Ngāti Awa is a Māori

iwi Iwi () are the largest social units in New Zealand Māori society. In Māori, roughly means or , and is often translated as "tribe". The word is both singular and plural in the Māori language, and is typically pluralised as such in English. ...

(tribe) centred in the eastern

Bay of Plenty Region The Bay of Plenty Region is a Regions of New Zealand, local government region in the North Island of New Zealand. Also called just the Bay of Plenty (BOP), it is situated around the Bay of Plenty, marine bight of that same name. The bay was name ...

New Zealand New Zealand () is an island country in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. It consists of two main landmasses—the North Island () and the South Island ()—and List of islands of New Zealand, over 600 smaller islands. It is the List of isla ...

. It is made of 22

hapū In Māori language, Māori and New Zealand English, a ' ("subtribe", or "clan") functions as "the basic political unit within Māori society". A Māori person can belong to or have links to many hapū. Historically, each hapū had its own chief ...

(subtribes), with 15,258 people claiming affiliation to the iwi in 2006. The Ngāti Awa people are primarily located in towns on the Rangitaiki Plain, including

Whakatāne Whakatāne ( , ) is a town located in the Bay of Plenty Region, Bay of Plenty Region in the North Island of New Zealand, east of Tauranga and northeast of Rotorua. The town is situated at the mouth of the Whakatāne River. The Whakatāne Dis ...

, Kawerau, Edgecumbe,

Te Teko Te Teko is a small inland town along the banks of the Rangitaiki River in the Bay of Plenty region of New Zealand's North Island. The township includes a racecourse, golf course, police station, and a primary school. The primary school was est ...

and Matatā. Two urban hapū also exist in

Auckland Auckland ( ; ) is a large metropolitan city in the North Island of New Zealand. It has an urban population of about It is located in the greater Auckland Region, the area governed by Auckland Council, which includes outlying rural areas and ...

(''Ngāti Awa-ki-Tamaki'') and

Wellington Wellington is the capital city of New Zealand. It is located at the south-western tip of the North Island, between Cook Strait and the Remutaka Range. Wellington is the third-largest city in New Zealand (second largest in the North Island ...

(''Ngāti Awa-ki-Poneke'').

History

Early history

Ngāti Awa traces its origins to the arrival of Māori settlers on the '' Mātaatua'' waka (canoe). The ''Mātaatua'' settlers established settlements in the Bay of Plenty and Northland. Initially, the tribe controlled a large area in Northland, but conflicts with other northern iwi resulted in a southward migration. One group eventually settled in the eastern Bay of Plenty, whose descendants would eventually found the iwi. Awanuiarangi II is recognised as the eponymous ancestor of Ngāti Awa. Awanuiarangi II was a chief descended from Toroa, captain of the ''Mātaatua''. Descendants of Awanuiarangi II eventually formed their own iwi, Ngāti Awa, named after their ancestor.

Tribal and land wars

Ngāti Awa was frequently at war with neighbouring iwi, including those with similar ancestry. Ngāti Awa initially had good trading relations with European settlers. However, the

New Zealand Wars The New Zealand Wars () took place from 1845 to 1872 between the Colony of New Zealand, New Zealand colonial government and allied Māori people, Māori on one side, and Māori and Māori-allied settlers on the other. Though the wars were initi ...

of the 1860s resulted in the British Crown confiscating more than 1,000 km² of Ngāti Awa land. For more than a century afterwards, Ngāti Awa remained an aggrieved, struggling people. However, in 1999, the Waitangi Tribunal determined that the confiscation of Ngāti Awa land in the New Zealand Wars by the British Crown was illegal, and in 2003 a settlement was reached between Ngāti Awa and the New Zealand Government. In the nineteenth century Ngāti Pūkeko were considered a separate iwi, but they are currently considered a hapū of Ngāti Awa.

Government settlement

In 2003, following almost ten years of negotiations between the New Zealand Government and Ngāti Awa, a settlement was announced and reparations were made to the iwi. In summary: *The New Zealand Government (the Crown) acknowledged and apologised for the illegal confiscation of Ngāti Awa land during the

*The Crown paid NZ$42.39 million in reparations to Ngāti Awa *The Crown agreed to return control of seven sites of historical and cultural significance to the iwi *Three locations were renamed to their original Ngāti Awa place names. On settlement the Ngāti Awa Research Centre that was established in 1989 to generate research for the Waitangi Tribunal claim became Ngāti Awa Research and Archives.

Hapū and marae

Whakatāne hapū

The following hapū are based around

and Coastlands: * Ngāti Hokopū, based at Te Hokowhitu a Tū ki te Rāhui

marae A ' (in Māori language, New Zealand Māori, Cook Islands Māori, Tahitian language, Tahitian), ' (in Tongan language, Tongan), ' (in Marquesan language, Marquesan) or ' (in Samoan language, Samoan) is a communal or sacred place that serves reli ...

and Te Hokowhitu a Tūmatauenga

wharenui A wharenui (; literally "large house") is a communal house of the Māori people of New Zealand, generally situated as the focal point of a ''marae''. Wharenui are usually called meeting houses in New Zealand English, or simply called ''wikt:wh ...

, and at Te Whare o Toroa marae * Ngāti Wharepaia, based at Te Hokowhitu a Tū ki te Rāhui marae and Te Hokowhitu a Tūmatauenga wharenui and Te Whare o Toroa marae * Te Patuwai me Ngāti Maumoana, based at Toroa marae * Warahoe, based at Tokitareke marae and Te Puna o Te Orohi wharenui * Ngāi Te Rangihouhiri II, based at Te Rangihouhiri II marae * Ngāi Taiwhakaea II, based at Taiwhakaea marae and Taiwhakaea II wharenui

Poroporo hapū

The following hapū are based around Poroporo and Paroa: * Ngāti Pūkeko, based at Pūkeko marae * Ngāti Rangataua, based at Rangataua marae * Ngāti Tamapare, based at Rewatu marae and Ueimua wharenui * Te Whānau o Tariao Tapuke, based at Rangimarie marae and Rarawhati wharenui * Ngāti Hikakino, based at Puawairua marae

Te Teko hapū

The following hapū are based around Te Teko and Edgecumbe: * Ngā Maihi, based at Tūteao marae * Ngāi Tamaoki, based at Ruaihona marae * Ngāi Tamawera, based at Uiraroa marae * Ngāti Hāmua, based at Te Māpou marae and Rongotangiawa wharenui * Te Pahipoto, based at Kokohinau (Tuhimata) marae and Oruatapare wharenui * Tuariki, based at Tuariki marae * Te Kahupāke, based in the area of Te Teko

Matatā and Motiti hapū

The following hapū are based around Matatā and on Mōtītī Island: * Te Tāwera, based at Iramoko marae and Te Paetata wharenui, in Matatā * Te Patuwai me Ngāti Maumoana, based at Te Hinga o te Ra marae, and at Te Rua Kopiha marae and Tamatea ki te Huatahi wharenui, on Motiti Island

Urban hapū

The following urban hapū are affiliated with Ngāti Awa: * Ngāti Awa ki Poneke, based at Te Tumu Herenga Waka marae at Victoria University in

* Ngāti Awa ki Tāmaki Makaurau, based at Mātaatua marae and Awanuiarangi wharenui, at

Māngere Māngere () is a major suburb in South Auckland, New Zealand, located on mainly flat land on the northeastern shore of the Manukau Harbour, to the northwest of Manukau, Manukau City Centre and south of the Auckland CBD, Auckland city centre. ...

Governance

Te Rūnanga o Ngāti Awa

Te Rūnanga o Ngāti Awa became the new governing body of the

in 2005. Representatives from the Rūnanga were responsible for negotiating the settlement with the government on behalf of Ngāti Awa. Based in Whakatāne, the rūnanga manages the financial assets of the iwi, and promotes cultural, educational and economic development in the region. The trust manages the tribe's

Treaty of Waitangi The Treaty of Waitangi (), sometimes referred to as ''Te Tiriti'', is a document of central importance to the history of New Zealand, Constitution of New Zealand, its constitution, and its national mythos. It has played a major role in the tr ...

settlement under the Ngāti Awa Claims Settlement Act and is a body corporate for the tribe's land, under Te Runanga o Ngāti Awa Act. It represents the iwi in aquaculture and fisheries under the Māori Commercial Aquaculture Claims Settlement Act, and represents the iwi during resource consent consultation under the Resource Management Act. The trust is governed by one representative from each of the 22 hapū, and is based in Whakatāne.

Local government

The tribal area of the iwi is within the territory of Kawerau District Council and Whakatāne District Council. It is also within the wider territory of the Bay of Plenty Regional Council.

Media

Sun FM

Sun FM is the radio station for Ngāti Awa. It was first known as Te Reo Irirangi o Te Manuka Tutāhi during a three-week AM trial run in 1990. It went to air as Tumeke FM on 6 April 1991, became Sun FM in 1994 to increase its advertising appeal, and between 1996 and 1999 worked to increase its Māori language content. The classic hits station broadcasts on in

Notable people

* Wepiha Apanui * Leni Apisai * Marlene J Bennetts * Mere Broughton * Catherine Carran * Tāmati Coffey * Samuel Horouta Emery * Wira Gardiner * Ngapiki Hakaraia * Joe Harawira * Matekoraha Te Peehi Jaram * Georgina Kingi * Karl Leonard * Eruera Riini Mānuera * Hamiora Tumutara Te Tihi-o-te-whenua Pio * Dan Pryor * Kara Pryor * Linda Tuhiwai Smith * Albert Oliphant Stewart * Te Hura Te Taiwhakaripi * Maata Te Taiawatea Rangitūkehu * Eruera Hamiora Tumutara * Gugi Waaka * Te Kari Waaka * Carin Wilson

References

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