The Ottoman–Portuguese or the Turco-Portuguese confrontationsSalih Özbaran, ''The Ottoman response to European expansion: studies on Ottoman-Portuguese relations in the Indian Ocean and Ottoman administration in the Arab lands during the sixteenth century'', Isis Press, 1994
viii
/ref> refers to a series of different military encounters between the

Portuguese Empire The Portuguese Empire was a colonial empire that existed between 1415 and 1999. In conjunction with the Spanish Empire, it ushered in the European Age of Discovery. It achieved a global scale, controlling vast portions of the Americas, Africa ...

and the

Ottoman Empire The Ottoman Empire (), also called the Turkish Empire, was an empire, imperial realm that controlled much of Southeast Europe, West Asia, and North Africa from the 14th to early 20th centuries; it also controlled parts of southeastern Centr ...

, or between other

Europe Europe is a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere. It is bordered by the Arctic Ocean to the north, the Atlantic Ocean to the west, the Mediterranean Sea to the south, and Asia to the east ...

an powers and the Ottoman Empire in which relevant Portuguese military forces participated. Some of these conflicts were brief, while others lasted for many years. Most of these conflicts took place in the

Indian Ocean The Indian Ocean is the third-largest of the world's five oceanic divisions, covering or approximately 20% of the water area of Earth#Surface, Earth's surface. It is bounded by Asia to the north, Africa to the west and Australia (continent), ...

, in the process of the expansion of the Portuguese Empire, but also in the

Red Sea The Red Sea is a sea inlet of the Indian Ocean, lying between Africa and Asia. Its connection to the ocean is in the south, through the Bab-el-Mandeb Strait and the Gulf of Aden. To its north lie the Sinai Peninsula, the Gulf of Aqaba, and th ...

. These conflicts also involved regional powers, after 1538 the

Adal Sultanate The Adal Sultanate, also known as the Adal Empire or Barr Saʿad dīn (alt. spelling ''Adel Sultanate'', ''Adal Sultanate'') (), was a medieval Sunni Muslim empire which was located in the Horn of Africa. It was founded by Sabr ad-Din III on th ...

, with the aid of the Ottoman Empire, fought against the

Ethiopian Empire The Ethiopian Empire, historically known as Abyssinia or simply Ethiopia, was a sovereign state that encompassed the present-day territories of Ethiopia and Eritrea. It existed from the establishment of the Solomonic dynasty by Yekuno Amlak a ...

, which was supported by the Portuguese, under the command of

Cristóvão da Gama Cristóvão da Gama ( 1516 – 29 August 1542), anglicised as Christopher da Gama, was a Portugal, Portuguese military commander who led a Portuguese army of 400 musketeers to assist Ethiopia that faced Islamic Jihad from the Adal Sultanate led ...

, the son of the famous explorer

Vasco da Gama Vasco da Gama ( , ; – 24 December 1524), was a Portuguese explorer and nobleman who was the Portuguese discovery of the sea route to India, first European to reach India by sea. Da Gama's first voyage (1497–1499) was the first to link ...

. This war is known as the Ethiopian–Adal war.

Conflicts

* Siege of Jeddah * Battle of al-Shihr (1531) * Siege of Diu (1531) *

Conquest of Tunis (1535) The conquest of Tunis occurred in 1535 when the Habsburg Emperor Charles V and his allies wrestled the city away from the control of the Ottoman Empire. Background In 1533, Suleiman the Magnificent ordered Hayreddin Barbarossa, whom he had summon ...

* Ottoman–Portuguese conflicts (1538–1560) ** Siege of Diu (1538) **

Battle of Suakin (1541) The Battle of Suakin of 1541 was an armed encounter that took place in 1541 in the city of Suakin (''Suaquém'' in Portuguese), held by the Ottoman Empire, and which was attacked, sacked and razed by Portuguese forces under the command of the P ...

** Battle of El Tor **

Battle of Suez (1541) The Battle of Suez occurred in 1541 and was a failed attack by the Portuguese against the Ottomans. In 1541 the Portuguese fleet under the command of the Portuguese governor of India Estêvão da Gama and his brother Cristóvão da Gama penetra ...

** Attack on Jeddah (1541) **

Battle of Jarte The Battle of Jarte was fought from 4 to 16 April 1542 between the forces of Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi and the Ethiopian Empire assisted by a Portuguese Empire, Portuguese expeditionary force led by Cristóvão da Gama. The Abyssinians and Port ...

** Battle of Wofla **

Battle of Wayna Daga The Battle of Wayna Daga was a large-scale battle between the Ethiopian forces and the Portuguese Empire and the forces of the Adal Sultanate and the Ottoman Empire in the east of Lake Tana in Ethiopia on 21 February 1543. The available sources ...

** Siege of Diu (1546) ** Capture of Aden (1548) ** Battle of Bab el Mandeb ** Siege of Qatif (1551) ** Capture of Muscat (1552) ** Siege of Hormuz (1552) ** Battle of the Bay of Velez ** Battle of the Strait of Hormuz (1553) ** Ottoman campaign against Hormuz **

Battle of the Gulf of Oman The Battle of the Gulf of Oman was a naval battle between a large Portuguese armada under Dom Fernando de Meneses and the Ottoman Indian fleet under Seydi Ali Reis. The campaign was a catastrophic failure for the Ottomans who lost all of their ...

** Action at Diu ** Red Sea campaign (1556) ** Attack on Mocha **

Siege of Bahrain The siege of Bahrain of 1559 occurred when forces of the Ottoman Empire, commanded by the governor of the Lahsa eyalet Mustafa Pasha, attempted to seize Bahrain, and thus wrest control of the island and its famed pearl trade from the Portuguese ...

** Battle of Kamaran * Conquest of Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera * Siege of Malacca (1568) * Capture of Muscat (1581) * Ottoman–Portuguese conflicts (1586–1589) ** Battle of Mombasa (1589) *

Sack of Madeira The sack of Madeira occurred in 1617 when Algerian pirates known as Barbary Corsairs sacked the Island and took 1,200 inhabitants as slaves.Ottoman–Venetian War (1714–1718) The Seventh Ottoman–Venetian War (also called the Second Morean War,Lane (1973), p. 411 the Small War or, in Croatia, the War of Sinj) was fought between the Republic of Venice and the Ottoman Empire between 1714 and 1718. It was the last co ...

Battle of Matapan The Battle of Matapan, also known as the Battle of Cape Matapan, took place on 19 July 1717 off the Cape Matapan, on the coast of the Mani Peninsula, now in southern Greece. The naval battle was between the Armada Grossa of the Republic o ...

* Spanish–Algerian War (1775–1785) ** Bombardment of Algiers (1784) * Action of 26 May 1789 * Action of 15 August 1799 * Action of 27 May 1802

Notes

References

*Attila & Balázs Weiszhár, ''Háborúk lexikona'', Atheneaum, Budapest, 2004 (in Hungarian; title means in English ''Lexicon of Wars'') {{DEFAULTSORT:Ottoman-Portuguese conflicts Wars involving Portugal Wars involving the Ottoman Empire Military history of the Indian Ocean Military history of the Mediterranean