The Opium Law (or ''Opiumwet'' in

Dutch Dutch commonly refers to: * Something of, from, or related to the Netherlands * Dutch people () * Dutch language () Dutch may also refer to: Places * Dutch, West Virginia, a community in the United States * Pennsylvania Dutch Country People E ...

) is the section of the

Dutch law The Netherlands uses civil law. The role of case law is small in theory, although in practice it is impossible to understand the law in many fields without also taking into account the relevant case law. The Dutch system of law is based on the Fr ...

which covers nearly all

psychotropic drug A psychoactive drug, psychopharmaceutical, psychoactive agent or psychotropic drug is a chemical substance, that changes functions of the nervous system, and results in alterations in perception, mood, consciousness, cognition or behavior. Th ...

Origin and history

In 1912, the First International Opium Conference took place in

The Hague The Hague ( ; nl, Den Haag or ) is a city and municipality of the Netherlands, situated on the west coast facing the North Sea. The Hague is the country's administrative centre and its seat of government, and while the official capital of ...

, where agreements were made about the trade in

opium Opium (or poppy tears, scientific name: ''Lachryma papaveris'') is dried latex obtained from the seed capsules of the opium poppy ''Papaver somniferum''. Approximately 12 percent of opium is made up of the analgesic alkaloid morphine, which i ...

; this initiated the introduction of the Opium Law, which took place 7 years later. In 1919, the first Opium Law (later known as List I of the Opium Law) was introduced, and on 12 May 1928 the second Opium Law (later known as List II of the Opium Law) was introduced. The first Opium Law was created to regulate drugs with a high addiction or abuse factor, or that are physically harmful. As the name indicates the main reason for introduction was to regulate the Opium trade and later to control various other addictive drugs like

morphine Morphine is a strong opiate that is found naturally in opium, a dark brown resin in poppies (''Papaver somniferum''). It is mainly used as a analgesic, pain medication, and is also commonly used recreational drug, recreationally, or to make ...

cocaine Cocaine (from , from , ultimately from Quechuan languages, Quechua: ''kúka'') is a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant mainly recreational drug use, used recreationally for its euphoria, euphoric effects. It is primarily obtained from t ...

heroin Heroin, also known as diacetylmorphine and diamorphine among other names, is a potent opioid mainly used as a recreational drug for its euphoric effects. Medical grade diamorphine is used as a pure hydrochloride salt. Various white and brow ...

barbiturates Barbiturates are a class of depressant drugs that are chemically derived from barbituric acid. They are effective when used medically as anxiolytics, hypnotics, and anticonvulsants, but have physical and psychological addiction potential as ...

amphetamines Substituted amphetamines are a class of compounds based upon the amphetamine structure; it includes all derivative compounds which are formed by replacing, or substituting, one or more hydrogen atoms in the amphetamine core structure with sub ...

and several decades later,

benzodiazapines Benzodiazepines (BZD, BDZ, BZs), sometimes called "benzos", are a class of depressant, depressant drugs whose core chemical structure is the fusion of a benzene ring and a diazepine ring. They are prescribed to treat conditions such as anxiety d ...

, which were used both medically and recreationally. Except for the addition of new drugs to List I and II of the Opium Law, the Opium Law remained unchanged until 1976. After the rise of a new youth culture which revolved much around the use of drugs like

cannabis ''Cannabis'' () is a genus of flowering plants in the family Cannabaceae. The number of species within the genus is disputed. Three species may be recognized: ''Cannabis sativa'', '' C. indica'', and '' C. ruderalis''. Alternatively ...

and

LSD Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), also known colloquially as acid, is a potent psychedelic drug. Effects typically include intensified thoughts, emotions, and sensory perception. At sufficiently high dosages LSD manifests primarily mental, vi ...

, and with

hashish Hashish ( ar, حشيش, ()), also known as hash, "dry herb, hay" is a drug made by compressing and processing parts of the cannabis plant, typically focusing on flowering buds (female flowers) containing the most trichomes. European Monitorin ...

being openly used, a change of law was needed by the government, to properly control all drugs, but with a clear definition between drugs with an unacceptable degree of addictiveness or physical harm (known as

hard drugs Recreational drug use indicates the use of one or more psychoactive drugs to induce an altered state of consciousness either for pleasure or for some other casual purpose or pastime by modifying the perceptions and emotions of the user. When a ...

), and drugs with an acceptable degree of addictiveness or physical harm (known as soft drugs). In 1976 these changes officially took effect, and the Opium Law was edited to include the changes in the law. In the same year, a decision was made by the Dutch government to discontinue prosecuting cannabis and hashish offenses, provided the person did not sell hard drugs, did not advertise and carried less than a specified maximum amount of cannabis or hashish. In 1980, the decision to not prosecute cannabis and hashish dealers, under certain conditions, was publicly announced by the Dutch government. Many people thereby concluded that this decision would also allow the sale in coffee shops, and coffee shops began selling cannabis and hashish. This led to an enormous rise in the number of coffee shops in the 80's and 90's, and because of this, new regulations were demanded by the government to regulate the sale of cannabis products by coffee shops. In 1996 the laws were changed again to include new regulations for coffee shops. The terms coffee shops had to follow were: * No advertisement * No hard drugs * No entrance to coffee shops by persons under the age of 18 * No sale of more than 5 grams of cannabis products per person, per day * Coffee shops are not allowed to have more than 500 grams of cannabis in stock at any time Since 01-01-2020, no new changes have been made to the Opium Law. Most of the changes in law since 1996 have been additions of new psychoactive substances,

ADB-FUBINACA ADB-FUBINACA is a designer drug identified in synthetic cannabis blends in Japan in 2013. In 2018, it was the third-most common synthetic cannabinoid identified in drugs seized by the Drug Enforcement Administration. The (''S'')-enantiomer of A ...

has been one of the latest on this list being added on 01-01-2020. New guidelines for coffee shops have been made, but they are not covered by the Opium Law.

List I drugs

The following drugs and intermediates are classified as List I drugs of the Opium Law: *

acetorphine Acetorphine is a potent opioid analgesic, up to 8700 times stronger than morphine by weight. It is a derivative of the more well-known opioid etorphine, which is used as a very potent veterinary painkiller and anesthetic medication, primarily f ...

* acetyl-alpha-methylfentanyl *

acetyldihydrocodeine Acetyldihydrocodeine is an opiate derivative discovered in Germany in 1914 and was used as a cough suppressant and analgesic. It is not commonly used, but has activity similar to other opiates. Acetyldihydrocodeine is a very close relative de ...

acetylmethadol Acetylmethadol, also known as methadyl acetate, is a synthetic opioid analgesic. It is a racemic mixture of alphacetylmethadol (α-acetylmethadol) and betacetylmethadol (β-acetylmethadol), which are in turn racemic mixtures of levacetylmethado ...

alphacetylmethadol Alphacetylmethadol (INN), or α-acetylmethadol (AAM), is a synthetic opioid analgesic. Its levorotary enantiomer, levacetylmethadol, is an FDA-approved treatment for opioid addiction. Alphacetylmethadol is very similar in structure to methadon ...

alphameprodine Meprodine is an opioid analgesic that is an analogue of pethidine (meperidine). It is closely related to the drug prodine, the only difference being that meprodine has an ethyl group rather than a methyl at the 3-position of the piperidine ri ...

alphamethadol Alphamethadol ( INN), or α-methadol, also known as alfametadol, is a synthetic opioid analgesic. It is an isomer of dimepheptanol (methadol), the other being betamethadol (β-methadol). Alphamethadol is composed of two isomers itself, L-α-met ...

* alphamethylfentanyl * alphamethylthiofentanyl *

alphaprodine Prodine (trade names Prisilidine and Nisentil) is an opioid analgesic that is an analog of pethidine (meperidine). It was developed in Germany in the late 1940s. There are two isomers of the trans form of prodine, alphaprodine and betaprodine. ...

alfentanil Alfentanil (R-39209, trade name Alfenta, Rapifen in Australia) is a potent but short-acting synthetic opioid analgesic drug, used for anaesthesia in surgery. It is an analogue of fentanyl with around one-fourth to one-tenth the potency, one-third ...

allylprodine Allylprodine is an opioid analgesic that is an analog of prodine. It was discovered by Hoffman-La Roche in 1957 during research into the related drug pethidine. Derivatives were tested to prove the theory that phenolic & non-phenolic opioids bi ...

amphetamine Amphetamine (contracted from alpha- methylphenethylamine) is a strong central nervous system (CNS) stimulant that is used in the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), narcolepsy, and obesity. It is also commonly used ...

amineptine Amineptine, formerly sold under the brand name Survector among others, is an atypical antidepressant of the tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) family. It acts as a selective and mixed dopamine reuptake inhibitor and releasing agent, and to a lesser ...

anileridine Anileridine (trade name: Leritine) is a synthetic analgesic drug and is a member of the piperidine class of analgesic agents developed by Merck & Co. in the 1950s. It differs from pethidine (meperidine) in that the ''N''-methyl group of meperidi ...

benzethidine Benzethidine is a 4-phenylpiperidine derivative that is related to the clinically used opioid analgesic drug pethidine (''meperidine'', or ''Demerol''). Benzethidine is not currently used in medicine and is a Class A/ Schedule I drug which is c ...

benzylmorphine Benzylmorphine (Peronine) is a semi-synthetic opioid narcotic introduced to the international market in 1896 and that of the United States very shortly thereafter. It is much like codeine, containing a benzyl group attached to the morphine molecu ...

betacetylmethadol Betacetylmethadol is a Chemical synthesis, synthetic opioid. It is a diastereoisomer of alphacetylmethadol (as well as levacetylmethadol). In the United States, betacetylmethadol is a List of Schedule I drugs (US), Schedule I drug Narcotic under ...

* beta-hydroxy-3-methylfentanyl * beta-hydroxyfentanyl *

betameprodine Meprodine is an opioid analgesic that is an analogue of pethidine (meperidine). It is closely related to the drug prodine, the only difference being that meprodine has an ethyl group rather than a methyl at the 3-position of the piperidine r ...

betamethadol Betamethadol ( INN), or β-methadol, also known as betametadol, is a synthetic opioid analgesic. It is an isomer of dimepheptanol (methadol), the other being alphamethadol (α-methadol). Betamethadol is composed of two isomers itself, L-β-meth ...

betaprodine Prodine (trade names Prisilidine and Nisentil) is an opioid analgesic that is an analog of pethidine (meperidine). It was developed in Germany in the late 1940s. There are two isomers of the trans form of prodine, alphaprodine and betaprodine ...

bezitramide Bezitramide is an opioid analgesic. Bezitramide itself is a prodrug which is readily hydrolyzed in the gastrointestinal tract to its active metabolite, despropionyl-bezitramide. Bezitramide was discovered at Janssen Pharmaceutica in 1961. It is m ...

* '' bolkaf'' (all parts of the papaver somniferum plant, ''after'' harvesting, excluding seeds) * brolamphetamine *

cathinone Cathinone (also known as benzoylethanamine, or β-keto-amphetamine) is a monoamine alkaloid found in the shrub '' Catha edulis'' (khat) and is chemically similar to ephedrine, cathine, methcathinone and other amphetamines. It is probably the m ...

* 2C-B (2,5-dimethoxy-4-bromophenethylamine) * 2C-I (2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodophenethylamine) * 2C-T-2 (2,5-dimethoxy-4-ethylthiophenethylamine) * 2C-T-7 (2,5-dimethoxy-4-(n)-propylthiophenethylamine) *

clonitazene Clonitazene is an opioid analgesic of approximately three times the potency of morphine. It is related to etonitazene Etonitazene is an analgesic drug, first reported in 1957, that has been shown to have approximately 1,000 to 1,500 times the po ...

coca leaf Coca is any of the four cultivated plants in the family Erythroxylaceae, native to western South America. Coca is known worldwide for its psychoactive alkaloid, cocaine. The plant is grown as a cash crop in the Argentine Northwest, Bolivia, Al ...

(leaves of the plants of the species Erythroxylon) *

codeine Codeine is an opiate and prodrug of morphine mainly used to treat pain, coughing, and diarrhea. It is also commonly used as a recreational drug. It is found naturally in the sap of the opium poppy, ''Papaver somniferum''. It is typically use ...

codoxime Codoxime (Codossima) is an opiate analogue that is a derivative of hydrocodone, where the 6- ketone group has been replaced by carboxymethyloxime. It has primarily antitussive Cold medicines are a group of medications taken individually ...

* concentrate of ''bolkaf'' (the material obtained by subjecting ''bolkaf'' to a treatment for the concentration of its alkaloids) *

desomorphine Desomorphine is a semi-synthetic opioid commercialized by Roche, with powerful, fast-acting effects, such as sedation and analgesia. It was first discovered and patented by a German team working for Knoll in 1920 but was not generally recognize ...

dexamphetamine Dextroamphetamine is a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant and an amphetamine enantiomer that is prescribed for the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and narcolepsy. It is also used as an athletic performance and c ...

dextromoramide Dextromoramide (Palfium, Palphium, Jetrium, Dimorlin) is a powerful opioid analgesic approximately three times more potent than morphine but shorter acting. It is subject to drug prohibition regimes, both internationally through UN treaties and b ...

dextropropoxyphene Dextropropoxyphene is an analgesic in the opioid category, patented in 1955 and manufactured by Eli Lilly and Company. It is an optical isomer of levopropoxyphene. It is intended to treat mild pain and also has antitussive (cough suppressant) a ...

diampromide Diampromide is an opioid analgesic from the ampromide family of drugs, related to other drugs such as propiram and phenampromide. It was invented in the 1960s by American Cyanamid, and can be described as a ring-opened analogue of fentanyl. Diamp ...

diethylthiambutene Diethylthiambutene (Thiambutene, Themalon, Diethibutin, ''N'',''N''-Diethyl-1-methyl-3,3-di-2-thienylallylamine) is an opioid analgesic drug developed in the 1950s which was mainly used as an anesthetic in veterinary Veterinary medicine is th ...

* DET (N,N-diethyltryptamine) * diphenoxide *

diphenoxylate Diphenoxylate is a centrally active opioid drug of the phenylpiperidine series that is used as a combination drug with atropine for the treatment of diarrhea. Diphenoxylate is an opioid and acts by slowing intestinal contractions; the atropine ...

dihydrocodeine Dihydrocodeine is a semi-synthetic opioid analgesic prescribed for pain or severe dyspnea, or as an antitussive, either alone or compounded with paracetamol (acetaminophen) (as in co-dydramol) or aspirin. It was developed in Germany in 1908 a ...

dihydroetorphine Dihydroetorphine was developed by K. W. Bentley at McFarlan-Smith in the 1960s and is a potent opioid analgesic used mainly in China. It is a derivative of the better-known opioid etorphine, a very potent veterinary painkiller and anesthetic med ...

dihydromorphine Dihydromorphine (Paramorfan, Paramorphan) is a semi-synthetic opioid structurally related to and derived from morphine. The 7,8-double bond in morphine is reduced to a single bond to get dihydromorphine.Rama Rao Nadendla. Principles Of Organic ...

dimepheptanol Dimepheptanol (International nonproprietary name, INN; Amidol, Pangerin), also known as methadol or racemethadol, is a Chemical synthesis, synthetic opioid analgesic related to methadone. It has similar effects to other opioids, including Analge ...

* dimenoxadol * DMA (2,5-dimethoxyamphetamine) *

DOET 2,5-Dimethoxy-4-ethylamphetamine (DOET, DOE, Hecate) is a psychedelic drug of the phenethylamine and amphetamine chemical classes. It was first synthesized by Alexander Shulgin, and was described in his book '' PiHKAL'' (''Phenethylamines i Hav ...

(2,5-dimethoxy-4-ethylamphetamine) *

DOM Dom or DOM may refer to: People and fictional characters * Dom (given name), including fictional characters * Dom (surname) * Dom La Nena (born 1989), stage name of Brazilian-born cellist, singer and songwriter Dominique Pinto * Dom people, an et ...

(2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine) * dimethylthiambutene * DMT (N,N-dimethyltryptamine) * dioxaphetylbutyrate *

dipipanone Dipipanone (Pipadone) is a strong opioid analgesic drug, used for acute pain by mouth (PO) for adults - initially 10 mg every 6 hours, then increased if necessary up to 30 mg every 6 hours, with the dose to be increased gradually. It is often use ...

DMHP Dimethylheptylpyran (DMHP, 3-(1,2-dimethylheptyl)-Δ6a(10a)-THC, 1,2-dimethylheptyl-Δ3-THC, A-40824, or EA-2233) is a synthetic analog of THC, which was invented in 1949 during attempts to elucidate the structure of Δ9-THC, one of the acti ...

(1,2-dimethylheptyl-delta-3-THC) *

drotebanol Drotebanol (Oxymethebanol) is a morphinan derivative that acts as an opioid agonist. It was invented by Daiichi Sankyo Co., Sankyo Company in Japan during the 1970s. It is synthesised from thebaine. Drotebanol has powerful antitussive (cough su ...

ecgonine Ecgonine (tropane derivative) is a tropane alkaloid found naturally in coca leaves. It has a close structural relation to cocaine: it is both a metabolite and a precursor, and as such, it is a controlled substance in many jurisdictions, as are so ...

(3-hydroxy-2-tropanecarbonic acid) * MDEA (N-ethyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine) *

ethylmethylthiambutene Ethylmethylthiambutene (; Emethibutin) is an opioid analgesic drug from the thiambutene family, around 1.3x the potency of morphine Morphine is a strong opiate that is found naturally in opium, a dark brown resin in poppies ('' Papaver ...

ethylmorphine Ethylmorphine (also known as codethyline, dionine, and ethyl morphine) is an opioid analgesic and antitussive. Side effects Adverse effects are similar to other opioids and include drowsiness, constipation, vertigo, nausea, vomiting, and respira ...

eticyclidine Eticyclidine (PCE, CI-400) is a dissociative anesthetic drug with hallucinogenic effects. It is similar in effects to phencyclidine but is slightly more potent. PCE was developed by Parke-Davis in the 1970s and evaluated for anesthetic potential ...

etonitazene Etonitazene is an analgesic drug, first reported in 1957, that has been shown to have approximately 1,000 to 1,500 times the potency of morphine in animals. Because it is characterized by a strong dependency potential and a tendency to produce pr ...

etorphine Etorphine (M99) is a semi-synthetic opioid possessing an analgesic potency approximately 1,000–3,000 times that of morphine. It was first prepared in 1960 from oripavine, which does not generally occur in opium poppy extract but rather the r ...

* etoxeridine * etryptamine *

fentanyl Fentanyl, also spelled fentanil, is a very potent synthetic opioid used as a pain medication. Together with other drugs, fentanyl is used for anesthesia. It is also used illicitly as a recreational drug, sometimes mixed with heroin, cocaine ...

fenethylline Fenethylline (British Approved Name, BAN, United States Adopted Name, USAN) is a codrug of amphetamine and theophylline and a prodrug to both. It is also spelled phenethylline and fenetylline (International Nonproprietary Name, INN); other nam ...

furethidine Furethidine is a 4-phenylpiperidine derivative that is related to the clinically used opioid analgesic drug pethidine (meperidine), but with around 25x higher potency. According to another source, Furethidine is 500/30 = 16.7 x the potency of pe ...

GHB ''gamma''-Hydroxybutyric acid (or γ-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB), also known as 4-hydroxybutanoic acid) is a naturally occurring neurotransmitter and a depressant drug. It is a precursor to GABA, glutamate, and glycine in certain brain areas. ...

(4-hydroxybutyric acid) *

hemp oil Hemp oil (hemp seed oil) is oil obtained by pressing hemp seeds. Cold pressed, unrefined hemp oil is dark to clear light green in color, with a nutty flavor. The darker the color, the grassier the flavour. It should not be confused with hash o ...

(concentrate of plants from the Cannabis species (hemp) obtained by extraction of hemp or hashish, if not mixed with oil) *

(

diamorphine Heroin, also known as diacetylmorphine and diamorphine among other names, is a potent opioid mainly used as a recreational drug for its euphoric effects. Medical grade diamorphine is used as a pure hydrochloride salt. Various white and brown ...

) *

hydrocodone Hydrocodone, also known as dihydrocodeinone, is an opioid used to treat pain and as a cough suppressant. It is taken by mouth. Typically it is dispensed as the combination acetaminophen/hydrocodone or ibuprofen/hydrocodone for pain severe en ...

hydromorphinol Hydromorphinol (RAM-320, 14-Hydroxydihydromorphine), also is an opiate analogue that is a derivative of morphine, where the 14-position has been hydroxylated and the 7,8- double bond saturated. It has similar effects to morphine such as sedation ...

hydromorphone Hydromorphone, also known as dihydromorphinone, and sold under the brand name Dilaudid among others, is an opioid used to treat moderate to severe pain. Typically, long-term use is only recommended for pain due to cancer. It may be used by mou ...

MDOH 3,4-Methylenedioxy-''N''-hydroxyamphetamine (MDOH, MDH, N-hydroxytenamphetamine) is an entactogen, psychedelic, and stimulant of the phenethylamine and amphetamine chemical classes. It is the ''N''- hydroxy homologue of MDA, and the ''N' ...

(N-hydroxy-methylenedioxyamphetamine) *

hydroxypethidine Hydroxypethidine (Bemidone) is an opioid analgesic that is an analogue of the more commonly used pethidine (meperidine). Hydroxypethidine is slightly more potent than meperidine as an analgesic, 1.5x meperidine in potency, and it also has NMDA a ...

* isomethadone *

ketobemidone Ketobemidone, sold under the brand name Ketogan among others, is a powerful synthetic opioid painkiller. Its effectiveness against pain is in the same range as morphine, and it also has some NMDA-antagonist properties imparted, in part, by its m ...

* levamphetamine * levophenacylmorphan *

levomethamphetamine LevomethamphetamineOther names include l-methamphetamine, levodesoxyephedrine, l-desoxyephedrine, levmetamfetamine ( INN and USAN). is the levorotatory (L-enantiomer) form of methamphetamine. Levomethamphetamine is a sympathomimetic vasoconstri ...

levomethorphan Levomethorphan (LVM) ( INN, BAN) is an opioid analgesic of the morphinan family that has never been marketed. It is the L-stereoisomer of racemethorphan (methorphan). The effects of the two isomers of the racemethorphan are quite different, with ...

levomoramide Levomoramide is the inactive isomer of the opioid analgesic dextromoramide, invented by the chemist Paul Janssen in 1956. Unlike dextromoramide, which is a potent analgesic with high abuse potential, levomoramide is virtually without activity. ...

levorphanol Levorphanol (brand name Levo-Dromoran) is an opioid medication used to treat moderate to severe pain. It is the levorotatory enantiomer of the compound racemorphan. Its dextrorotatory counterpart is dextrorphan. It was first described in German ...

* lysergide *

mecloqualone Mecloqualone (Nubarene, Casfen) is a Quinazolinone-class GABAergic and is an analogue of methaqualone that was first made in 1960 and marketed mainly in France and some other European countries. It has sedative, hypnotic, and anxiolytic proper ...

mescaline Mescaline or mescalin (3,4,5-trimethoxyphenethylamine) is a naturally occurring psychedelic protoalkaloid of the substituted phenethylamine class, known for its hallucinogenic effects comparable to those of LSD and psilocybin. Biological sou ...

(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenethylamine) *

methamphetamine Methamphetamine (contracted from ) is a potent central nervous system (CNS) stimulant that is mainly used as a recreational drug and less commonly as a second-line treatment for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and obesity. Methamph ...

* methamphetamine racemate *

metazocine Metazocine is an opioid analgesic related to pentazocine. While metazocine has significant analgesic effects, mediated through a mixed agonist–antagonist action at the mu opioid receptor, its clinical use is limited by dysphoric and hallucino ...

methadone Methadone, sold under the brand names Dolophine and Methadose among others, is a synthetic opioid agonist used for chronic pain and also for opioid dependence. It is used to treat chronic pain, and it is also used to treat addiction to heroin ...

methadone intermediate Methadone intermediate is a methadone precursor scheduled by UN Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs. It is a Schedule II Narcotic controlled substance in the United States and has an ACSCN of 9254. The 2014 annual manufacturing quota was 32 ...

(4-cyano-2-dimethylamino-4,4-diphenylbutane) *

methaqualone Methaqualone is a hypnotic sedative. It was sold under the brand names Quaalude ( ) and Sopor among others, which contained 300 mg of methaqualone, and sold as a combination drug under the brand name Mandrax, which contained 250 mg met ...

methcathinone Methcathinone (α-methylamino-propiophenone or ephedrone) (sometimes called "cat" or "jeff" or "catnip" or "M-Kat" or "kat" or "intash" ) is a monoamine alkaloid and psychoactive stimulant, a substituted cathinone. It is used as a recreational ...

* MMDA (2-methoxy-4,5-methylenedioxyamphetamine) *

4-methylaminorex 4-Methylaminorex (4-MAR, 4-MAX) is a stimulant drug of the 2-amino-5-aryloxazoline class that was first synthesized in 1960 by McNeil Laboratories. It is also known by its street name "U4Euh" ("Euphoria"). It is banned in many countries as a s ...

* methyldesorphine * methyldihydromorphine *

MDMA 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), commonly seen in Tablet (pharmacy), tablet form (ecstasy) and crystal form (molly or mandy), is a potent empathogen–entactogen with stimulant properties primarily used for Recreational dru ...

(3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine) *

methylphenidate Methylphenidate, sold under the brand names Ritalin and Concerta among others, is the most widely prescribed central nervous system (CNS) stimulant medication used to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and, to a lesser extent, ...

* 3-methylfentanyl *

MPPP Desmethylprodine or 1-methyl-4-phenyl-4-propionoxypiperidine (MPPP, Ro 2-0718) is an opioid analgesic drug developed in the 1940s by researchers at Hoffmann-La Roche. Desmethylprodine has been labeled by the DEA as a Schedule I drug in the U ...

(1-methyl-4-phenyl-4-piperidinol propionate ester) * 4-MTA (4-methylthioamphetamine) * 3-methylthiofentanyl *

metopon Metopon (5-methylhydromorphone) is an opioid analogue that is a methylated derivative of hydromorphone which was invented in 1929 as an analgesic. Metopon is sometimes used in medicine, although longer acting than hydromorphone, Metopon is less ...

moramide intermediate Moramide intermediate (3-methyl-4-morpholin-4-yl-2,2-diphenylbutanoic acid, on INCB Yellow List as 2-methyl-3-morpholino-1,1-diphenylpropane carboxylic acid) is a moramide precursor scheduled by UN Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs. In the U ...

(2-methyl-3-morpholino-1,1-diphenylpropane-carboxylic acid) * morpheridine *

* morphine-methobromide *

morphine-N-oxide Morphine-''N''-oxide (genomorphine) is an active opioid metabolite of morphine. Morphine itself, in trials with rats, is 11–22 times more potent than morphine-''N''-oxide subcutaneously and 39–89 times more potent intraperitoneally. However ...

* myrophine *

nicocodeine Nicocodeine (Lyopect, Tusscodin) is an opioid analgesic and cough suppressant, an ester of codeine closely related to dihydrocodeine and the codeine analogue of nicomorphine. It is not commonly used in most countries, but has activity similar ...

* nicodicodine *

nicomorphine Nicomorphine (Vilan, Subellan, Gevilan, MorZet) is the 3,6-dinicotinate ester of morphine. It is a strong opioid agonist analgesic two to three times as potent as morphine with a side effect profile similar to that of dihydromorphine, morphine, a ...

noracymethadol Noracymethadol (INN) is a synthetic opioid analgesic related to methadone that was never marketed. In a clinical trial of postpartum patients it was reported to produce analgesia comparable to that of morphine but with less nausea, dizziness ...

norcodeine Norcodeine is an opiate analogue that is the N-demethylated derivative of codeine. It has relatively little opioid activity in its own right, but is formed as a metabolite of codeine following ingestion. Norcodeine is a Schedule I Narcotic cont ...

norlevorphanol Norlevorphanol is an opioid analgesic of the morphinan family that was never marketed. It is the ''levo''- isomer of 3-hydroxymorphinan (morphinan-3-ol). Norlevorphanol is a Schedule I Narcotic controlled substance in the United States with an ...

* normethadone * normorphine * norpipanone *

(the harvested milk, obtained from the plant Papaver somniferum) *

oxycodone Oxycodone, sold under various brand names such as Roxicodone and OxyContin (which is the extended release form), is a strong, semi-synthetic opioid used medically for treatment of moderate to severe pain. It is highly addictive and a commonly ...

oxymorphone Oxymorphone (sold under the brand names Numorphan and Opana among others) is a highly potent opioid analgesic indicated for treatment of severe pain. Pain relief after injection begins after about 5–10 minutes, after oral administration it beg ...

* para-fluorofentanyl *

parahexyl Parahexyl (Synhexyl, n-hexyl-Δ3-THC, (C6)-Δ6a(10a)-THC) is a synthetic homologue of THC which was invented in 1941 during attempts to elucidate the structure of Δ9-THC, one of the active components of cannabis. Parahexyl is similar in both st ...

* PMA (para-methoxyamphetamine) *

PMMA PMMA may refer to: * para-Methoxymethamphetamine, a stimulant drug * Philippine Merchant Marine Academy The Philippine Merchant Marine Academy ( fil, Akademiya sa Bapor Pangkalakalan ng Pilipinas) also referred to by its acronym PMMA) is a ma ...

(para-methoxymethamphetamine) *

PEPAP PEPAP (phenethylphenylacetoxypiperidine) is an opioid analgesic that is an analog (chemistry), analog of pethidine (meperidine). It is related to the drug MPPP, with an ''N''-phenethyl group in place of the ''N''-methyl substitution and an ace ...

(1-fenethyl-4-fenyl-4-piperidinolacetate ester) *

pethidine Pethidine, also known as meperidine and sold under the brand name Demerol among others, is a synthetic opioid analgesic, pain medication of the phenylpiperidine class. Synthesized in 1938 as a potential anticholinergic agent by the German chemis ...

pethidine Intermediate A Pethidine intermediate A is a 4-phenylpiperidine derivative that is a precursor to the opioid analgesic drug pethidine (meperidine). It is not known to have any analgesic activity in its own right, however other derivatives of pethidine with a 4 ...

(4-cyano-1-methyl-4-phenylpiperidine) *

pethidine Intermediate B Norpethidine (normeperidine, pethidine intermediate B) is a 4-phenylpiperidine derivative that is both a precursor to, and the toxic metabolite of, pethidine (meperidine). It is scheduled by UN Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs. It is a Sch ...

(4-phenylpiperidine-4-carbonic acid ethylester) *

pethidine Intermediate C Pethidinic acid (meperidinic acid, pethidine intermediate C) is a 4-phenylpiperidine derivative that is both a metabolite of and a precursor to pethidine (meperidine). It is scheduled by UN Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs. It is a Schedule ...

(1-methyl-4-phenylpiperidine-4-carbonic acid) *

phenadoxone Phenadoxone (trade names Heptalgin, Morphidone, and Heptazone) is an opioid analgesic of the open chain class (methadone and relatives) invented in Germany by Hoechst in 1947. It is one of a handful of useful synthetic analgesics which were used ...

phenampromide Phenampromide is an opioid analgesic from the ampromide family of drugs, related to other drugs such as propiram and diampromide. It was invented in the 1960s by American Cyanamid Co. Although never given a general release, it was trialled and ...

phenazocine Phenazocine (brand names Prinadol, Narphen) is an opioid analgesic drug, which is related to pentazocine and has a similar profile of effects. Effects of phenazocine include analgesia and euphoria, also may include dysphoria and hallucinations at ...

phencyclidine Phencyclidine or phenylcyclohexyl piperidine (PCP), also known as angel dust among other names, is a dissociative anesthetic mainly used recreationally for its significant mind-altering effects. PCP may cause hallucinations, distorted perceptio ...

phenmetrazine Phenmetrazine (INN, USAN, BAN) (brand name Preludin, and many others) is a stimulant drug first synthesized in 1952 and originally used as an appetite suppressant, but withdrawn from the market in the 1980s due to widespread abuse. It was initia ...

phenomorphan Phenomorphan is an opioid analgesic. It is not currently used in medicine, but has similar side-effects to other opiates, which include itching, nausea and respiratory depression. Phenomorphan is a highly potent drug due to the N-phenethyl group, ...

phenoperidine Phenoperidine(Operidine or Lealgin), is an opioid analgesic which is structurally related to pethidine and is used clinically as a general anesthetic. Medical use Phenoperidine is an opioid pain killer -- narcotic analgesic. Pharmacology It i ...

pholcodine Pholcodine is an opioid cough suppressant (antitussive). It helps suppress unproductive coughs and also has a mild sedative effect, but has little or no analgesic effects. It is also known as morpholinylethylmorphine and homocodeine. Pholcodine is ...

piminodine Piminodine (Alvodine) is an opioid analgesic that is an analog (chemistry), analogue of pethidine (meperidine). It was used in medicine briefly during the 1960s and 70s, but has largely fallen out of clinical use. It was used particularly for ob ...

* piritramide *

proheptazine Proheptazine is an opioid analgesic from the phenazepine family. It was invented in the 1960s. Proheptazine produces similar effects to other opioids, including analgesia, sedation, euphoria, dizziness and nausea Nausea is a diffuse sensat ...

* properidine *

propiram Propiram (Algeril, Dirame, Bay 4503) is a partial mu opioid receptor agonist and weak mu antagonist analgesic from the ampromide family of drugs related to other drugs such as phenampromide and diampromide. It was invented in 1963 in the United ...

* psilocine * psilocybine *

racemethorphan Methorphan comes in two isomeric forms, each with differing pharmacology and effects: * Dextromethorphan - An over-the-counter cough suppressant, as well as dissociative hallucinogen. * Levomethorphan - A potent opioid analgesic that was never ...

racemoramide Racemoramide (INN, BAN), or simply moramide, is an opioid analgesic and a racemic mixture of the substances dextromoramide (the active component) and levomoramide (which is inactive), two enantiomers of a chiral molecule. Racemoramide is it ...

racemorphan Racemorphan, or morphanol, is the racemic mixture of the two stereoisomers of 17-methylmorphinan-3-ol, each with differing pharmacology and effects: * Dextrorphan - an antitussive and dissociative hallucinogen ( NMDA receptor antagonist) * L ...

remifentanil Remifentanil is a potent, short-acting synthetic opioid analgesic drug. It is given to patients during surgery to relieve pain and as an adjunct to an anaesthetic. Remifentanil is used for sedation as well as combined with other medications fo ...

* rolicyclidine *

secobarbital Secobarbital (as the sodium salt, originally marketed by Eli Lilly and Company for the treatment of insomnia, and subsequently by other companies as described below, under the brand name Seconal) is a short-acting barbiturate derivative drug that ...

sufentanil Sufentanil, sold under the brand names Dsuvia and Sufenta, is a synthetic opioid analgesic drug approximately 5 to 10 times as potent as its parent drug, fentanyl, and 500 times as potent as morphine. Structurally, sufentanil differs from fen ...

temazepam Temazepam (sold under the brand names Restoril among others) is a medication of the benzodiazepine class which is generally used to treat severe or debilitating insomnia. It is taken by mouth. Temazepam is rapidly absorbed, and significant hypno ...

^† * tenamphetamine *

tenocyclidine Tenocyclidine (TCP) is a dissociative anesthetic with psychostimulant effects. It was discovered by a team at Parke-Davis in the late 1950s. Heterocyclic compounds and methods for producing the same It is similar in effects to phencyclidine (PCP) ...

tetrahydrocannabinol Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is the principal psychoactive constituent of cannabis and one of at least 113 total cannabinoids identified on the plant. Although the chemical formula for THC (C21H30O2) describes multiple isomers, the term ''THC'' ...

thebacon Thebacon (INN; pronounced ), or dihydrocodeinone enol acetate, is a semisynthetic opioid that is similar to hydrocodone and is most commonly synthesised from thebaine. Thebacon was invented in Germany in 1924, four years after the first synthe ...

* thebaïne * thiofentanyl * tilidine * TMA-2 (2,4,5-trimethoxyamphetamine) *

trimeperidine Trimeperidine (Promedol) is an opioid analgesic that is an analogue of prodine. It was developed in the early 1950s in the USSR during research into the related drug pethidine. Trimeperidine has four structural isomers, of which two are acti ...

* TMA (3,4,5-trimethoxyamfetamine) * zipeprol The esters and derivatives of ecgonine, which can be turned into ecgonine and cocaine; The mono- and di-alkylamide-, the pyrrolidine- and morpholine derivatives of

lysergic acid Lysergic acid, also known as -lysergic acid and (+)-lysergic acid, is a precursor for a wide range of ergoline alkaloids that are produced by the ergot fungus and found in the seeds of '' Turbina corymbosa'' (ololiuhqui), '' Argyreia nervosa'' ...

, and the thereby introduction of methyl-, acetyl- or halogen groups obtained substances; Fiveworthy nitrogen-substituted morphinederivates, of which morphine-N-oxide-derivatives, like codeine-N-oxide; The isomers and stereoisomers of tetrahydrocannabinol; The

ether In organic chemistry, ethers are a class of compounds that contain an ether group—an oxygen atom connected to two alkyl or aryl groups. They have the general formula , where R and R′ represent the alkyl or aryl groups. Ethers can again be c ...

ester In chemistry, an ester is a compound derived from an oxoacid (organic or inorganic) in which at least one hydroxyl group () is replaced by an alkoxy group (), as in the substitution reaction of a carboxylic acid and an alcohol. Glycerides ar ...

s and

enantiomer In chemistry, an enantiomer ( /ɪˈnænti.əmər, ɛ-, -oʊ-/ ''ih-NAN-tee-ə-mər''; from Ancient Greek ἐνάντιος ''(enántios)'' 'opposite', and μέρος ''(méros)'' 'part') – also called optical isomer, antipode, or optical ant ...

s of the above mentioned substances, with exception of

dextromethorphan Dextromethorphan (DXM) is a medication most often used as a cough suppressant in over-the-counter cold and cough medicines. It is sold in syrup, tablet, spray, and lozenge forms. In 2022, the FDA approved a formulation of it combined with bu ...

(INN) as enantiomer of levomethorphan and racemethorphan, and with exception of dextrorphanol (INN) as enantiomere of levorphanol and racemorphan; Formulations which contain one or more of the above mentioned substances.

^†Formulations of 20 mg or more of temazepam are classed under List I.

List II drugs

The following drugs are classified as List II drugs of the Opium Law: * allobarbital *

alprazolam Alprazolam, sold under the brand name Xanax, among others, is a fast-acting, potent tranquilizer of medium duration in the triazolobenzodiazepine (TBZD) class, which are benzodiazepines (BZDs) fused with a triazole ring. It is most commonly u ...

amobarbital Amobarbital (formerly known as amylobarbitone or sodium amytal as the soluble sodium salt) is a drug that is a barbiturate derivative. It has sedative- hypnotic properties. It is a white crystalline powder with no odor and a slightly bitter tas ...

* amfepramone *

aminorex Aminorex (Menocil, Apiquel, aminoxaphen, aminoxafen, McN-742) is a weight loss (anorectic) stimulant drug. It was withdrawn from the market after it was found to cause pulmonary hypertension. In the U.S., it is an illegal Schedule I drug, mea ...

barbital Barbital (or barbitone), marketed under the brand names Veronal for the pure acid and Medinal for the sodium salt, was the first commercially available barbiturate. It was used as a sleeping aid (hypnotic) from 1903 until the mid-1950s. The chemic ...

benzphetamine Benzphetamine (brand name Didrex) is a substituted amphetamine used short-term along with a doctor-approved, reduced- calorie diet, exercise, and behavioral program for weight loss. It is prescribed for obesity to people who have been unable to ...

bromazepam Bromazepam, sold under many brand names, is a benzodiazepine. It is mainly an anti-anxiety agent with similar side effects to diazepam (Valium). In addition to being used to treat anxiety or panic states, bromazepam may be used as a premedicant ...

* brotizolam *

buprenorphine Buprenorphine is an opioid used to treat opioid use disorder, acute pain, and chronic pain. It can be used under the tongue (sublingual), in the cheek (buccal), by injection (intravenous and subcutaneous), as a skin patch (transdermal), ...

butalbital Butalbital is a barbiturate with an intermediate duration of action. Butalbital is often combined with other medications, such as paracetamol (acetaminophen) or aspirin, for the treatment of pain and headache. The various formulations combined wi ...

* butobarbital * camazepam * cathine *

chlordiazepoxide Chlordiazepoxide, trade name Librium among others, is a sedative and hypnotic medication of the benzodiazepine class; it is used to treat anxiety, insomnia and symptoms of withdrawal from alcohol and other drugs. Chlordiazepoxide has a medium t ...

clobazam Clobazam, sold under the brand names Frisium, Onfi and others, is a benzodiazepine class medication that was patented in 1968. Clobazam was first synthesized in 1966 and first published in 1969. Clobazam was originally marketed as an anxioselec ...

clonazepam Clonazepam, sold under the brand names Klonopin and Rivotril, is a medication used to prevent and treat seizures, panic disorder, anxiety disorders, and the movement disorder known as akathisia. It is a tranquilizer of the benzodiazepine class ...

clorazepate Clorazepate, sold under the brand name Tranxene among others, is a benzodiazepine medication. It possesses anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, sedative, hypnotic, and skeletal muscle relaxant properties. Clorazepate is an unusually long-lasting benzodiaz ...

clotiazepam Clotiazepam (marketed under brand name Clozan, Distensan, Trecalmo, Rize, Rizen and Veratran) is a thienodiazepine drug which is a benzodiazepine analog. The clotiazepam molecule differs from benzodiazepines in that the benzene ring has been ...

* cloxazolam *

cyclobarbital Cyclobarbital, also known as cyclobarbitol or cyclobarbitone, is a barbiturate derivative In mathematics, the derivative of a function of a real variable measures the sensitivity to change of the function value (output value) with respec ...

delorazepam Delorazepam, also known as chlordesmethyldiazepam and nordiclazepam, is a drug which is a benzodiazepine and a derivative of desmethyldiazepam. It is marketed in Italy, where it is available under the trade name EN and Dadumir. Delorazepam (chl ...

diazepam Diazepam, first marketed as Valium, is a medicine of the benzodiazepine family that acts as an anxiolytic. It is commonly used to treat a range of conditions, including anxiety, seizures, alcohol withdrawal syndrome, muscle spasms, insomnia, a ...

estazolam Estazolam, sold under the brand name Prosom among others, is a tranquilizer medication of the triazolobenzodiazepine (TBZD) class, which are benzodiazepines (BZDs) fused with a triazole ring . It possesses anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, hypnotic, s ...

* ethchlorvynol * ethinamate * ethylloflazepate *

ethylamphetamine Etilamfetamine (trade names Apetinil and Adiparthrol; also known as ''N''-ethylamphetamine) is a stimulant drug of the phenethylamine and amphetamine chemical classes. It was invented in the early 20th century and was subsequently used as an ano ...

fencamfamine Fencamfamin ( INN), also known as fencamfamine or by the brand names Glucoenergan and Reactivan, is a stimulant which was developed by Merck in the 1960s. Medical uses Fencamfamin is still used, though rarely, for treating depressive day-time fa ...

fenproporex Fenproporex (Perphoxene) (N-2-Cyanoethylamphetamine) (3-(1-phenylpropan-2-ylamino)propanenitrile) (3- 1-Methyl-2-Phenylethyl)aminoropiononitrile) is a stimulant drug of the phenethylamine and amphetamine chemical classes that was developed in ...

* fludiazepam *

flunitrazepam Flunitrazepam, also known as Rohypnol among other names, is a benzodiazepine used to treat severe insomnia and assist with anesthesia. As with other hypnotics, flunitrazepam has been advised to be prescribed only for short-term use or by those ...

flurazepam Flurazepam (marketed under the brand names Dalmane and Dalmadorm) is a drug which is a benzodiazepine derivative. It possesses anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, hypnotic, sedative and skeletal muscle relaxant properties. It produces a metabolite w ...

glutethimide Glutethimide is a hypnotic sedative that was introduced by Ciba in 1954 as a safe alternative to barbiturates to treat insomnia. Before long, however, it had become clear that glutethimide was just as likely to cause addiction and caused simila ...

* halazepam * haloxazolam *

(a usually solid mixture of the excreted resin obtained from plants of the Cannabis species (hemp), with plant materials of these plants) *

hemp Hemp, or industrial hemp, is a botanical class of ''Cannabis sativa'' cultivars grown specifically for industrial or medicinal use. It can be used to make a wide range of products. Along with bamboo, hemp is among the fastest growing plants o ...

(all parts of the plant from the Cannabis species (hemp), of which the resin has not been extracted, with exception of the seeds) * ketazolam *

lefetamine Lefetamine (Santenol) is a drug which is a stimulant and also an analgesic with effects comparable to codeine. Discovery Lefetamine-related 1,2-diphenylethylamines were invented in the 1940s and showed weak analgesic activity. It was inv ...

loprazolam Loprazolam (triazulenone) marketed under many brand names is a benzodiazepine medication. It possesses anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, hypnotic, sedative and skeletal muscle relaxant properties. It is licensed and marketed for the short-term t ...

lorazepam Lorazepam, sold under the brand name Ativan among others, is a benzodiazepine medication. It is used to treat anxiety disorders, trouble sleeping, severe agitation, active seizures including status epilepticus, alcohol withdrawal, and c ...

lormetazepam Lormetazepam, sold under the brand name Noctamid among others, is a drug which is a short to intermediate acting 3-hydroxy benzodiazepine derivative and temazepam analogue. It possesses hypnotic, anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, sedative, and skel ...

* mazindole *

medazepam Medazepam is a drug that is a benzodiazepine derivative. It possesses anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, sedative, and skeletal muscle relaxant properties. It is known by the following brand names: Azepamid, Nobrium, Tranquirax (mixed with bevonium) ...

* mefenorex *

meprobamate Meprobamate—marketed as Miltown by Wallace Laboratories and Equanil by Wyeth, among others—is a carbamate derivative used as an anxiolytic drug. It was the best-selling minor tranquilizer for a time, but has largely been replaced by the be ...

mesocarb Mesocarb (brand names Sidnocarb, Sydnocarb) is a drug that is currently being developed for Parkinson's disease. The drug was originally developed in the USSR in the 1970s for a variety of indications including asthenia, apathy, adynamia and ...

methylphenobarbital Methylphenobarbital (INN), also known as mephobarbital (USAN, JAN) and mephobarbitone ( BAN), marketed under brand names such as Mebaral, Mephyltaletten, Phemiton, and Prominal, is a drug which is a barbiturate derivative and is used primarily ...

methyprylon Methyprylon, or Noludar, is a sedative of the piperidinedione derivative family first developed by Hoffmann-La Roche. This medicine was used for treating insomnia, but is now rarely used as it has been replaced by newer drugs with fewer side eff ...

midazolam Midazolam, sold under the brand name Versed among others, is a benzodiazepine medication used for anesthesia and procedural sedation, and to treat severe agitation. It works by inducing sleepiness, decreasing anxiety, and causing a loss of a ...

nimetazepam Nimetazepam (marketed under brand name Erimin and Lavol) is an intermediate-acting hypnotic drug which is a benzodiazepine derivative. It was first synthesized by a team at Hoffmann-La Roche in 1964. It possesses powerful hypnotic, anxiolytic, s ...

nitrazepam Nitrazepam, sold under the brand name Mogadon among others, is a hypnotic drug of the benzodiazepine class used for short-term relief from severe, disabling anxiety and insomnia. It also has sedative (calming) properties, as well as amnestic (i ...

nordiazepam Nordazepam (INN; marketed under brand names Nordaz, Stilny, Madar, Vegesan, and Calmday; also known as nordiazepam, desoxydemoxepam, and desmethyldiazepam) is a 1,4-benzodiazepine derivative. Like other benzodiazepine derivatives, it has amnesic ...

oxazepam Oxazepam is a short-to-intermediate-acting benzodiazepine. Oxazepam is used for the treatment of anxiety and insomnia and in the control of symptoms of alcohol withdrawal syndrome. It is a metabolite of diazepam, prazepam, and temazepam, and ha ...

* oxazolam *

pemoline Pemoline, sold under the brand name Cylert among others, is a stimulant medication which has been used in the treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and narcolepsy. It has been discontinued in most countries to due to rare b ...

pentazocine Pentazocine, sold under the brand name Talwin among others, is a painkiller used to treat moderate to severe pain. It is believed to work by activating (agonizing) κ-opioid receptors (KOR) and μ-opioid receptors (MOR). As such it is called an ...

pentobarbital Pentobarbital (previously known as pentobarbitone in Britain and Australia) is a short-acting barbiturate typically used as a sedative, a preanesthetic, and to control convulsions in emergencies. It can also be used for short-term treatment of ...

phendimetrazine Phendimetrazine (Bontril, Adipost, Anorex-SR, Appecon, Melfiat, Obezine, Phendiet, Plegine, Prelu-2, Statobex) is a stimulant drug of the morpholine chemical class used as an appetite suppressant. Pharmacology Phendimetrazine functions as a p ...

phenobarbital Phenobarbital, also known as phenobarbitone or phenobarb, sold under the brand name Luminal among others, is a medication of the barbiturate type. It is recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) for the treatment of certain types of ep ...

phentermine Phentermine ( phenyl- tertiary-butyl amine), with several brand names including Ionamin and Sentis, is a medication used together with diet and exercise to treat obesity. It is taken by mouth for up to a few weeks at a time, after which the ben ...

pinazepam Pinazepam (marketed under the brand name Domar and Duna) is a benzodiazepine drug. It possesses anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, sedative and skeletal muscle relaxant properties. Pinazepam and its metabolite ''N''-desmethyldiazepam are transferred ...

pipradrol Pipradrol (Meratran) is a mild central nervous system stimulant ( norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitor) that is no longer widely used in most countries due to concerns about its abuse potential. Pipradrol is still used in some European cou ...

prazepam Prazepam is a benzodiazepine derivative drug developed by Warner-Lambert in the 1960s. It possesses anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, sedative and skeletal muscle relaxant properties. Prazepam is a prodrug for desmethyldiazepam which is responsible fo ...

pyrovalerone (Centroton, 4-Methyl-β-keto-prolintane, Thymergix, O-2371) is a psychoactive drug with stimulant effects via acting as a norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitor (NDRI), and is used for the clinical treatment of chronic fatigue or letharg ...

* secbutabarbital *

(formulations containing less than 20 mg) * tetrazepam *

triazolam Triazolam, sold under the brand name Halcion among others, is a central nervous system (CNS) depressant tranquilizer of the triazolobenzodiazepine (TBZD) class, which are benzodiazepine (BZD) derivatives. It possesses pharmacological properties ...

* vinylbital *

zolpidem Zolpidem, sold under the brand name Ambien, among others, is a medication primarily used for the short-term treatment of sleeping problems. Guidelines recommend that it be used only after cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia and behaviora ...

Formulations which contain one or more of the above mentioned substances, with exception of hemp oil.

Medical use

Even though List I substances are officially classified as hard drugs, several of them are often prescribed by licensed

doctors Doctor or The Doctor may refer to: Personal titles * Doctor (title), the holder of an accredited academic degree * A medical practitioner, including: ** Physician ** Surgeon ** Dentist ** Veterinary physician ** Optometrist *Other roles ** ...

. For example, nearly all

opioids Opioids are substances that act on opioid receptors to produce morphine-like effects. Medically they are primarily used for pain relief, including anesthesia. Other medical uses include suppression of diarrhea, replacement therapy for opioid use ...

are List I drugs, but they are commonly prescribed to cancer and HIV patients, as well as sufferers of chronic pain. Two

stimulants Stimulants (also often referred to as psychostimulants or colloquially as uppers) is an overarching term that covers many drugs including those that increase activity of the central nervous system and the body, drugs that are pleasurable and inv ...

which are both prescribed for

ADD Addition (usually signified by the plus symbol ) is one of the four basic operations of arithmetic, the other three being subtraction, multiplication and division. The addition of two whole numbers results in the total amount or '' sum'' of ...

ADHD Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterised by excessive amounts of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity that are pervasive, impairing in multiple contexts, and otherwise age-inapp ...

and

narcolepsy Narcolepsy is a long-term neurological disorder that involves a decreased ability to regulate sleep–wake cycles. Symptoms often include periods of excessive daytime sleepiness and brief involuntary sleep episodes. About 70% of those affec ...

;

and

, are also List I drugs of the Opium Law. On the other hand, all barbiturates except for secobarbital are List II drugs, while none of them, except for phenobarbital, are prescribed today. In theory, a licensed doctor could prescribe any substance they think is needed for the correct treatment of their

patient A patient is any recipient of health care services that are performed by healthcare professionals. The patient is most often ill or injured and in need of treatment by a physician, nurse, optometrist, dentist, veterinarian, or other health c ...

, both List I and List II substances of the Opium Law, though substances which aren't available as commercial

pharmaceutical A medication (also called medicament, medicine, pharmaceutical drug, medicinal drug or simply drug) is a drug used to diagnose, cure, treat, or prevent disease. Drug therapy (pharmacotherapy) is an important part of the medical field and re ...

preparations have to be custom prepared by the designated

pharmacy Pharmacy is the science and practice of discovering, producing, preparing, dispensing, reviewing and monitoring medications, aiming to ensure the safe, effective, and affordable use of medicines. It is a miscellaneous science as it links heal ...

. All prescriptions for List I and some List II substances (

, cathine,

, hemp,

and

) of the Opium Law have to be written in full in letters, and have to contain the name and initials, address, city and telephone number of the licensed prescriber issuing the prescriptions, as well as the name and initials, address and city of the person the prescription is issued to. If the prescription is issued for an animal, the data of the owner should be used instead, and a description of the animal has to be included on the prescription.http://www.cannabis-med.org/dutch/Regulations/Opium_Act_Decree.pdf

References

External links

*{{in lang, nl}
Opiumwet
on the official website of the Dutch government Dutch legislation Drug control law Drug policy of the Netherlands Health law in the Netherlands