Northern Maramureș
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Northern Maramureș (, ; ; ) is a geographic-historical region comprising roughly the eastern half of the
Zakarpattia Oblast Zakarpattia Oblast (Ukrainian language, Ukrainian: Закарпатська область), also referred to as simply Zakarpattia (Ukrainian language, Ukrainian: Закарпаття; Hungarian language, Hungarian: ''Kárpátalja'') or Transcar ...
in southwestern
Ukraine Ukraine is a country in Eastern Europe. It is the List of European countries by area, second-largest country in Europe after Russia, which Russia–Ukraine border, borders it to the east and northeast. Ukraine also borders Belarus to the nor ...
, near the border with
Romania Romania is a country located at the crossroads of Central Europe, Central, Eastern Europe, Eastern and Southeast Europe. It borders Ukraine to the north and east, Hungary to the west, Serbia to the southwest, Bulgaria to the south, Moldova to ...
. Until 1920, it was part of the
Maramureș ( ; ; ; ) is a geographical, historical and cultural region in northern Romania and western Ukraine. It is situated in the northeastern Carpathians, along parts of the upper Tisza River drainage basin; it covers the Maramureș Depression and the ...
subregion of
Transylvania Transylvania ( or ; ; or ; Transylvanian Saxon dialect, Transylvanian Saxon: ''Siweberjen'') is a List of historical regions of Central Europe, historical and cultural region in Central Europe, encompassing central Romania. To the east and ...
, at which time the former
Máramaros County Máramaros County (; ; ; ; ; ) was an administrative county (comitatus) of the Kingdom of Hungary. Its territory is now in north-western Romania and western Ukraine. The capital of the county was Máramarossziget (present-day Sighetu Marmație ...
was divided into a northern part (incorporated into
Czechoslovakia Czechoslovakia ( ; Czech language, Czech and , ''Česko-Slovensko'') was a landlocked country in Central Europe, created in 1918, when it declared its independence from Austria-Hungary. In 1938, after the Munich Agreement, the Sudetenland beca ...
, the part which is now in Ukraine), and a southern part (incorporated into the
Kingdom of Romania The Kingdom of Romania () was a constitutional monarchy that existed from with the crowning of prince Karl of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen as King of Romania, King Carol I of Romania, Carol I (thus beginning the Romanian royal family), until 1947 wit ...
). From 1920 till 1939, the region belonged to Czechoslovakia, then until 1944 to
Hungary Hungary is a landlocked country in Central Europe. Spanning much of the Pannonian Basin, Carpathian Basin, it is bordered by Slovakia to the north, Ukraine to the northeast, Romania to the east and southeast, Serbia to the south, Croatia and ...
, and then until 1991 to the
Soviet Union The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (USSR), commonly known as the Soviet Union, was a List of former transcontinental countries#Since 1700, transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 until Dissolution of the Soviet ...
. Since 1991, Northern Maramureș has been part of Ukraine. The
Tisza River The Tisza, Tysa or Tisa (see below) is one of the major rivers of Central and Eastern Europe. It was once called "the most Hungarian river" because it used to flow entirely within the Kingdom of Hungary. Today, it crosses several national bo ...
is part of the boundary separating Northern Maramureș from
Romania Romania is a country located at the crossroads of Central Europe, Central, Eastern Europe, Eastern and Southeast Europe. It borders Ukraine to the north and east, Hungary to the west, Serbia to the southwest, Bulgaria to the south, Moldova to ...
. The majority of the population are
Ukrainians Ukrainians (, ) are an East Slavs, East Slavic ethnic group native to Ukraine. Their native tongue is Ukrainian language, Ukrainian, and the majority adhere to Eastern Orthodox Church, Eastern Orthodoxy, forming the List of contemporary eth ...
(
Rusyns Rusyns, also known as Carpatho-Rusyns, Carpatho-Russians, Ruthenians, or Rusnaks, are an East Slavs, East Slavic ethnic group from the Carpathian Rus', Eastern Carpathians in Central Europe. They speak Rusyn language, Rusyn, an East Slavic lan ...
,
Boykos The Boykos or Boikos (; ; ; ), or simply Highlanders (; ), are an ethnolinguistic group located in the Carpathian Mountains of Ukraine, Slovakia, Hungary, and Poland. Along with the neighbouring Lemkos and Hutsuls, the Boykos are a regional subg ...
and
Hutsuls The Hutsuls (Hutsul/; ; ) are an East Slavic ethnic group spanning parts of western Ukraine and northern Romania (i.e. parts of Bukovina and Maramureș). In Ukraine, they have often been officially and administratively designated a subgro ...
- indigenous groups), while a
Romanian Romanian may refer to: *anything of, from, or related to the country and nation of Romania **Romanians, an ethnic group **Romanian language, a Romance language ***Romanian dialects, variants of the Romanian language **Romanian cuisine, traditional ...
community, totaling 32,100 according to the 2001 Ukraine census, lives compactly, mostly in some eighteen localities, in
Rakhiv Rakhiv (, ; ; ) is a city located in Zakarpattia Oblast (province) in western Ukraine. It is the administrative center of Rakhiv Raion (district). Population: Rakhiv's date of the foundation is often taken to be 1447, although a written mentio ...
and
Tiachiv Tiachiv (, ; ; ; ) is a city located on the Tisza River in Zakarpattia Oblast (region) in western Ukraine. It is the administrative center of Tiachiv Raion (district). Today, the population is Names There are several alternative names used for ...
raions A raion (also spelt rayon) is a type of administrative unit of several post-Soviet states. The term is used for both a type of subnational entity and a division of a city. The word is from the French (meaning 'honeycomb, department'), and is co ...
(districts), close to the Romanian border. For most of the 20th century, communications between Southern and Northern Maramureș were severed. After the collapse of Communist Regimes in Europe, and through cooperation between the Romanian and Ukrainian governments, the restoration of bridges across the Tisza has begun.


Geography and population


Geographic description

Maramureș ( ; ; ; ) is a geographical, historical and cultural region in northern Romania and western Ukraine. It is situated in the northeastern Carpathians, along parts of the upper Tisza River drainage basin; it covers the Maramureș Depression and the ...
is an almost completely enclosed mountain valley with an area slightly smaller than that of the
U.S. state In the United States, a state is a constituent political entity, of which there are 50. Bound together in a political union, each state holds governmental jurisdiction over a separate and defined geographic territory where it shares its so ...
of
Connecticut Connecticut ( ) is a U.S. state, state in the New England region of the Northeastern United States. It borders Rhode Island to the east, Massachusetts to the north, New York (state), New York to the west, and Long Island Sound to the south. ...
. The only way to enter the region, besides crossing mountain slopes of 1,000 meters to 2,500 meters high, is to follow the river
Tisza The Tisza, Tysa or Tisa (see below) is one of the major rivers of Central and Eastern Europe. It was once called "the most Hungarian river" because it used to flow entirely within the Kingdom of Hungary. Today, it crosses several national bo ...
upstream. To a significant extent, the geography of Maramureș has determined its history and distinctive traditions. Northern Maramureș includes all of the right bank of the Tisza within the historical region, and small mountain portions on the left bank. Rivers that flow through the region include the Tisza, Rika (Rica), and Tereblia.
Lake Sinevir A lake is often a naturally occurring, relatively large and fixed body of water on or near the Earth's surface. It is localized in a basin or interconnected basins surrounded by dry land. Lakes lie completely on land and are separate from t ...
is also located there.


In present-day Zakarpattia Oblast of Ukraine

The territory of the Zakarpattia Region of Ukraine is 12,880 km2. It has 1,287,400 inhabitants (1999 data). Zakarpattia is divided into 13 districts and 5 cities. Of these, Northern Maramureș roughly corresponds to 4 districts and one city. Together these have an area of approximately 6,900 km2 and 445,000 inhabitants: *the city of
Khust Khust (, ; ; ; ; ; ) is a city located on the Khustets River in Zakarpattia Oblast, western Ukraine. It is near the сonfluence of the Tisa and Rika Rivers. It serves as the administrative center of Khust Raion. Population: Khust was the capi ...
(Ukrainian: Хуст, Romanian'': Hust''), with 35,500 inhabitants *the
Khust Raion Khust Raion (; ) is a raion (district) in Zakarpattia Oblast in western Ukraine. Its administrative center is Khust. Population: On 18 July 2020, as part of the administrative reform of Ukraine, the number of raions of Zakarpattia Oblast was re ...
(Ukrainian: Хуст; abbreviated below HU), with 94,800 inhabitants (different from the city) *the
Mizhhiria Raion Mizhhiria Raion () was a raion of Zakarpattia Oblast in western Ukraine. Its administrative center was the urban-type settlement of Mizhhiria. The raion was abolished and its territory was merged into Khust Raion on 18 July 2020 as part of the a ...
(Ukrainian: Міжгір'я'';'' abbreviated below MY), with 50,700 inhabitants *the
Tiachiv Raion Tiachiv Raion (, ) is a raion in Zakarpattia Oblast in western Ukraine. Its administrative center is Tiachiv. Population: On 18 July 2020, as part of the administrative reform of Ukraine, the number of raions of Zakarpattia Oblast was reduced to ...
, (Ukrainian: Тячів, Romanian: ''Teceu;'' abbreviated below TJ), with 172,700 inhabitants *the
Rakhiv Raion Rakhiv Raion (, , ) is a raion in Zakarpattia Oblast in western Ukraine. Its administrative center is Rakhiv. Population: On 18 July 2020, as part of the administrative reform of Ukraine, the number of raions of Zakarpattia Oblast was reduced t ...
(Ukrainian: Рахів; Romanian: ''Rahău;'' abbreviated below RA), with 91,300 inhabitants The most important cities and towns of Northern Maramureș are (the district and population are indicated): *
Bushtyno Bushtyno ( ; ; ; ; ) is a rural settlement in Tiachiv Raion, Zakarpattia Oblast, western Ukraine. Bushtyno is located in a small valley where the Tereblia and the Tisza rivers meet. The town's population was 8,506 as of the 2001 Ukrainian censu ...
(Romanian: Bustea, Hungarian: Bustyaháza) TJ; 8,300 * Dubove (Romanian: Dâmbu, Hungarian: Dombó) TJ; 10,400 *
Yasinia Yasinia (; ; ; ) is a rural settlement in Rakhiv Raion, Zakarpattia Oblast, Ukraine. Population: History It was the site of the Hutsul Republic after World War I, and the birthplace of several prominent Ukrainians declaring independence from t ...
(Romanian: Frăsini, Hungarian: Kőrösmező) RA; 1,500 * Kobyletska Poliana (Romanian: Poiana Cobilei, Hungarian: Gyertyánliget) RA; 3,300 *
Mizhhiria Mizhhiria (; ; ) is a rural settlement in Khust Raion, Zakarpattia Oblast, western Ukraine. The town is also the administrative center of Mizhhiria Raion (district), housing the district's local administration buildings. The town's population ...
(Romanian: Boureni, Hungarian: Ökörmező) MY; 10,200 *
Rakhiv Rakhiv (, ; ; ) is a city located in Zakarpattia Oblast (province) in western Ukraine. It is the administrative center of Rakhiv Raion (district). Population: Rakhiv's date of the foundation is often taken to be 1447, although a written mentio ...
(Romanian: Rahău, Hungarian: Rahó) RA; 17,000 *
Solotvyno Solotvyno (also Solotvina; ; ; or ; ; , ; ) is a rural settlement in Tiachiv Raion in Zakarpattia Oblast of Ukraine, located adjacent to Romania, on the right bank of the Tisza River opposite the Romanian city of Sighetu Marmației. The village' ...
(Romanian: Slatina, Hungarian: Aknaszlatina) TJ; 9,900 *
Teresva Teresva (, , , , ) is a rural settlement in Tiachiv Raion (district) of Zakarpattia Oblast (region) in western Ukraine. It is situated at the confluence of the rivers Tisza and Teresva. The town's population was 7,554 at the 2001 Ukrainian Censu ...
(Romanian: Taras, Hungarian: Taracköz) TJ; 7,600 *
Tiachiv Tiachiv (, ; ; ; ) is a city located on the Tisza River in Zakarpattia Oblast (region) in western Ukraine. It is the administrative center of Tiachiv Raion (district). Today, the population is Names There are several alternative names used for ...
(Romanian: Teceu, Hungarian: Técső) TJ; 11,300 *
Ust-Chorna Ust-Chorna ( Rusyn and ; ; ; or historically ''Kraľovo Pole'') is a rural settlement in Tiachiv Raion, Zakarpattia Oblast, western Ukraine. The settlement's population was 1,456 as of the 2001 Ukrainian Census. Current population: History Unti ...
(Romanian: Gura Ciornei, Hungarian: Királymező) TJ; 1,500 * Velykyi Bychkiv (Romanian:
Bocicoiu Mare Bocicoiu Mare ( or ''Újbocskó'', , or ''Bicskof'') is a commune in Maramureș County, Maramureș, Romania. It lies 9 kilometres east of Sighetu Marmației, across the Tisza River from Velykyy Bychkiv, Ukraine. Villages The commune is composed ...
, Hungarian: Nagybocskó) RA; 9,400 *
Vyshkovo Vyshkovo (; ) is a Populated places in Ukraine#Rural settlements, rural settlement in Khust Raion, Zakarpattia Oblast, western Ukraine. It is first mentioned in the year 1281. The town's population was 8,142 as of the Ukrainian Census (2001), 20 ...
(Romanian: Vășcova, Hungarian: Visk) HU; 8,100 (se

The biggest villages in Northern Maramureș are: * Bedevlia (Romanian: Bedeu, Hungarian: Bedőháza) * Bilyn (Romanian: Bilin, Hungarian: Bilin) *
Bila Tserkva Bila Tserkva ( ; , ) is a city in central Ukraine. It is situated on the Ros (river), Ros River in the historical region of right-bank Ukraine. It is the largest city in Kyiv Oblast (which does not include the city of Kyiv) and serves as the ...
(Romanian: Biserica Albă, Hungarian: Tiszafejéregyház) *
Danylovo Danylovo (; ) is a village located on the Khust-Synevyr highway, 20 km from the district center, Khust. It is a village in Khust Raion of Zakarpattia Oblast (Oblasts of Ukraine, province) of western Ukraine. In the southern outskirts of the ...
(Romanian: Danîlovo, Hungarian: Husztsófalva) *
Dilove Dilove (; ; ; ; ) is a village located in Rakhiv Raion of Zakarpattia Oblast in Ukraine. There has been a marble quarry in the village since 1947. History Dilove was first mentioned in writing in 1615 and belonged to the Kingdom of Hungary u ...
(Romanian: Trebuşeni, Hungarian: Terebesfejérpatak) * Nyzhnia Apsha (Romanian:
Apşa de Jos Dibrova () is a rural settlement in Korosten Raion, Zhytomyr Oblast, Ukraine. Population: In 2001, population was 197. History The area was strongly contaminated as the result of the Chernobyl disaster, and Dibrova was included in 1989 into the z ...
, Hungarian: Alsóapsa) * Dovhe (Romanian: Dolha, Hungarian: Dolha) * Drahovo (Romanian: Drăgoieşti, Hungarian: Kövesliget) * Dulovo (Romanian: Duleşti, Hungarian: Dulfalva) * Hlybokyi Potik (Romanian:
Strâmtura Strâmtura (, ) is a commune in Maramureș County, Maramureș, Romania. It is composed of three villages: Glod (), Slătioara ( or ''Szlatina'', ), and Strâmtura. The commune is located in the central part of Maramureș County, northeast of t ...
, Hungarian: Szorospatak) * Horinchovo (Romanian: Hernicea, Hungarian: Herincse) * Hrushovo (Romanian: Peri, Hungarian: Szentmihálykörtvélyes) * Kalyny (Romanian: Călineştii de Jos, Hungarian: Alsókálinfalva) *
Kolochava Kolochava () is a village in Khust Raion, Zakarpattia Oblast, Ukraine. Kolochava was previously located in Mizhhiria Raion until it was abolished and its territory was merged into Khust Raion on 18 July 2020 as part of the administrative reform o ...
(Romanian:
Călacea de Jos Călacea may refer to the following places in Romania: * Călacea, a village in Olcea Commune, Bihor County * Călacea, a village in Gârbou Commune, Sălaj County * Călacea, a village in Orțișoara Orțișoara (archaically Cocota; /''Kokota''; ...
, Hungarian: Alsókalocsa) * Nimetska Mokra (Romanian:
Mocra Mocra (; ; ) is a commune in the Rîbnița District of Transnistria, Moldova. It is composed of four villages: Basarabca (Бессарабка), Mocra, Șevcenco (Шевченко) and Zaporojeț (Запорожець, Запорожец). It has ...
, Hungarian: Németmokra) * Kushnytsia (Romanian: Cuşniţa, Hungarian: Kusnyicza) * Nehrovets (Romanian: Negrovăţ, Hungarian: Felsőkalocsa) * Neresnytsia (Romanian: Nereşniţa, Hungarian: Nyéresháza) * Nyzhnii Bystryi (Romanian: Bistra de Jos, Hungarian: Alsóbisztra) * Nyzhnie Selyshche (Romanian: Sălişte, Hungarian: Alsószelistye) * Vilshany (Romanian: Vulşana, Hungarian: Égermező) * Vilkhovatyi (Romanian: Plăiuţ, Hungarian: Kiscserjés) * Pryslip (Romanian: Prislopu Mare, Hungarian: Pereszlő) * Serednie Vodiane (Romanian: Apşa de Mijloc, Hungarian: Középapsa) * Tereblia (Romanian: Talabor, Hungarian: Talaborfalu) * Topchyno (Romanian: Topcina, Hungarian: Topcsinó) * Uglia (Romanian: Uglea, Hungarian: Uglya) * Verkhnie Vodiane (Romanian: Apşa de Sus, Hungarian: Felsőapsa) * Vonihove (Romanian: Voineşti, Hungarian: Vajnág) *
Zolotarovo Zolotarovo (, , ), is a village located in the Khust Raion of Zakarpattia Oblast (Oblasts of Ukraine, province) of western Ukraine. The population at the 2001 census was 4,266 people. The village is governed by a council. The head of the counci ...
(Romanian: Domneşti, Hungarian: Ötvösfalva)


In historical Maramureș

Northern Maramureș is historically and geographically close to southern Maramureș, and together form the historical region of
Maramureș ( ; ; ; ) is a geographical, historical and cultural region in northern Romania and western Ukraine. It is situated in the northeastern Carpathians, along parts of the upper Tisza River drainage basin; it covers the Maramureș Depression and the ...
(Romanian: Maramureș, Hungarian: Máramaros). Between 1870 and 1918, Máramaros (north and south) was a county in the Transleitanian part of
Austria-Hungary Austria-Hungary, also referred to as the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the Dual Monarchy or the Habsburg Monarchy, was a multi-national constitutional monarchy in Central Europe#Before World War I, Central Europe between 1867 and 1918. A military ...
. It was divided into 10 rural districts (Hungarian: ''járás'', Romanian: ''plase'') and 1 urban district (Hungarian: ''rendezett tanácsú város'', Romanian: ''plasă urbană''): Note: ''All names are written in the following order: Hungarian /
Romanian Romanian may refer to: *anything of, from, or related to the country and nation of Romania **Romanians, an ethnic group **Romanian language, a Romance language ***Romanian dialects, variants of the Romanian language **Romanian cuisine, traditional ...
/ Ukrainian.'' Dolha, Huszt, Ökörmező, Taracviz, Técső, and Tiszavölgy districts each had a Ukrainian majority (with Tiszavölgy having a specifically Hutsul majority). The rural Sziget district, along with Izavölgy, Sugatag, and Visó districts each had a Romanian majority, while the urban Sziget district was mixed Hungarian/Romanian. There was a significant Ukrainian minority in Visó, and significant Romanian minorities in Huszt, Taracviz, Técső, and Tiszavölgy districts. Visó also contained a significant German minority ("Zipser") around the city of Felsővisó (Romanian:
Vișeu de Sus Vișeu de Sus (; ; ; ; or ''Ober Wisho'' or ''Ojberwischo'') is a town in Maramureș County, Maramureș, Romania, located at the confluence of the rivers Vișeu and Vaser. It administers one village, Vișeu de Mijloc (''Középvisó''). The town ...
; German: Oberwischau). The six districts in the left-hand column were apportioned to Czechoslovakia in 1920. In 1938, Hungary regained their southern portion by the terms of the
First Vienna Award The First Vienna Award was a treaty signed on 2 November 1938 pursuant to the Vienna Arbitration, which took place at Vienna's Belvedere Palace. The arbitration and award were direct consequences of the previous month's Munich Agreement, whic ...
and then seized the rest in March 1939. In 1944 they went to the Soviet Union. Since 1991 they have been part of Ukraine. The four districts in the right-hand column were given to Romania, where they have remained ever since, except for 1940–1944, when they were again in Hungary by the terms of the
Second Vienna Award The Second Vienna Award was the second of two territorial disputes that were arbitrated by Nazi Germany and the Kingdom of Italy. On 30 August 1940, they assigned the territory of Northern Transylvania, including all of Maramureș and part of Cri ...
. The rural Sziget (Sighet) district, despite being ethnically homogeneously Romanian, was divided: the part north of the Tisza river followed the same fate as the Ukrainian districts, while the part south of the Tisza, the same as the Romanian ones. More than half of the Romanian minority in the present Zakarpattia Oblast resides in what before 1920 was the rural Sziget district. The total area of Maramureș county was 10,354.9 km2, of which 6,974 km2 became the northern part and 3,381 km2 became the southern part. The approximately 160 localities were divided as follows: slightly less than 100 joined the north, and slightly more than 60 joined the south. in 1920, the south had a population of approximately 155,000. A majority of the inhabitants were Romanian, with Jewish, Hungarian, Ukrainian and German minorities. The north at the same time had a population of about 220,000, including some 20,000 Romanians. According to the 1910 Austrian census,
Máramaros County Máramaros County (; ; ; ; ; ) was an administrative county (comitatus) of the Kingdom of Hungary. Its territory is now in north-western Romania and western Ukraine. The capital of the county was Máramarossziget (present-day Sighetu Marmație ...
had a population which by language was: *Ruthenian, 159,489 *Romanian, 84,510 *German, 59,552 *Hungarian, 52,964. A substantial part of the German and Hungarian-speaking population were in fact Jews.


In Carpathian Ruthenia

Carpathian Ruthenia Transcarpathia (, ) is a historical region on the border between Central and Eastern Europe, mostly located in western Ukraine's Zakarpattia Oblast. From the Hungarian Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin, conquest of the Carpathian Basin ...
, i.e., the region inhabited by Rusyns (Ruthenians) in Austria-Hungary, spread over some two-thirds of the historic counties of
Ung Ung or UNG may refer to: People * Woong, a Korean given name also spelled Ung * Ung (surname), a Cambodian and Norwegian surname * Ung Thị (full name Nguyễn Phúc Ung Thị; 1913–2001), Vietnamese-born American businessman * Franz Unger (1 ...
, Bereg, and Ugocsa (the remaining one third are respectively Slovak, Hungarian, and Romanian), and from the 16th century also gradually over a part (up to half) of Maramureș county. Therefore, in texts dealing with the period after 1600, Northern Maramureș is sometimes included in historic Carpathian Ruthenia, historic Ruszinszko, or Pidkarpadska Rus', as opposed to earlier texts, when it is not.


Demographic data


Romanian localities in Northern Maramureș

In Northern Maramureș, there are anywhere between ca. 32,000 (according to official Ukrainian sources), ca. 40,000 (according to most Romanian sources), to over 50,000 Romanians living today in a compact area of about 300 km2, in 17 villages and one town, separated from
Romania Romania is a country located at the crossroads of Central Europe, Central, Eastern Europe, Eastern and Southeast Europe. It borders Ukraine to the north and east, Hungary to the west, Serbia to the southwest, Bulgaria to the south, Moldova to ...
only by the river
Tisza The Tisza, Tysa or Tisa (see below) is one of the major rivers of Central and Eastern Europe. It was once called "the most Hungarian river" because it used to flow entirely within the Kingdom of Hungary. Today, it crosses several national bo ...
. This compactly Romanian-inhabited region, which itself separates the Hutsul areas (most of the
Rakhiv Rakhiv (, ; ; ) is a city located in Zakarpattia Oblast (province) in western Ukraine. It is the administrative center of Rakhiv Raion (district). Population: Rakhiv's date of the foundation is often taken to be 1447, although a written mentio ...
raion/district) in the east from the rest of Zakarpattia, corresponds exactly to the north-Tisza part of the former rural district of Sighet in
Máramaros County Máramaros County (; ; ; ; ; ) was an administrative county (comitatus) of the Kingdom of Hungary. Its territory is now in north-western Romania and western Ukraine. The capital of the county was Máramarossziget (present-day Sighetu Marmație ...
before 1920 (''see map''). These 18 localities, with their quasi-total Romanian population, are (''population data from the 2001 Ukrainian census''): *in Teceu (Tiachiv) district (raion) **the town of Ocna Slatina (Ukrainian: Solotvyno, Hungarian: Aknaszlatina), a new village first mentioned ca. 1360 (the old one was burned down by the Tatars in 1241); 9,700 inhabitants and 2,200 households **
Apşa de Jos Dibrova () is a rural settlement in Korosten Raion, Zhytomyr Oblast, Ukraine. Population: In 2001, population was 197. History The area was strongly contaminated as the result of the Chernobyl disaster, and Dibrova was included in 1989 into the z ...
(Ukrainian: Dibrova, Hungarian: Alsóapsa), first mentioned in 1387; includes Valea-Malului; 8,339 inhabitants and 2,300 households **
Strâmtura Strâmtura (, ) is a commune in Maramureș County, Maramureș, Romania. It is composed of three villages: Glod (), Slătioara ( or ''Szlatina'', ), and Strâmtura. The commune is located in the central part of Maramureș County, northeast of t ...
(Ukrainian: Hlybokyi Potik, Hungarian: Szurdok), 5,743 inhabitants, 1,398 households ** Teteş (Ukrainian: Topchyno, Hungarian: Topcsinó), 2,240 inhabitants, 610 households ** Peri (Ukrainian: Hrushovo, Hungarian: Szentmihálykörtveliés, i.e. St. Michael Monastery), first mentioned ca. 1200 ** Podișor (Ukrainian: Podishor) ** Bescău ** Cărbuneşti ** Bouţul Mare ** Bouţul Mic *in Rahău (Rakhiv) district (raion) ** Biserica Albă (Ukrainian: Belaia Ţercovi, Hungarian: Tiszafejéregyhaz) 1373 ** Apşa de Mijloc (Ukrainian: Sredne Vodyane, Hungarian: Kösépapsa) 1406 ** Apşa de Sus (Ukrainian: Verhne Vodyane, Hungarian: Felsöapsa) ** Apşiţa Veche (Ukrainian: Voditsa, Hungarian: Kisapsa) ** Dobric (Ukrainian: Dobrik, Hungarian: Dobrikdülő) ** Plăiuţ (Ukrainian: Playuts, Hungarian: Plajuc) ** Strâmba (Ukrainian: Strimba, Hungarian: Almáspatak) ** Paladi Some Romanians also live in localities of Northern Maramureș outside the above compact area: *the town of Taras (Teresva) *the village of Bedeu (Bedevlya) *the city of Teceu (Tiachiv) *the town of Buştina (Bushtino) *the village of Visc (Vishkove) *the town of Bocicoiu Mare (Velykyy Bychkiv) *the city of Hust (Khust) although far fewer than in previous centuries. Note: There are also Romanians in the two major Zakarpattian cities,
Uzhhorod Uzhhorod (, ; , ; , ) is a List of cities in Ukraine, city and List of hromadas of Ukraine, municipality on the Uzh, Uzh River in western Ukraine, at the border with Slovakia and near the border with Hungary. The city is approximately equidistan ...
and
Mukachevo Mukachevo (, ; , ; see name section) is a city in Zakarpattia Oblast, western Ukraine. It is situated in the valley of the Latorica River and serves as the administrative center of Mukachevo Raion. The city is a rail terminus and highway junct ...
, as well as in the town of
Korolevo Korolevo (; ; ; ) is a rural settlement on the Tisza River in Berehove Raion, Zakarpattia Oblast, Ukraine. Population: History During the reign of Saint Stephen, King of Hungary, a German settlement existed on the site. A royal hunting lod ...
(Romanian: Craia), in Vinogradovo raion, which are ''not'' in Maramureș, but respectively in Ung, Bereg, and Ugocsa. There are also two other Romanian villages: *
Poroshkovo Poroshkovo (; ; ) is a village in Uzhhorod Raion of Zakarpattia Oblast in Ukraine. Until 18 July 2020, Poroshkovo was located in Perechyn Raion. The raion was abolished and its territory was merged into Uzhhorod Raion in July 2020 as part of the ...
(Romanian: Poroșcovo, Hungarian: Poroskő),
Perechyn Raion Perechyn Raion (; ; ) was a raion of Zakarpattia Oblast in western Ukraine. Its administrative center was Perechyn. The raion was abolished and its territory was merged into Uzhhorod Raion on 18 July 2020 as part of the administrative reform of U ...
, near ''Munţii Păduroşi'', 45 km NE of Ujgorod, 3000 inhabitants, and *Myrcha (Romanian: Mircea), Velykyi Berezin raion, 35 km N of Ujgorod, 1500 inhabitants. The two villages are 40 km one from the other, in the northwest of Zakarpattia, which is not part of Northern Maramureș, but of the former Ung County. They are the last remnants of the Vlachs (Romanians) who inhabited present-day
Hungary Hungary is a landlocked country in Central Europe. Spanning much of the Pannonian Basin, Carpathian Basin, it is bordered by Slovakia to the north, Ukraine to the northeast, Romania to the east and southeast, Serbia to the south, Croatia and ...
and Zakarpattia before the arrival of the
Slavs The Slavs or Slavic people are groups of people who speak Slavic languages. Slavs are geographically distributed throughout the northern parts of Eurasia; they predominantly inhabit Central Europe, Eastern Europe, Southeastern Europe, and ...
(6th-8th centuries) and
Hungarians Hungarians, also known as Magyars, are an Ethnicity, ethnic group native to Hungary (), who share a common Culture of Hungary, culture, Hungarian language, language and History of Hungary, history. They also have a notable presence in former pa ...
(9th century), when they were isolated and afterwards assimilated. Their Ukrainian neighbors also call the inhabitants of these two villages ''volokhi'' or ''loshkarini'', Slavic names for Romanians no longer in current use.


History


Maramureș before the split

In the Middle Ages,
Maramureș ( ; ; ; ) is a geographical, historical and cultural region in northern Romania and western Ukraine. It is situated in the northeastern Carpathians, along parts of the upper Tisza River drainage basin; it covers the Maramureș Depression and the ...
had a Romanian population, organized into the
Voivodeship of Maramureș The Voivodeship of Maramureș (, or ), was a Romanian voivodeship centered in the region of the same name within the Kingdom of Hungary. It was the most powerful and well-organized Romanian entity in the broader area of Transylvania during th ...
with a voevod elected from among the village noblemen (Romanian: ''knezi''). The majority of the peasants in the region were free and went by a regional term specific only to Maramureş: ''nămeşi'' (from ''neam'', clan), and only a minority were
serf Serfdom was the status of many peasants under feudalism, specifically relating to manorialism and similar systems. It was a condition of debt bondage and indentured servitude with similarities to and differences from slavery. It developed du ...
s (first serfs mentioned in documents in 1405). In the more mountainous villages and hamlets, the main dwelling was raising sheep, which implied constant moving in search of new pastures to accommodate raising stocks. As a consequence, between 10th and 13th centuries, modern mountainous regions of eastern and central Slovakia saw a migration of
Vlach Vlach ( ), also Wallachian and many other variants, is a term and exonym used from the Middle Ages until the Modern Era to designate speakers of Eastern Romance languages living in Southeast Europe—south of the Danube (the Balkan peninsula) ...
(Romanian) shepherds from Maramureş, eventually assimilated. Another similar migration occurred in the 14th century with destination the mountainous southeasternmost corner of modern Poland. The new migrants were given special rights known as '' Jus Valahicum'', and a century later serious local feuds occurred when these rights were abolished and the Vlachs were assimilated. A significant portion of the heritage of
Gorals The Gorals (; Goral ethnolect: ''Górole''; ; Cieszyn Silesian dialect, Cieszyn Silesian: ''Gorole''), also anglicized as the Highlanders, are an ethnographic group with historical ties to the Vlachs. The Goral people are primarily found in thei ...
comes from the assimilated Vlachs. Other migrants who advanced along the Carpathian range between the 14th and 17th centuries became known as Moravian Vlachs. On their way they gradually lost their original language with the exception of some Romanian words they use in their Czech and Slovak dialect, but they preserved much of their culture (especially folklore, songs and costumes) and economic base, namely sheep breeding. In 1644, during the
Thirty Years War The Thirty Years' War, fought primarily in Central Europe between 1618 and 1648, was one of the most destructive conflicts in European history. An estimated 4.5 to 8 million soldiers and civilians died from battle, famine, or disease, whil ...
, they were crushed by
Albrecht von Wallenstein Albrecht Wenzel Eusebius von Wallenstein, Duke of Friedland (; 24 September 1583 – 25 February 1634), also von Waldstein (), was a Bohemian military leader and statesman who fought on the Catholic side during the Thirty Years' War (1618–16 ...
. In the 14th century, several groups of Maramureș noblemen with their warriors (Romanian: ''viteji'') established themselves in modern northern
Moldavia Moldavia (, or ; in Romanian Cyrillic alphabet, Romanian Cyrillic: or ) is a historical region and former principality in Eastern Europe, corresponding to the territory between the Eastern Carpathians and the Dniester River. An initially in ...
, and were the driving force that led to the creation of that principality in 1345 (by Dragoş of Bedeu, former voevod of Maramureş), and its independence in 1359 (up to 3,000 families in strength, led by Bogdan of Cuhea, the voevod of Maramureș who previously led a 20-year-old campaign to avoid the ''Voevodat of Maramureș'' being turned and organized as a County (Comitatus), as King Louis of Anjou of Hungary strove for and eventually succeeded). The
Comitatus Comitatus may refer to: *Comitatus (warband), a Germanic warband who follow a leader * ''Comitatus'', the office of a Roman or Frankish comes, translated as count. * ''Comitatus'', translated as county, a territory such as governed by medieval cou ...
of Máramaros was formally established in the
Kingdom of Hungary The Kingdom of Hungary was a monarchy in Central Europe that existed for nearly a millennium, from 1000 to 1946 and was a key part of the Habsburg monarchy from 1526-1918. The Principality of Hungary emerged as a Christian kingdom upon the Coro ...
in 1303. In late 14th and early 15th century, count-voevod Drag of Bedeu, Dragoş' grandson, raise to eventually become one of the 10
peers Peers may refer to: People * Donald Peers * Edgar Allison Peers, English academician * Gavin Peers * John Peers, Australian tennis player * Kerry Peers * Mark Peers * Michael Peers * Steve Peers * Teddy Peers (1886–1935), Welsh internationa ...
of the
Kingdom of Hungary The Kingdom of Hungary was a monarchy in Central Europe that existed for nearly a millennium, from 1000 to 1946 and was a key part of the Habsburg monarchy from 1526-1918. The Principality of Hungary emerged as a Christian kingdom upon the Coro ...
that in 1386 enthroned
Sigismund of Luxembourg Sigismund of Luxembourg (15 February 1368 – 9 December 1437) was Holy Roman Emperor from 1433 until his death in 1437. He was elected King of Germany (King of the Romans) in 1410, and was also King of Bohemia from 1419, as well as prince-elec ...
as King, who in turn in not yet clear circumstances confiscated in 1404 all the estate of Drag and his family in Maramureș (over 50 villages), and forced them to resettle in a small estate in Szatmar. In 1391, Drag and his brother Balc were responsible for obtaining from the
Patriarch of Constantinople The ecumenical patriarch of Constantinople () is the archbishop of Constantinople and (first among equals) among the heads of the several autocephalous churches that comprise the Eastern Orthodox Church. The ecumenical patriarch is regarded as ...
raising of the New
Rum Rum is a liquor made by fermenting and then distilling sugarcane molasses or sugarcane juice. The distillate, a clear liquid, is often aged in barrels of oak. Rum originated in the Caribbean in the 17th century, but today it is produced i ...
Monastery of Saint Michael the Archangel of Peri (modern village of Grushevo in Northern Maramureș on the bank of the
Tisza The Tisza, Tysa or Tisa (see below) is one of the major rivers of Central and Eastern Europe. It was once called "the most Hungarian river" because it used to flow entirely within the Kingdom of Hungary. Today, it crosses several national bo ...
) to the rank of
Stauropegic A stauropegion, also spelled stavropegion (from , in turn from σταυρός ''stauros'' "cross" and πήγνυμι ''pegnumi'' "to affirm"), is a monastery or a parish which depends directly on the Primate (bishop), primate or on the Holy Sy ...
Bishopric In church governance, a diocese or bishopric is the ecclesiastical district under the jurisdiction of a bishop. History In the later organization of the Roman Empire, the increasingly subdivided provinces were administratively associate ...
, this being the first Romanian (non-rural) bishopric, with jurisdiction over eight nearby counties. Since the 15th century, local nobility was largely assimilated within the Hungarian nobility, adopted
Catholicism The Catholic Church (), also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the List of Christian denominations by number of members, largest Christian church, with 1.27 to 1.41 billion baptized Catholics Catholic Church by country, worldwid ...
and
Hungarian language Hungarian, or Magyar (, ), is an Ugric language of the Uralic language family spoken in Hungary and parts of several neighboring countries. It is the official language of Hungary and one of the 24 official languages of the European Union. Out ...
. In 1526, after the collapse of the Kingdom of Hungary at the hands of the
Ottoman Turks The Ottoman Turks () were a Turkic peoples, Turkic ethnic group in Anatolia. Originally from Central Asia, they migrated to Anatolia in the 13th century and founded the Ottoman Empire, in which they remained socio-politically dominant for the e ...
, Máramaros, along with the whole of modern
Transcarpathia Transcarpathia (, ) is a historical region on the border between Central and Eastern Europe, mostly located in western Ukraine's Zakarpattia Oblast. From the Hungarian Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin, conquest of the Carpathian Basin ...
, was incorporated into the semi-independent Principality of
Transylvania Transylvania ( or ; ; or ; Transylvanian Saxon dialect, Transylvanian Saxon: ''Siweberjen'') is a List of historical regions of Central Europe, historical and cultural region in Central Europe, encompassing central Romania. To the east and ...
, which became a
Habsburg The House of Habsburg (; ), also known as the House of Austria, was one of the most powerful dynasties in the history of Europe and Western civilization. They were best known for their inbreeding and for ruling vast realms throughout Europe d ...
domain in 1687, and at the in 1867 was included in the Hungarian part of
Austria-Hungary Austria-Hungary, also referred to as the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the Dual Monarchy or the Habsburg Monarchy, was a multi-national constitutional monarchy in Central Europe#Before World War I, Central Europe between 1867 and 1918. A military ...
. The ethnic composition of Maramureș started to diversify already in the Middle Ages with the arrival of German colonists that founded or re-built five cities: Visc, Teceu, Câmpulung, Bocicoi, and Sighet. The adoption of Hungarian language and the Catholic faith in the 15th century (then a Protestant one in the 16th century) by the Transylvanian nobility created a linguistically and religiously distinct upper class which ruled the area. Since the 16th century, Ukrainian peasants moved from nearby Bereg and Ugocsa counties, and from Polish Galicia. The Ukrainization of some villages in Northern Maramureș was strengthened by the long jurisdictional disputes in 18th century between the Greek Catholic Bishopric of Muncach (Ukrainian) and Orthodox Bishopric of Peri (Romanian), later also with participation of Romanian
Greek Catholic Greek Catholic Church or Byzantine-Catholic Church may refer to: * The Catholic Church in Greece * The Eastern Catholic Churches The Eastern Catholic Churches or Oriental Catholic Churches, also known as the Eastern-Rite Catholic Churches, Ea ...
s. In the 19th century the region was also settled by numerous Jews who arrived from Galicia. The Ukrainian population of Northern Maramureș is also diverse:
Hutsuls The Hutsuls (Hutsul/; ; ) are an East Slavic ethnic group spanning parts of western Ukraine and northern Romania (i.e. parts of Bukovina and Maramureș). In Ukraine, they have often been officially and administratively designated a subgro ...
in the east, Boiko in northwest, and Rusyn in the western part, in
Tisza The Tisza, Tysa or Tisa (see below) is one of the major rivers of Central and Eastern Europe. It was once called "the most Hungarian river" because it used to flow entirely within the Kingdom of Hungary. Today, it crosses several national bo ...
valley, the former two originating from Galicia, and the latter from Bereg and Ugocsa. After the defeat of the
Central Powers The Central Powers, also known as the Central Empires,; ; , ; were one of the two main coalitions that fought in World War I (1914–1918). It consisted of the German Empire, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and the Kingdom of Bulga ...
in
World War I World War I or the First World War (28 July 1914 – 11 November 1918), also known as the Great War, was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War I, Allies (or Entente) and the Central Powers. Fighting to ...
, the northern part of the comitatus (about 60% of the territory) became part of
Carpathian Ruthenia Transcarpathia (, ) is a historical region on the border between Central and Eastern Europe, mostly located in western Ukraine's Zakarpattia Oblast. From the Hungarian Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin, conquest of the Carpathian Basin ...
within the newly formed
Czechoslovakia Czechoslovakia ( ; Czech language, Czech and , ''Česko-Slovensko'') was a landlocked country in Central Europe, created in 1918, when it declared its independence from Austria-Hungary. In 1938, after the Munich Agreement, the Sudetenland beca ...
. The southern part (40%, including the former capital Sighetu Marmaţiei) became part of
Romania Romania is a country located at the crossroads of Central Europe, Central, Eastern Europe, Eastern and Southeast Europe. It borders Ukraine to the north and east, Hungary to the west, Serbia to the southwest, Bulgaria to the south, Moldova to ...
. This division was confirmed by the
Treaty of Trianon The Treaty of Trianon (; ; ; ), often referred to in Hungary as the Peace Dictate of Trianon or Dictate of Trianon, was prepared at the Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920), Paris Peace Conference. It was signed on the one side by Hungary ...
in 1920.Marian Nicolae Tomi, ''Maramureşul istoric în date'', Editura Grinta, Cluj-Napoca, 2005,


Northern Maramureș after the split

Just before
World War II World War II or the Second World War (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War II, Allies and the Axis powers. World War II by country, Nearly all of the wo ...
, the region was part of the briefly independent
Carpatho-Ukraine Carpatho-Ukraine or Carpathian Ukraine (, ) was an autonomous region, within the Second Czechoslovak Republic, created in December 1938 and renamed from Subcarpathian Rus', whose full administrative and political autonomy had been confirmed by ...
in March 1939, but this republic, comprising the part of
Carpathian Ruthenia Transcarpathia (, ) is a historical region on the border between Central and Eastern Europe, mostly located in western Ukraine's Zakarpattia Oblast. From the Hungarian Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin, conquest of the Carpathian Basin ...
not given to Hungary by the
First Vienna Award The First Vienna Award was a treaty signed on 2 November 1938 pursuant to the Vienna Arbitration, which took place at Vienna's Belvedere Palace. The arbitration and award were direct consequences of the previous month's Munich Agreement, whic ...
a few months earlier, was almost immediately annexed by Horthyst
Hungary Hungary is a landlocked country in Central Europe. Spanning much of the Pannonian Basin, Carpathian Basin, it is bordered by Slovakia to the north, Ukraine to the northeast, Romania to the east and southeast, Serbia to the south, Croatia and ...
, which in 1940 also annexed the Romanian part of Maramureș following the
Second Vienna Award The Second Vienna Award was the second of two territorial disputes that were arbitrated by Nazi Germany and the Kingdom of Italy. On 30 August 1940, they assigned the territory of Northern Transylvania, including all of Maramureș and part of Cri ...
. After the war, in 1945 the formerly Czechoslovakian Maramureș was transferred to the
Soviet Union The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (USSR), commonly known as the Soviet Union, was a List of former transcontinental countries#Since 1700, transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 until Dissolution of the Soviet ...
, and in 1946 it was included in the
Zakarpattia Oblast Zakarpattia Oblast (Ukrainian language, Ukrainian: Закарпатська область), also referred to as simply Zakarpattia (Ukrainian language, Ukrainian: Закарпаття; Hungarian language, Hungarian: ''Kárpátalja'') or Transcar ...
of the
Ukrainian SSR The Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, abbreviated as the Ukrainian SSR, UkrSSR, and also known as Soviet Ukraine or just Ukraine, was one of the Republics of the Soviet Union, constituent republics of the Soviet Union from 1922 until 1991. ...
. The latter after the
dissolution of the Soviet Union The Soviet Union was formally dissolved as a sovereign state and subject of international law on 26 December 1991 by Declaration No. 142-N of the Soviet of the Republics of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union. Declaration No. 142-Н of ...
became the independent Ukraine.


Historic monuments and heritage sites


Churches, monasteries and sites

* St. Michael the Archangel Monastery, Peri (1215), became the first Romanian bishopric on 13 August 1391, by the efforts of voivodes Drag and Balcu, grandsons of the famous voivode Dragoş, in the village of Peri ( Grushevo),
Tiachiv Tiachiv (, ; ; ; ) is a city located on the Tisza River in Zakarpattia Oblast (region) in western Ukraine. It is the administrative center of Tiachiv Raion (district). Today, the population is Names There are several alternative names used for ...
(Teceu) district (in the Romanian country) * Church of the Nativity (Steblivka) (1797) in the village of Steblivka, Khust district (in the Rusyn country) *
St. Michael's Church (Crainicova) St. Michael's Church are churches generally named after Michael the Archangel, and include: Albania * Basilica of Saint Michael, Arapaj * Church of St. Michael (Berat) * St. Michael's Church, Menshat * St. Michael Church, Moscopole * St. ...
(1666–1668) in the village of Crainicova, Khust district (in the Rusyn country) * Church of the Holy Spirit (Colochava) (17th century) near the villages of Colochava and Horb, Mizhhirsky district (in the Rusyn country) *Church (1776) in the village of
Apşa de Jos Dibrova () is a rural settlement in Korosten Raion, Zhytomyr Oblast, Ukraine. Population: In 2001, population was 197. History The area was strongly contaminated as the result of the Chernobyl disaster, and Dibrova was included in 1989 into the z ...
( Dibrova),
Tiachiv Tiachiv (, ; ; ; ) is a city located on the Tisza River in Zakarpattia Oblast (region) in western Ukraine. It is the administrative center of Tiachiv Raion (district). Today, the population is Names There are several alternative names used for ...
(Teceu) district (in the Romanian country) * St. Nicholas Church (Seredny Vodany) (1428) in the village of Apsa de Mijloc ( Seredny Vodany), Rahiv ( Rahau) district (in the Romanian country) * Strukivska Church (1824) in the village of
Yasinia Yasinia (; ; ; ) is a rural settlement in Rakhiv Raion, Zakarpattia Oblast, Ukraine. Population: History It was the site of the Hutsul Republic after World War I, and the birthplace of several prominent Ukrainians declaring independence from t ...
, Rahiv district (in the Hutsul country) * Horian Rotunda, 12th-14th centuries (don't know where) *1887 marker near
Rakhiv Rakhiv (, ; ; ) is a city located in Zakarpattia Oblast (province) in western Ukraine. It is the administrative center of Rakhiv Raion (district). Population: Rakhiv's date of the foundation is often taken to be 1447, although a written mentio ...
claiming the location being the
geographical centre of Europe The location of the geographical centre of Europe depends on the definition of the borders of Europe, mainly whether remote islands are included to define the extreme points of Europe, and on the method of calculating the final result. Thus, sev ...


Feudal nobility

A considerable part of Maramureș's history was associated in past centuries with well-known feudal families of Europe. From the 14th to the 19th century: * Rozhoni (owners of the village of Dovhe/Dolha), * Pereni (owners of Sevljus and 117 villages in the nearby county of Ugocea/Ugocsa), * Dovhay (owners of Dovhe/Dolha, Soymy/Şoimi, Kyshnytsya/Cuşniţa, Volove, Siltse, Irshava, in all 20 villages in the nearby county of Bereg), * Dragoş (Drahush) (Ocna Slatina/Solotvyno), and 5 villages in later centuries, while in the time of the brothers Balcu (Balka) and Drag (Draha) they owned Korolevo/Craia (this town is in Ugocea), Khust/Hust, Tyachiv/Teceu, Iza, and 32 villages along the Tisza/Tysa/Tisa and Tereblya/Tereblea rivers (all these in Maramureș), * Urmezeyi (27 villages in Maramureș), * Bilkey-Iloshvay (24 villages in Maramureș), * Pohani (villages along the lower reaches of the rivers Tereblya/Tereblea and Teresva/Taras in Maramureș), * Hunyadi (Corvin) (32 villages and two towns in the nearby counties of Ugocea/Ugocsa and Bereg). Other prominent feudal families of 16th-19th centuries were Karoli,
Teleki The Teleki family is an old Hungarian noble family whose members, for centuries, occupied many important positions in the Principality of Transylvania, in the Holy Roman Empire and later in the Austro-Hungarian Empire. History The family was o ...
, Toldi, Kornish,
Stoyko Stoyko () is a Bulgarian male given name and Slavic surname. Notable people with the name include: Given name * Stoyko Gochev (born 1965), Bulgarian gymnast * Stoyko Khadilev (born 1957), Bulgarian rower * Stoyko Kolev (born 1986), Bulgarian f ...
,
Fisher Fisher is an archaic term for a fisherman, revived as gender-neutral. Fisher, Fishers or The Fisher may also refer to: Places Australia * Division of Fisher, an electoral district in the Australian House of Representatives, in Queensland *Elec ...
, Reyti, and Soplontsay.


People and traditions

The people of Maramureș are generally tougher and swifter, the sense of justice and honor is very keen for them. They have, and perhaps for good reasons, great pride in their specificity, and even in their toughness, since in few other places are ancient Romanian traditions preserved to such an extent. Their wooden churches are quite beautiful. Every village has its separate set of traditions, and every little valley has a name that begins with ''"The Country of ..."'' .


See also

*
Zakarpattia Oblast Zakarpattia Oblast (Ukrainian language, Ukrainian: Закарпатська область), also referred to as simply Zakarpattia (Ukrainian language, Ukrainian: Закарпаття; Hungarian language, Hungarian: ''Kárpátalja'') or Transcar ...


Notes


References

*https://web.archive.org/web/20040111150911/http://www.sapanta.ro/ * https://web.archive.org/web/20070209122901/http://www.sighet.ro/istorie.htm *https://web.archive.org/web/20070222073656/http://all.zakarpattya.net/index.html *Alexandru Filipaşcu, ''Istoria Maramureşului'' (1940) / ''Le Maramoureş'' (1943) *Dr. Mircea Dogaru, ''Românii "Sacrificiilor istorice"'', Gardianul, 26 October 2004 (available online) *Romanian Global News (news agency), ''Clubul Maramureşenilor din dreapta Tisei, Transcarpaţia, Ucraina'', 5 December 2004 *https://www.fotw.info/flags/ua-cu39.html *http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/ua-zk.html#obl * https://web.archive.org/web/20070206090355/http://crestinism-ortodox.ro/html/10/10d_sfantul_iosif_marturisitorul.html * https://web.archive.org/web/20060821062920/http://www.bru.ro/istorie/catort.asp?id=cap10 *http://www.thomasgraz.net/glass/map-ethn.htm *http://www.thomasgraz.net/glass/map-popov.htm *https://www.fotw.info/flags/ua-cu39.html *http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/ua-zk.html#obl * George Coman
"Biserica, singura scoala de limba romana din Transcarpatia"
Ziua, 24 May 2005
"Românii de lângă noi / Românii din Transcarpatia: Totul despre romanii din maramuresul de nord"


External links



*http://zakarpattia.net/
Tracing a Sacred Building Tradition
{{Ukrainian historical regions Maramureș Geography of Zakarpattia Oblast Hungarians in Ukraine Romanians in Ukraine