Parity may refer to:

Computing

Parity bit A parity bit, or check bit, is a bit added to a string of binary code. Parity bits are a simple form of error detecting code. Parity bits are generally applied to the smallest units of a communication protocol, typically 8-bit octets (bytes) ...

in computing, sets the parity of data for the purpose of error detection *

Parity flag In computer processors the parity flag indicates if the numbers of set bits is odd or even in the binary representation of the result of the last operation. It is normally a single bit in a processor status register. For example, assume a machine ...

in computing, indicates if the number of set bits is odd or even in the binary representation of the result of the last operation * Parity file in data processing, created in conjunction with data files and used to check data integrity and assist in data recovery

Mathematics

Parity (mathematics) In mathematics, parity is the Property (mathematics), property of an integer of whether it is even or odd. An integer is even if it is divisible by 2, and odd if it is not.. For example, −4, 0, and 82 are even numbers, while −3, 5, 23, and 6 ...

, indicates whether a number is even or odd **

Parity of a permutation In mathematics, when ''X'' is a finite set with at least two elements, the permutations of ''X'' (i.e. the bijective functions from ''X'' to ''X'') fall into two classes of equal size: the even permutations and the odd permutations. If any total ...

, indicates whether a permutation has an even or odd number of inversions **

Parity function In Boolean algebra, a parity function is a Boolean function whose value is one if and only if the input vector has an odd number of ones. The parity function of two inputs is also known as the XOR function. The parity function is notable for it ...

, a Boolean function whose value is 1 if the input vector has an odd number of ones **

Parity learning Parity learning is a problem in machine learning. An algorithm that solves this problem must find a function ''ƒ'', given some samples (''x'', ''ƒ''(''x'')) and the assurance that ''ƒ'' computes the parity of bits at some fixed locations. T ...

, a problem in

machine learning Machine learning (ML) is a field of study in artificial intelligence concerned with the development and study of Computational statistics, statistical algorithms that can learn from data and generalise to unseen data, and thus perform Task ( ...

** Parity of

even and odd functions In mathematics, an even function is a real function such that f(-x)=f(x) for every x in its domain. Similarly, an odd function is a function such that f(-x)=-f(x) for every x in its domain. They are named for the parity of the powers of the ...

Other uses

Parity (physics) In physics, a parity transformation (also called parity inversion) is the flip in the sign of ''one'' spatial coordinate. In three dimensions, it can also refer to the simultaneous flip in the sign of all three spatial coordinates (a point ref ...

, a symmetry property of physical quantities or processes under spatial inversion * Parity (biology), the number of times a female has given birth;

gravidity and parity In biology and medicine, gravidity and parity are the number of times a female has been pregnant (gravidity) and carried the pregnancies to a viable gestational age (parity). These two terms are usually coupled, sometimes with additional terms, t ...

represent pregnancy and viability, respectively * Parity (charity), UK equal rights organisation *

Parity (law) Principle of parity is a legal concept used in codecision procedure that disables one European institution from making decisions without obtaining assent from any other institutions engaged in the procedure. External links European Commission - ...

, legal principle *

Mental Health Parity Act The Mental Health Parity Act (MHPA) is legislation signed into United States law on September 26, 1996 that requires annual or lifetime dollar limits on mental health benefits to be no lower than any such dollar limits for medical and surgical ...

, also applies to substance use disorder *

Purchasing power parity Purchasing power parity (PPP) is a measure of the price of specific goods in different countries and is used to compare the absolute purchasing power of the countries' currency, currencies. PPP is effectively the ratio of the price of a market bask ...

, in economics, the exchange rate required to equalise the purchasing power of different currencies *

Interest rate parity Interest rate parity is a no-arbitrage condition representing an equilibrium state under which investors compare interest rates available on bank deposits in two countries. The fact that this condition does not always hold allows for potential op ...

, in finance, the notion that the differential in interest rates between two countries is equal to the differential between the forward exchange rate and the spot exchange rate *

Put–call parity In financial mathematics, the put–call parity defines a relationship between the price of a European call option and European put option, both with the identical strike price and expiry, namely that a portfolio of a long call option and a shor ...

, in financial mathematics, defines a relationship between the price of a European call option and a European put option *

Parity (sports) In sports, parity refers to when participating teams have roughly equivalent levels of talent. In such a league, the "best" team is not significantly better than the "worst" team. This leads to more competitive contests in which the winner cannot b ...

, an equal playing field for all participants, regardless of their economic circumstances *

Potty parity Potty parity is equal or equitable provision of public toilet facilities for females and males within a public space. Parity can be defined by equal floorspace or by number of fixtures within the washrooms, sometimes adjusted for the longer aver ...

, equalization of waiting times for males and females in restroom queues * A tactic in

reversi Reversi is a strategy board game for two players, played on an 8×8 uncheckered board. It was invented in 1883. ''Othello'', a variant with a fixed initial setup of the board, was patented in 1971. Basics Two players compete, using 64 identi ...

Grid parity Grid parity (or socket parity) occurs when an alternative energy source can generate power at a levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) that is less than or equal to the price of power from the electricity grid. The term is most commonly used w ...

of renewable energy * Doctrine of parity, agricultural price controls * Military parity, equipotential readiness between foes, without gaps such as a

missile gap In the United States, during the Cold War, the missile gap was the perceived superiority of the number and power of the USSR's missiles in comparison with those of the U.S., causing a lack of military parity. The gap in the ballistic missile arsen ...

*Special cases in

combination puzzles In mathematics, a combination is a selection of items from a set that has distinct members, such that the order of selection does not matter (unlike permutations). For example, given three fruits, say an apple, an orange and a pear, there are th ...

{{disambiguation tr:Parite