Paranaguá (
Tupi, 'Great Round Sea') is a city in the state of
Paraná in
Brazil
Brazil, officially the Federative Republic of Brazil, is the largest country in South America. It is the world's List of countries and dependencies by area, fifth-largest country by area and the List of countries and dependencies by population ...
. Founded in 1648, it is Paraná's oldest city. It is known for the
Port of Paranaguá
The Port of Paranaguá is one of the main ports of Brazil and Latin America. It is in the city of Paranaguá, in the Brazilian state of Paraná, is the second largest port of Brazil in tonnage and the third in container shipping. It is a main ...
, which serves as both the sea link for
Curitiba
Curitiba () is the capital and largest city in the state of Paraná (state), Paraná in Southern Brazil. The city's population was 1,773,718 , making it the List of cities in Brazil by population, eighth most populous city in Brazil and the larg ...
, to the west and the capital of Paraná, and as one of the largest ports of Brazil.
As of 2020, the city has an estimated
population
Population is a set of humans or other organisms in a given region or area. Governments conduct a census to quantify the resident population size within a given jurisdiction. The term is also applied to non-human animals, microorganisms, and pl ...
of 156,174 and a
population density
Population density (in agriculture: Standing stock (disambiguation), standing stock or plant density) is a measurement of population per unit land area. It is mostly applied to humans, but sometimes to other living organisms too. It is a key geog ...
of 169.92 persons per km², making it the tenth most populated city in the state of Paraná. The total area of the city is .
History
Early settlement
Paranaguá was home to a ''sambaqui'', or
midden
A midden is an old dump for domestic waste. It may consist of animal bones, human excrement, botanical material, mollusc shells, potsherds, lithics (especially debitage), and other artifacts and ecofacts associated with past human oc ...
culture, for several millennia prior to the arrival of the Portuguese. Little is known of the population, which existed along the coast of Paraná. The area was later home to the Carijó people, an extinct subgroup of the
Guaraní people
The Guarani are a group of culturally-related Indigenous peoples of South America. They are distinguished from the related Tupi people, Tupi by their use of the Guarani language. The traditional range of the Guarani people is in what is now Paragu ...
. Portuguese explorers captured the Carijó for slave labor. Over time, the remaining Carijó intermarried with whites and African residents and formed the
Caiçaras
Caiçaras () are a people who inhabit the coastlines of the Brazil, Brazilian states of Paraná (state), Paraná, São Paulo (state), São Paulo and Santa Catarina (state), Santa Catarina, and the municipalities of Paraty and Angra dos Reis, in the ...
subgroup.
European settlement
The Paraná coastline was already known and inhabited by the Europeans as early as 1549. Settlements in the area were first noted by the German
Hans Staden
Hans Staden (c. 1525 – c. 1576) was a German people, German soldier and explorer who voyaged to South America in the middle of the sixteenth century, where he was captured by the Tupinambá people of Colonial Brazil, Brazil. He managed to survi ...
(c. 1525 – c. 1579), who was shipwrecked in the area of 1578. Staden described the existence of a small chapel dedicated to Nossa Senhora do Rosário (Our Lady of the Rosary). Diogo Unhate, notary (''tabelião'') of
Captaincy of São Vicente
The Captaincy of São Vicente (1534–1709) was a land grant and colonial administration in the far southern part of the colonial Portuguese Empire in Colonial Brazil.
History
In 1534 King John III of Portugal granted the captaincy to Martim ...
, obtained the first land grant in Paraná in 1614. Unhate was granted the lands between the
Ararapira River and
Superagui rivers.
Gabriel de Lara, who has passed into history as the "captain settler" arrived in Paranaguá in 1640. He erected the first
pillory
The pillory is a device made of a wooden or metal framework erected on a post, with holes for securing the head and hands, used during the medieval and renaissance periods for punishment by public humiliation and often further physical abuse. ...
in the area on January 6, 1646, the ultimate symbol of justice and power of the Portuguese. Lara announced the discovery of gold in Paranaguá in the same year. The Portuguese established the municipality of Paranugua by royal charter on July 29, 1648, and the city has the distinction of being the first settlement formally founded in the state of Paraná.
Port of Paranaguá
The economy of the city is driven by the deepwater
Port of Paranaguá
The Port of Paranaguá is one of the main ports of Brazil and Latin America. It is in the city of Paranaguá, in the Brazilian state of Paraná, is the second largest port of Brazil in tonnage and the third in container shipping. It is a main ...
, which dates to the 16th century. The port was a point of entry for the settlement of the south of Brazil beginning early in the colonial period. It exports the largest volume of agricultural products of any of the ports of Brazil, notably of grain grown in the southern regions of the country. The port is also a major trade center of automobiles, fertilizer, lumber, paper, petroleum products, salt, soy beans, and sugar. It is administered by the Port Administration of Paranaguá and Antonina (''Administração dos Portos de Paranaguá e Antonina''), which was created by the state of Paraná in 1947.
In 2014, Paranaguá was the 7th largest exporting city, by value, in Brazil. The total value of exported goods that year were $4.3B (USD). The top three products exported by the municipality were
soybean
The soybean, soy bean, or soya bean (''Glycine max'') is a species of legume native to East Asia, widely grown for its edible bean. Soy is a staple crop, the world's most grown legume, and an important animal feed.
Soy is a key source o ...
s (41% of total exports),
poultry meat (22%), and
soybean meal
Soybean meal is used in food and animal feeds, principally as a protein supplement, but also as a source of metabolizable energy. Typically 1 bushel (i.e. 60 lbs. or 27.2 kg) of soybeans yields 48 lbs. (21.8 kg) of soybean meal. Mos ...
(14%).
Geography
Conservation
The municipality contains 4% of the
Guaratuba Environmental Protection Area, created in 1992.
It holds 17% of the
Bom Jesus Biological Reserve, a strictly protected conservation unit established in 2012.
The municipality contains the
Ilha do Mel State Park and the
Ilha do Mel Ecological Station on the
Ilha do Mel (English: Honey Island) at the mouth of Paranaguá Bay.
Climate
Paranaguá experiences a
humid subtropical climate
A humid subtropical climate is a subtropical -temperate climate type, characterized by long and hot summers, and cool to mild winters. These climates normally lie on the southeast side of all continents (except Antarctica), generally between ...
(
Köppen Köppen is a German surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Bernd Köppen (1951–2014), German pianist and composer
* Carl Köppen (1833-1907), German military advisor in Meiji era Japan
* Edlef Köppen (1893–1939), German author ...
: ''Cfa''), next to northern limit of the category in the
southern hemisphere (border of the coast of
São Paulo
São Paulo (; ; Portuguese for 'Paul the Apostle, Saint Paul') is the capital of the São Paulo (state), state of São Paulo, as well as the List of cities in Brazil by population, most populous city in Brazil, the List of largest cities in the ...
/
Paraná). The coastal location and the
Brazil current
The Brazil Current is a warm water current that flows south along the Brazilian south coast to the mouth of the Río de la Plata.
Description
This current is caused by diversion of a portion of the Atlantic South Equatorial Current from where ...
molds a climate different from the usual one of the interior of the
Paraná. The summers can be hot, mainly in the low altitudes and a little more interior. In warmer months, seemly the temperature is equal to or above 30 °C. The winter is very mild, in general it is as if it had only 3 seasons, when compared comparing with cities as
Curitiba
Curitiba () is the capital and largest city in the state of Paraná (state), Paraná in Southern Brazil. The city's population was 1,773,718 , making it the List of cities in Brazil by population, eighth most populous city in Brazil and the larg ...
or
Ponta Grossa
Ponta Grossa () is a municipality in the state of Paraná, southern Brazil. The estimated population is 355,336 according to official data from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics and it is the 4th most populous city in Paraná ( ...
with record temperatures of 5 °C lower. The central months of the year have temperatures averaging over 10 °C.
Frost
Frost is a thin layer of ice on a solid surface, which forms from water vapor that deposits onto a freezing surface. Frost forms when the air contains more water vapor than it can normally hold at a specific temperature. The process is simila ...
is not unknown, but is not expected in a normal winter. The updated normals give a value of precipitation above 2200 mm, which shows the rainy character of the city, although rain days are close to some drier climates. January to March are the wettest months with the advance of Atlantic tropical masses, and the months from June to August are the driest, due to the influence of the polar mass, but with relatively high precipitation.
Sunshine hours are a bit low for the subtropics, being part of the effect of the large amount of water vapor on the airand the consequent cloudiness present.
Collaborating with the high humidity, the prevailing winds come from the east, especially in the ENE. Winds over 19 km/h are rare and more favorable in September. The months with clear skies are more common from June to August and the more cloudy months from January to February, especially with the advancement of
air mass
In meteorology, an air mass is a volume of air defined by its temperature and humidity. Air masses cover many hundreds or thousands of square miles, and adapt to the characteristics of the surface below them. They are classified according to ...
es.
Panorama
Sports
Rio Branco Sport Club is the city
football
Football is a family of team sports that involve, to varying degrees, kick (football), kicking a football (ball), ball to score a goal (sports), goal. Unqualified, football (word), the word ''football'' generally means the form of football t ...
club. In 2006, the club disputed the
Campeonato Brasileiro Série C
The Campeonato Brasileiro Série C, commonly known as the Série C or the Brazilian Série C to distinguish it from the Italian Serie C, is the third tier of the Brazilian football league system.
Unlike the first and second divisions, the Sér ...
.
Estádio da Estradinha is the city stadium.
Transportation
Air
Paranaguá is served by
Paranaguá Airport, a small general aviation airport. The closest international airport to the city is
Afonso Pena International Airport in
São José dos Pinhais
São José dos Pinhais () is a municipality in the state of Paraná in Brazil. It is a part of the Metropolitan Region of Curitiba.
Etymology
With geographical and religious origins the city's name is a homage to São José (Saint Joseph) and ...
, which is directly adjacent to Curitiba.
Consular representation
Uruguay
Uruguay, officially the Oriental Republic of Uruguay, is a country in South America. It shares borders with Argentina to its west and southwest and Brazil to its north and northeast, while bordering the Río de la Plata to the south and the A ...
has a Consulate in Paranaguá.
Sister Cities
Paranaguá is sister cities with:
*
Awaji,
Hyōgo,
Japan
Japan is an island country in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean off the northeast coast of the Asia, Asian mainland, it is bordered on the west by the Sea of Japan and extends from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea ...
*
Mariupol
Mariupol is a city in Donetsk Oblast, Ukraine. It is situated on the northern coast (Pryazovia) of the Sea of Azov, at the mouth of the Kalmius, Kalmius River. Prior to the Russian invasion of Ukraine, it was the tenth-largest city in the coun ...
,
Donetsk Oblast
Donetsk Oblast, also referred to as Donechchyna (, ), is an Oblasts of Ukraine, oblast in eastern Ukraine. It is Ukraine's most populous province, with around 4.1 million residents. Its capital city, administrative centre is Donetsk, though d ...
,
Ukraine
Ukraine is a country in Eastern Europe. It is the List of European countries by area, second-largest country in Europe after Russia, which Russia–Ukraine border, borders it to the east and northeast. Ukraine also borders Belarus to the nor ...
References
Sources
*
*
{{DEFAULTSORT:Paranagua
1648 establishments in the Portuguese Empire
Municipalities in Paraná