Orthida is an extinct order of

brachiopod Brachiopods (), phylum (biology), phylum Brachiopoda, are a phylum of animals that have hard "valves" (shells) on the upper and lower surfaces, unlike the left and right arrangement in bivalve molluscs. Brachiopod valves are hinged at the rear e ...

s which appeared during the Early Cambrian period and became very diverse by the

Ordovician The Ordovician ( ) is a geologic period and System (geology), system, the second of six periods of the Paleozoic Era (geology), Era, and the second of twelve periods of the Phanerozoic Eon (geology), Eon. The Ordovician spans 41.6 million years f ...

, living in shallow-shelf seas. Orthids are the oldest member of the subphylum Rhynchonelliformea (Articulate Brachiopods), and is the order from which all other brachiopods of this group stem. Physically they are usually strophic, with well-developed interareas. They also commonly have radiating ribs, sulcus, and fold structures. Typically one valve, often the brachial valve, is flatter than the other. The interior structure of the brachial valves are usually simple. In shape they are sub-circular to elliptical, with typically biconvex valves. There is some debate over the forms that first appeared of this order as to how they should be classified. However, they began to differentiate themselves by the late Early Cambrian period, and by the late

Cambrian The Cambrian ( ) is the first geological period of the Paleozoic Era, and the Phanerozoic Eon. The Cambrian lasted 51.95 million years from the end of the preceding Ediacaran period 538.8 Ma (million years ago) to the beginning of the Ordov ...

period had diversified into numerous varieties and reach 2 to 5 cm in width. Specimens from the late Cambrian to the earliest Ordovician exhibit shells with rounded and pointed pedicle valves, with sharp to obtuse extremities and ridges that are fine to course. Punctate shells appear during the mid-Ordovician, which establish the suborder Dalmanellidina. The Ordovician is a productive period which gives rise to numerous genera in this order. However, they started to become greatly reduced by the end of the Ordovician extinction event. Both the impunctate and punctate survived through to the early

Devonian The Devonian ( ) is a period (geology), geologic period and system (stratigraphy), system of the Paleozoic era (geology), era during the Phanerozoic eon (geology), eon, spanning 60.3 million years from the end of the preceding Silurian per ...

Eventually, though, only the punctate lived on, and would play a minor role in benthic ecosystems until the late

Permian The Permian ( ) is a geologic period and System (stratigraphy), stratigraphic system which spans 47 million years, from the end of the Carboniferous Period million years ago (Mya), to the beginning of the Triassic Period 251.902 Mya. It is the s ...

, when they became extinct.

Taxonomy

The taxonomy taken from the 2000 treatise is as follows:

Suborder Orthidina

* Superfamily Orthoidea ** Family Orthidae ** Family Anomalorthidae ** Family Bohemiellidae ** Family Glyptorthidae ** Family Hesperonomiidae ** Family Hesperorthidae ** Family Lycophoriidae ** Family Nanorthidae ** Family Orthidiellidae ** Family Plaesiomyidae ** Family Poramborthidae ** Family Productorthidae ** Family Whittardiidae * Superfamily Plectorthoidea ** Family Plectorthidae ** Family Cremnorthidae ** Family Cyclocoeliidae ** Family Eoorthidae ** Family Euorthisinidae ** Family Finkelnburgiidae ** Family Giraldiellidae ** Family Phragmorthidae ** Family Platystrophiidae ** Family Ranorthidae ** Family Rhactorthidae ** Family Tasmanorthidae ** Family Wangyuiidae

Suborder Dalmanellidina

* Superfamily Dalmanelloidea ** Family Dalmanellidae ** Family Angusticardiniidae ** Family Dicoelosiidae ** Family Harknessellidae ** Family Heterorthidae ** Family Hypsomyoniidae ** Family Kayserellidae ** Family Mystrophoridae ** Family Paurorthidae ** Family Platyorthidae ** Family Portranellidae ** Family Proschizophoriidae ** Family Rhipidomellidae ** Family Tyronellidae * Superfamily Enteletoidea ** Family Enteletidae ** Family Draboviidae ** Family Chrustenoporidae ** Family Linoporellidae ** Family Saukrodictyidae ** Family Schizophoriidae

Notes

{{Authority control Prehistoric brachiopod orders Lopingian extinctions Cambrian first appearances