Nonviolent action

Nonviolent resistance, or nonviolent action, sometimes called civil resistance, is the practice of achieving goals such as social change through symbolic protests, civil disobedience, economic or political noncooperation, satyagraha, constructive program, or other methods, while refraining from violence and the threat of violence. This type of action highlights the desires of an individual or group that feels that something needs to change to improve the current condition of the resisting person or group.

Mahatma Gandhi is the most popular figure related to this type of protest; United Nations celebrates Gandhi's birthday, October 2, as the International Day of Non-Violence. Other prominent advocates include Abdul Ghaffar Khan, Henry David Thoreau, Etienne de la Boétie, Charles Stewart Parnell, Te Whiti o Rongomai, Tohu Kākahi, Leo Tolstoy, Alice Paul, Martin Luther King Jr., Daniel Berrigan, Philip Berrigan, James Bevel, Václav Havel, Andrei Sakharov, Lech Wałęsa, Gene Sharp, Nelson Mandela, Jose Rizal, and many others. From 1966 to 1999, nonviolent civic resistance played a critical role in fifty of sixty-seven transitions from authoritarianism.

The " Singing revolution" (1989–1991) in Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania, led to the three Baltic countries' restoration of independence from the Soviet Union in 1991. Recently, nonviolent resistance has led to the Rose Revolution in Georgia. Research shows that nonviolent campaigns diffuse spatially. Information on nonviolent resistance in one country could significantly affect nonviolent activism in other countries.

Many movements which promote philosophies of nonviolence or pacifism have pragmatically adopted the methods of nonviolent action as an effective way to achieve social or political goals. They employ nonviolent resistance tactics such as: information warfare, picketing, marches, vigils, leafletting, samizdat, magnitizdat, satyagraha, protest art, protest music and poetry, community education and consciousness raising, lobbying, tax resistance, civil disobedience, boycotts or sanctions, legal/diplomatic wrestling, Underground Railroads, principled refusal of awards/honors, and general strikes. Current nonviolent resistance movements include: the Jeans Revolution in Belarus, the fight of the Cuban dissidents, and internationally the Extinction Rebellion and School Strike for Climate.

Although nonviolent movements can maintain broader public legitimacy by refraining from violence, some segments of society may perceive protest movements as being more violent than they really are when they disagree with the social goals of the movement. Research also shows that the perceived violence of a movement is not only influenced by its tactics but also by the identity of its participants. For example, protests led or dominated by women are generally seen as less violent than those led by men, though this effect depends on whether female protesters conform to or challenge traditional gender norms. A great deal of work has addressed the factors that lead to violent mobilization, but less attention has been paid to understanding why disputes become violent or nonviolent, comparing these two as strategic choices relative to conventional politics.

History

Comparison with civil disobedience

Nonviolent resistance is often but wrongly taken as synonymous with civil disobedience. Each of these terms—nonviolent resistance and civil disobedience—has different connotations and commitments. Berel Lang argues against the conflation of nonviolent resistance and civil disobedience on the grounds that the necessary conditions for an act instancing civil disobedience are: (1) that the act violates the law, (2) that the act is performed intentionally, and (3) that the actor anticipates and willingly accepts punitive measures made on the part of the state against him in retaliation for the act. Since acts of nonviolent political resistance need not satisfy any of these criteria, Lang argues that the two categories of action cannot be identified with one another. Furthermore, civil disobedience is a form of political action which necessarily aims at reform, rather than revolution. Its efforts are typically directed at the disputing of particular laws or groups of laws while conceding the authority of the government responsible for them. In contrast, political acts of nonviolent resistance can have revolutionary ends. According to Lang, civil disobedience need not be nonviolent, although the extent and intensity of the violence is limited by the non-revolutionary intentions of the persons engaging in civil disobedience. Lang argues the violent resistance by citizens being forcibly relocated to detentions, short of the use of lethal violence against representatives of the state, could plausibly count as civil disobedience but could not count as nonviolent resistance.

See also

*Active measures
* Everyday resistance
*Nonviolence
*Subversion
*Resistance movement

Documentaries

* '' A Force More Powerful'', directed by Steve York
* '' How to Start a Revolution'', directed by Ruaridh Arrow

Organizations and people

* List of peace activists
* List of anti-war organizations
* :Nonviolence organizations
* :Nonviolent resistance movements
* :Anti-war activists by nationality
* :Human rights activists by nationality
* :Democracy activists by nationality

Concepts

*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
* ""
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*

Notes and references

Further reading

From the 20th century

* Case, Clarence Marsh (1923). Non-violent Coercion: A Study in Methods of Social Pressure. Century. ISBN 978-0-598-49467-2.
* Peter Ackerman and Jack DuVall, ''A Force More Powerful: A Century of Nonviolent Conflict''. New York: Palgrave, 2000. .
* Clayborne Carson, ''In Struggle: SNCC and the Black Awakening of the 1960s''. (SNCC is the acronym for Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee.) Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1981. .
* M K Gandhi, ''Non-Violent Resistance (Satyagraha)''. Mineola, NY: Dover Publications, 2001, orig. 1961. .
* Gene Sharp, '' Making Europe Unconquerable: The Potential of Civilian-Based Deterrence and Defence''. United Kingdom: Taylor & Francis, 1985. /
* Gene Sharp, '' The Politics of Nonviolent Action''. Boston: Porter Sargent, 1973. .

From the 21st century

* Michael Beer,
Civil Resistance Tactics in the 21st Century
. ICNC Press.
* Michael Bröning, ''The Politics of Change in Palestine. State-Building and Non-Violent Resistance''. London: Pluto Press, 2011, Part 5. .
* Judith Hand, ''A Future Without War: The Strategy of a Warfare Transition''. San Diego, CA: Questpath Publishing, 2006. .
* Daniel Jakopovich, ''Revolutionary Peacemaking: Writings for a Culture of Peace and Nonviolence''. Zagreb, Croatia: Democratic Thought, 2019, pp. 527.
* Michael King, ''The Penguin History of New Zealand''. London: Penguin Books, 2003, pp 219–20, 222, 247–8, and 386. .
* Mark Kurlansky, ''Nonviolence: The History of a Dangerous Idea''. New York: Modern Library / Random House, 2006. .
* David McReynolds,
A Philosophy of Nonviolence
'. Originally New York: A.J. Muste Memorial Institute, 2001. No ISBN. Retrieved 22 December 2012.
* Adam Roberts and Timothy Garton Ash, eds.,
Civil Resistance and Power Politics: The Experience of Non-violent Action from Gandhi to the Present
''. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, 2009. . Retrieved 22 December 2012.
* Adam Roberts, Michael J. Willis, Rory McCarthy and Timothy Garton Ash, eds.,
Civil Resistance in the Arab Spring: Triumphs and Disasters
'. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, 2016. .
* Jonathan Schell, '' The Unconquerable World: Power, Nonviolence, and the Will of the People''. New York: Metropolitan Books / Henry Holt and Company, 2003. .
* Kurt Schock, ''Unarmed Insurrections: People Power Movements in Nondemocracies''. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 2004. .
* Gene Sharp,
From Dictatorship to Democracy: A Conceptual Framework for Liberation
'. East Boston, MA: The Albert Einstein Institution, 4th ed. 2010, orig. 2002. . Retrieved 22 December 2012.
* Mike Staresinic,
Activism: People, Power, Plan
'. Pittsburgh, PA: Breakthrough, 2011. .
* Walter Wink, ''Jesus and Nonviolence: A Third Way''. Minneapolis, MN: Fortress Press, 2003. .
* Srdja Popovic, Andrej Milivojevic, Slobodan Djinovic, "Nonviolent Struggle: 50 Crucial Points". Belgrade, Serbia: DMD, 2006

External links

"Black Power!"
New York Public Library. Documentary directed by Ruaridh Arrow.

Nonviolence News
by Rivera Sun.

International Center on Nonviolent Conflict

{{authority control

Community organizing
Resistance
Protest tactics