In
computer science and
artificial intelligence, ontology languages are
formal languages used to construct
ontologies. They allow the encoding of
knowledge about specific
domains and often include reasoning rules that support the processing of that knowledge. Ontology languages are usually
declarative languages, are almost always generalizations of
frame languages, and are commonly based on either
first-order logic or on
description logic.
Classification of ontology languages
Classification by syntax
Traditional syntax ontology languages
*
Common Logic - and its dialects
*
CycL
*
DOGMA (Developing Ontology-Grounded Methods and Applications)
*
F-Logic (Frame Logic)
*
FO-dot
In computer science, FO(.) (a.k.a. FO-dot) is a knowledge representation language based on first-order logic (FO). It extends FO with types, aggregates (counting, summing, maximising ... over a set), arithmetic, inductive definitions, partial fu ...
(First-order logic extended with types, arithmetic, aggregates and inductive definitions)
*
KIF (Knowledge Interchange Format)
**
Ontolingua based on KIF
*
KL-ONE
* KM programming language
*
LOOM (ontology)
* OCML (Operational Conceptual Modelling Language)
*
OKBC
Open Knowledge Base Connectivity (OKBC) is a protocol and an API for accessing knowledge in knowledge representation systems such as ontology repositories and object–relational databases. It is somewhat complementary to the Knowledge Interchang ...
(
Open Knowledge Base Connectivity
Open Knowledge Base Connectivity (OKBC) is a protocol and an API for accessing knowledge in knowledge representation systems such as ontology repositories and object–relational databases. It is somewhat complementary to the Knowledge Intercha ...
)
* PLIB (Parts LIBrary)
*
RACER
Markup ontology languages
These languages use a
markup
Markup or mark-up can refer to:
* Markup language, a standardized set of notations used to annotate a plain-text document's content to give information regarding the structure of the text or instructions for how it is to be displayed
** Lightweigh ...
scheme to encode knowledge, most commonly with
XML.
*
DAML+OIL
The Web Ontology Language (OWL) is a family of knowledge representation languages for authoring ontologies. Ontologies are a formal way to describe taxonomies and classification networks, essentially defining the structure of knowledge for variou ...
*
Ontology Inference Layer (OIL)
*
Web Ontology Language (OWL)
*
Resource Description Framework The Resource Description Framework (RDF) is a World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) standard originally designed as a data model for metadata. It has come to be used as a general method for description and exchange of graph data. RDF provides a variety of ...
(RDF)
*
RDF Schema (RDFS)
*
SHOE
Controlled natural languages
*
Attempto Controlled English
Open vocabulary natural languages
*
Executable English
In computing, executable code, an executable file, or an executable program, sometimes simply referred to as an executable or binary, causes a computer "to perform indicated tasks according to encoded instructions", as opposed to a data fil ...
www.executable-english.com
/ref>
Classification by structure (logic type)
Frame-based
Three languages are completely or partially frame-based languages.
* F-Logic
* OKBC
Open Knowledge Base Connectivity (OKBC) is a protocol and an API for accessing knowledge in knowledge representation systems such as ontology repositories and object–relational databases. It is somewhat complementary to the Knowledge Interchang ...
* KM
Description logic-based
Description logic provides an extension of frame languages, without going so far as to take the leap to first-order logic and support for arbitrary predicates.
* KL-ONE
* RACER
* OWL.
Gellish is an example of a combined ontology language and ontology that is description logic based. It distinguishes between the semantic differences among others of:
* relation types for relations between concepts (classes)
* relation types for relations between individuals
* relation types for relations between individuals and classes
It also contains constructs to express queries and communicative intent.
First-order logic-based
Several ontology languages support expressions in first-order logic and allow general predicates.
* Common Logic
* CycL
* FO-dot
In computer science, FO(.) (a.k.a. FO-dot) is a knowledge representation language based on first-order logic (FO). It extends FO with types, aggregates (counting, summing, maximising ... over a set), arithmetic, inductive definitions, partial fu ...
(First-order logic extended with types, arithmetic, aggregates and inductive definitions)
* KIF
See also
* Domain theory
* Formal concept analysis
* Galois connection In mathematics, especially in order theory, a Galois connection is a particular correspondence (typically) between two partially ordered sets (posets). Galois connections find applications in various mathematical theories. They generalize the funda ...
* Lattice (order)
A lattice is an abstract structure studied in the mathematical subdisciplines of order theory and abstract algebra. It consists of a partially ordered set in which every pair of elements has a unique supremum (also called a least upper bou ...
* List of knowledge representation languages
In computer science and artificial intelligence, ontology languages are formal languages used to construct ontologies. They allow the encoding of knowledge about specific domains and often include reasoning rules that support the processing ...
* Modeling language
* OntoUML
Notes
References
* Oscar Corcho, Asuncion Gomez-Perez,
A Roadmap to Ontology Specification Languages
' (2000)
''Introduction to Description Logics'' – DL course
by Enrico Franconi, Faculty of Computer Science, Free University of Bolzano, Italy
{{Non-classical logic
Modeling languages