Peru
Pedro de Toledo was named the 15th
Viceroy of Peru in 1639, at the age of 54. He traveled to the
Viceroyalty of Peru
The Viceroyalty of Peru (), officially known as the Kingdom of Peru (), was a Monarchy of Spain, Spanish imperial provincial administrative district, created in 1542, that originally contained modern-day Peru and most of the Spanish Empire in ...
with his son
Antonio Sebastián de Toledo, who later became the
Viceroy of New Spain (1664–73) and 2nd Marquis of Mancera.
As viceroy, Pedro de Toledo introduced the ''papel sellado'' (literally, ''sealed paper''). He expanded the naval forces and fortified the ports of
Valdivia
Valdivia (; Mapuche: Ainil) is a city and commune in southern Chile, administered by the Municipality of Valdivia. The city is named after its founder, Pedro de Valdivia, and is located at the confluence of the Calle-Calle, Valdivia, and ...
,
Valparaíso
Valparaíso () is a major city, Communes of Chile, commune, Port, seaport, and naval base facility in the Valparaíso Region of Chile. Valparaíso was originally named after Valparaíso de Arriba, in Castilla–La Mancha, Castile-La Mancha, Spain ...
,
Arica
Arica ( ; ) is a commune and a port city with a population of 222,619 in the Arica Province of northern Chile's Arica y Parinacota Region. It is Chile's northernmost city, being located only south of the border with Peru. The city is the ca ...
and
Callao
Callao () is a Peruvian seaside city and Regions of Peru, region on the Pacific Ocean in the Lima metropolitan area. Callao is Peru's chief seaport and home to its main airport, Jorge Chávez International Airport. Callao municipality consists ...
. In Callao he ordered the construction of a long defensive wall, which was completed in 1647.
Isla Mancera, an island at the mouth of the
Valdivia River, is named after him.
He organized literary discussion parties, ''
tertulia
A ''tertulia'' (, ; ; ) is a social gathering with literary or artistic overtones, especially in Iberian Peninsula, Iberia or in Spanish America. Tertulia also means an informal meeting of people to talk about current affairs, arts, etc. The word ...
s'' a formalized kind of official
salon
Salon may refer to:
Common meanings
* Beauty salon
A beauty salon or beauty parlor is an establishment that provides Cosmetics, cosmetic treatments for people. Other variations of this type of business include hair salons, spas, day spas, ...
. In these was introduced the ''mancerina'', a ceramic or silver saucer with a framework for holding a ''jícara'', or chocolate cup.
[See zarf.] The manufacture of ''mancerinas'' later became an industry in the Spanish towns of
Manises
Manises (, ) is a municipality in the ''comarca'' of Horta Oest in the Valencian Community, Spain. Located in the province of Valencia, it had 30,693 inhabitants in 2018 (NSI) and is famous for its pottery and being the location of Valencia Airp ...
and
Talavera.
At the end of his term as viceroy, Pedro de Toledo returned to Spain. He died in Madrid in 1654.
Descendants
Pedro de Toledo was married first to Luisa Feijóo de Novoa y Zamudio, with whom he had one daughter. In 1621 he married for a second time with María Luisa de Salazar y Enríquez de Navarra, 3rd Lady of El Mármol, with whom he had another two children.
By Luisa Feijóo de Novoa:
* Francisca María de Toledo, 2nd Marchioness of Belvis, married
Diego Sarmiento de Acuña, 2nd Count of Gondomar
:*
Pedro Sarmiento, 3rd Marquis of Mancera
By María Luisa de Salazar:
*
Antonio Sebastián Álvarez de Toledo, 2nd Marquis of Mancera
* Antonia María de Toledo, married
Pedro Garcés, 14th Count of Priego
Ancestry
Additional information
Notes
Sources
*
*
*
External links
* from Encarta
*
Usuarios.lycos.es: information about marriage of Pedro de Toledo*
* —''information + photos''.
{{DEFAULTSORT:Toledo, Pedro de
Spanish generals
Spanish diplomats
Captain Generals of Galicia
Viceroys of Peru
1580s births
1654 deaths
17th-century Peruvian people
Pedro 01
Knights of the Order of Alcántara
Pedro 01
1630s in Peru
1640s in Peru