National Police (France)

The National Police (, ), formerly known as the , is one of two national police forces of France, the other being the National Gendarmerie. The National Police is the country's main civil law enforcement agency, with primary jurisdiction in cities and large towns. By contrast, the National Gendarmerie has primary jurisdiction in smaller towns, as well as in rural and border areas. The National Police comes under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of the Interior and has about 145,200 employees (as of 2015). Young French citizens can fulfill their optional national service () in the national police force.

The national police force was created on 14 August 1941, under the Vichy regime, by a decree signed by the head of government, Philippe Pétain. This decree implements the law of 23 April 1941, creating the Police nationale: the forces of the Sûreté nationale (with the former services of the Sûreté générale, which became the Sûreté nationale in 1934, and the municipal police units, which became "étatisées" for the police forces of towns with more than 10,000 inhabitants) and the police services of the Préfecture de police in Paris are thus united. It was dissolved after the Liberation, by order of the Provisional Government of the French Republic on 16 November 1944. It was revived by Law no. 66-492 of 9 July 1966, on the organization of the police in France. This law unified the Sûreté Nationale and the Préfecture de Police.

The National Police operates mostly in cities and large towns. In that context, it conducts security operations such as patrols, traffic control and identity checks. Under the orders and supervision of investigating magistrates of the judiciary, it conducts criminal inquiries and serves search warrants. It also maintains specific services ('judicial police') for these inquiries.

Organization

The National Police is commanded by the Director-General (), who is currently Louis Laugier. The Director-General is personally in command of the General Directorate of the National Police () (DGPN) and responsible to the Minister of the Interior.

The , currently Laurent Nuñez, manages the that includes all police and security services in Paris, the three neighbouring departments of the region (Hauts-de-Seine, Seine-Saint-Denis and Val-de-Marne), and the airports of Roissy, Orly and Le Bourget. The Paris Police Prefecture is a separate law enforcement jurisdiction. While its officers belong to the National Police, their chief (the Police Prefect) acts completely independently from the Director-General of the National Police, reporting directly to the French Minister of the Interior. The elevated status of the Paris Police Prefect is also underlined by the fact that he/she is also head of the Île-de-France Defence and Security Zone (). The police forces in the other departments of the Île-de-France region are under the direct command of a (Department Prefect), being himself under the supervision of the as far as the active on-the-field police work is concerned, and under the control of the Director-General for the rest.

The National Police is sub-divided into (central) directorates, which are further composed of sub-directorates:
* (Directorate of Resources and Competences of the National Police; DRCPN): formed from the fusion of the former (Directorate of Training of the National Police; DFPN) and (Directorate of Administration of the National Police; DAPN). It was established on 1 September 2010 and employs approximately 3 000 people.
* (Central Directorate of the Judicial Police; DCPJ): charged with all criminal investigations under direction of magistrates. This mission is fulfilled in the Paris area by the which is nicknamed after its address "" (often without the number), and is a metonym for the Police generally; the national headquarters of the ''PJ'', as it is usually called in French, are actually located at 11 rue des Saussaies, within the Ministry of the Interior). The main Sub-Directorates of the Judicial Police are:
** "SDAT" (Anti-Terrorism Sub-Directorate): elite counter-terrorist task-force.
** "SDLCODP" (Sub-Directorate for the struggle against organised crime and financial delinquency): Includes all the National Investigation Offices specialising in Organised and Financial Crime, except for the National Itinerant Criminality Struggle Office (which falls under the )
** "SDPTS" (Sub-directorate of forensics and crime scene investigation)
** "SDLC" (Sub-directorate for the struggle against computer and internet crime)
* (Central Directorate of Public Security; DCSP): Patrol and response duties, misdemeanour investigations, emergency help; this Directorate comprises approximatively 80% of the workforce. The DCSP is the National Police's equivalent of the Departmental Gendarmerie.
**Central apparatus ()
**92 départemental directorates in metropolitan France (sing. (''DDSP''), followed by the département's number. For example the DDSP 62 is the Departement Public Security Directorate of Pas-de-Calais).
**The three départements of the region (Seine-Saint-Denis, Hauts-de-Seine and Val-de-Marne) were absorbed into the Paris Police Prefecture by Presidential Decree No. 2009-898 of 24 July 2009 and fused into the Proximity Security Directorate of the Parisian Agglomeration ( (''DSPAP'')), which includes four Proximity Security Territorial Directorates (sing. (''DTSP'')): DTSP 75 for the city of Paris; DTSP 92 in Nanterre for Hauts-de-Seine; DTSP 93 in Bobigny for Seine-Saint-Denis and DTSP 94 in Créteil for Val-de-Marne.
**7 overseas directorates: Guadeloupe, Martinique, Guyane, La Réunion, New Caledonia, French Polynesia and Mayotte.
* (Central Directorate of Border Police; DCPAF): performs identity checks with " La douane française" (official name: Direction générale des Douanes et Droits Indirects) and handles illegal immigration.
* (General Inspectorate of the National Police, IGPN): headed by the Inspector General and responsible for internal affairs. In the Paris Area, these tasks are assigned to a dedicated service—the (General Inspectorate of the Services).
* (Central Directorate of the Republican Security Companies; DCCRS): riot police, motorway police, and mountain rescue; commonly referred to as the CRS.
* (Technical International Police Co-operation Service; SCTIP).
* (Important Persons Protection Service; SPHP): VIP protection for people such as foreign diplomats and also responsible for the protection of the President of the French Republic through the .
* (Research, Assistance, Intervention, Deterrence; RAID) intervention unit. The elite counter-terror unit of the National Police and counterpart to the GIGN of the National Gendarmerie. The commander of RAID also doubles as the chief of the National Police Intervention Force (French abbreviation ''FIPN''). The RAID is headquartered in Bièvres, Essonne, approximately 20 kilometres (12 miles) southwest of Paris. As it is on stand-by for deployment nationwide, the primary intervention unit for reaction in Paris is the (''BRI-BAC'') - the Research and Intervention Brigade of the Paris Police Prefecture's Judicial Police Regional Directorate. The function of the FIPN is that of a co-ordinating organ between the RAID and the BRI-BAC. The RAID used to operate closely with the UCLAT (, Counterterror Coordination Unit). On 27 December 2019 the UCLAT was absorbed into the ', the French domestic intelligence and security agency and the latter took over the close co-operation with the RAID.
**Territorial Detachments. The Central Directorate of Public Security - the National Police's public order uniformed branch had its own tactical intervention units, the (Intervention Groups of the National Police (''GIPN'')).Between 2016 and 2019 these units were absorbed into the RAID as its territorial detachments ()
***10 territorial detachments in metropolitan France: Bordeaux, Lille, Lyon, Marseille, Nice, Rennes, Strasbourg, Montpellier, Nancy and Toulouse;
***3 territorial detachments in the French overseas territories: Nouméa in New Caledonia, Pointe-à-Pitre in Guadeloupe and Saint-Denis in Réunion.

Former directorates

As of 1 July 2008, the following two National Police directorates:
* (Directorate of Territorial Surveillance; DST) – counter-intelligence, counterespionage, counterterrorism
* (Central Directorate of General Information; DCRG or RG) – police intelligence, records, research, analysis (and also policing gambling and horse racing, two activities which are now in the hands of the "Service central des courses et jeux" SCCJ, a unit of the Judicial Police)
were merged into one single domestic intelligence agency titled the (DCRI). The DCRI was placed directly under the Ministry of the Interior.

Ranks

The National Police is divided into three ''corps'', in the terminology of the French Civil Service, in ascending order of seniority:
* The (Management and Enforcement Corps) corresponds approximately to the enlisted and non-commissioned ranks in a military force, or to constables and sergeants in a British-style civil police force.

File:MajorRULP.png,
File:MajorEX.png,
File:Police nationale-Brigadier major.svg,
File:Police nationale-Brigadier chef.svg,
File:Police nationale-gardien de la paix.svg, (keeper of the peace)
File:Police nationale-gardien de la paix stagiaire.svg, (keeper of the peace, intern") 1st year after school.

* The (Command Corps) corresponds approximately to the lower commissioned ranks of a military force, or the grades of inspector and chief inspector in a British-style civil police force. These ranks were previously known as if detectives or if uniformed, although CRS officers always used the current ranks.

File:CommanDivFonc.png,
Same insignia as Commandant but with silver pip
File:CommandantDivisionnaire.png,
Same insignia as Commandant but with gold pip
File:Police nationale-commandant.svg, (formerly or )
File:Police nationale-capitaine.svg, (formerly or )
File:Police nationale-lieutenant.svg, (formerly or )
File:Police nationale-lieutenant stagiaire.svg,
File:Police nationale-élève lieutenant de police.svg,

* The (Conception and Direction Corps) corresponds approximately to the higher commissioned ranks of a military force, or to grades of Superintendent and chief officers in a British-style civil police force.

File:DGPNPN.png,
(Director general of the National Police)
File:Prefetdepoliceallongé.png,
( Police Prefect of Paris/
Police Prefect of Bouches-du-Rhône)
File:Police nationale-directeur des services actifs.svg,
(Director of the Active Services) Equivalent of a Deputy Commissioner in London in a British-style police force
File:Police nationale-inspecteur général.svg,
( Inspector General) This is the equivalent of an Assistant Commissioner in Metropolitan Police of London.
File:Police nationale-contrôleur général.svg,
(Controller General) the equivalent of Deputy Assistant Commissioner in the Metropolitan Police.
File:Général.png,
(Commissioner General)
File:Police nationale-commissaire divisionnaire.svg,
(Divisional Commissioner of police)
File:Police nationale-commissaire.svg, (Commissioner of police)
File:CommissiaireStagiaire.png, (Probationary Commissioner of police)

All the ranks insignia may be worn either on the shoulders or on the chest. In the latter they are square-shaped.

Prior to 1995 two civilian corps ("" and "") existed in which plainclothes officers were given the training and authority to conduct investigations. The closest American equivalent is the detective branch.

Equipment

Weapons

Prior to the Second World War and the formation of the Police Nationale, the French police used a variety of side arms, both revolvers and semi-automatic pistols, notably comprising the MAS 1873, the MAS 1892, the FN M1900, Ruby pistols, and a variety of privately purchased weapons.

Immediately after the Second World War, a variety of military side arms were issued, often captured weapons provided by the Army or French-produced German-designed weapons, such as the Mauser HSc or the Walther P38 for sidearms, and the Karabiner 98k rifle, to the now unified national force.

In 1951, a standardisation was performed on the RR 51 pistol in 7.65×17mm and on the MAS-38 and MAT-49 for submachine guns. From 1953, in the context of heightening violence of the Algeria War, CRS units were upgraded to the 9×19mm MAC Mle 1950.

In the early 1960s, large-caliber revolvers were introduced, culminating with the introduction of the Manurhin MR 73 and the Ruger SP101. In the 80s, a process to standardize revolvers was initiated. The 1970s also saw the introduction of automatic rifles and carbines (such as the SIG SG 543) to fend off heavily armed organised crime and terrorism.

In the 2000s, the police started switching to semi-automatic pistols and to the 9×19mm Parabellum cartridge. For some years, the standard sidearm in the National Police and the Gendarmerie Nationale was the PAMAS G1, which was French licensed and made. In 2003 both agencies made the biggest small arms contract since the Second World War for about 250,000 SIG Sauer Pro SP 2022s, a custom-tailored variant of the SIG Pro, replacing the PAMAS-G1 and several other pistols in service. The weapons are planned to stay in service until the year 2022, hence the weapon name. The police purchased more pistols in late 2018 possibly indicating they intend them to be used beyond 2022.

For greater threats the police use slightly modified Ruger Mini-14s purchased in the 1970s. More modern long guns like Remington 870, HK UMP and HK G36 are also issued.

Some sources have claimed the use of the Spectre M4 by the French National Police.

Cars

While the vast majority of vehicles are screen printed French brands (mainly Renault, Citroën and Peugeot), some service vehicles are provided by Ford and Opel. Plainclothes officers or specialised branches use vehicles from a variety of manufacturers.

File:Peugeot de la Police Nationale. 3e arrondissement de Paris, septembre 2013.JPG, Peugeot 308
File:Renault Mégane III Police nationale à Nice.jpg, Renault Mégane III
File:Police nationale, gare de Strasbourg février 2014.JPG, Citroën Berlingo II
File:Renault Scénic III Police nationale, place de la gare Strasbourg.jpg, Renault Scénic III
File:Renault trafic police nationale strasbourg -1.JPG, Renault Trafic II
File:Police and gendarmerie-IMG 9236.jpg, Police Motorcycle Yamaha FJR1300
File:Peugeot 5008 II Phase 2 - Police nationale.jpg, Peugeot 5008 II
File:Peugeot 308 - Brigade Anti Criminalité.jpg, Unmarked anti crime unit ( Peugeot 308)

Gallery

File:Police-IMG 4105.jpg, Police in the process of combing.
File:CRS (Police française).jpg, Police in the process of combing.

In popular culture

Film

* Inspector Clouseau
* The Day of the Jackal

Television series

* '' Maigret'' (various television series)
* ''The Last Five Minutes'' (''Les cinq dernières minutes'') (1958–1996)
* ''Navarro'' (1989–2005)
* ''Commissaire Moulin'' (1976–2006)
* ''Police Judiciaire/P.J.'' (1997–2009)
* ''La Crim''' (1999–2006)
* ''Commissaire Magellan'' (2009–)
* ''Les Cordier juge et flic'' (1992–2003)
* ''Commissaire Cordier'' (2004–2007)
* ''Julie Lescaut'' (1991–2014)
* ''Falco'' (2013–2016)
* ''Commissaire Valence'' (2002–2008)
* '' Engrenages'' (2005-)
* ''Profilage'' (2009-2020)
* ''The Crimson Rivers'' (''Les Rivières Pourpres'') (2018-2020)
* HPI (TV series) (2021-)

See also

* Law enforcement in France

References

Further reading

*

External links

Official site of the French National Police


Official site of the French Ministry of Interior


Unofficial site of the National Police

{{Customs

National Central Bureaus of Interpol
National law enforcement agencies of France
France