NCAA Division I Men's Ice Hockey Tournament

The annual NCAA Division I Men's Ice Hockey Tournament is a college ice hockey tournament held in the United States by the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) to determine the top men's team in Division I. Like other Division I championships, it is the highest level of NCAA men's hockey competition. This tournament is somewhat unique among NCAA sports as many schools which otherwise compete in Division II or Division III compete in Division I for hockey.

Since 1999, the semifinals and championship game of the tournament have been branded as the "Frozen Four", a reference to the NCAA's long-time branding of its basketball semi-finals as the "Final Four".

History

The NCAA Men's Division I Ice Hockey Championship is a single elimination competition that has determined the collegiate national champion since the inaugural 1948 NCAA Men's Division I Ice Hockey Tournament. The tournament features 16 teams representing all six Division I conferences in the nation. The Championship Committee seeds the entire field from 1 to 16 within four regionals of 4 teams. The winners of the six Division I conference championships receive automatic bids to participate in the NCAA Championship. The tournament begins with initial games played at four regional sites culminating with the semi-finals and finals played at a single site.

In setting up the tournament, the Championship Committee seeks to ensure "competitive equity, financial success and likelihood of playoff-type atmosphere at each regional site." A team serving as the host of a regional is placed within that regional. The top four teams are assigned overall seeds and placed within the bracket such that the national semifinals will feature the No. 1 seed versus the No. 4 seed and the No. 2 seed versus the No. 3 seed should the top four teams win their respective regional finals. Number 1 seeds are also placed as close to their home site as possible, with the No. 1 seed receiving first preference. Conference matchups are avoided in the first round; should five or more teams from one conference make the tournament, this guideline may be disregarded in favor of preserving the bracket's integrity.

Broadmoor Ice Palace in Colorado Springs, Colorado, hosted the tournament for the first ten years and has hosted eleven times overall, the most of any venue. The Denver Pioneers have won the most tournaments with ten, while Vic Heyliger has coached the most championship teams, winning six times with Michigan between 1948 and 1956.

The 2020 championship was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Tournament format history

;1948–1976
: 4 teams (one game series)

;1977–1980
: 5–6 teams (one game series)

;1981–1987
: 8 teams (two games, total goals first round at higher seed)

;1988
: 12 teams (two games, total goals first two rounds at higher seed)

;1989–1991
: 12 teams (best of three games first two rounds series at higher seed)

;1992–2002
: 12 teams (divided into two regionals, East Regional and West Regional; six teams each)

;2003–present
: 16 teams (divided into four regionals; four teams each)

At-large bids

Up until 1976, the NCAA tournament invited two teams from each of the two major regions: East and West. Initially, all teams were invited based upon their regular season performance with the NCAA selection committee occasionally deferring to an in-season or unofficial tournament to make their selection easier. Over time, as each of the two regions became dominated by single conferences, the selection committee would just choose the top two teams from each of the two leagues or, when held, the champion(s) and runners-up of the conference tournaments. During the first three decades of the national tournament other conferences did exist, however, most of these were either unofficial or contained teams that were largely regarded as inferior ( MIAC for example) and were ignored by the selection committee. Things began to change in the 70s when several new programs joined the top level of play. With the new clubs being unable to join the existing programs, a new conference, the CCHA was formed.

For the first half of the decade, the NCAA tournament continued its recent pattern of only inviting two teams from both ECAC Hockey and the WCHA. However, after several years of petitioning by the new league, the selection committee finally changed the tournament format for the 1976 series. While it could continue to invite two teams from the more established leagues, the committee gave itself the ability to invite up to 4 additional teams to the tournament as it saw fit. Under this policy, the CCHA tournament champion was given a de facto automatic bid but the committee was reticent to include any additional teams in the field. Over a 4-year span, only once did the committee invite any other team, doing so in 1978 when the #1 ranked team in the nation, Boston University, lost in their conference semifinals and would not have been included in the tournament otherwise.

After failing to use most of the additional slots made available by the rule chance, the NCAA tournament was expanded into three full rounds in 1981. At the time, with just one large conference comprising all eastern teams, the ECAC subdivided itself into three regions. The conference's tournament champion as well as the two division champions from the other groups would receive automatic bids. For the west, the WCHA would continue to name two tournament co-champions who would each receive an automatic bid while the single CCHA champion would also receive an automatic bid. One at-large bid for each of the two regions was then available for the best remaining teams.

Within two years this cumbersome policy was abandoned and the NCAA tournament would only offer a single automatic bids to each of the three conferences with the rest of the field being made up of at-large bids. This policy had remained in effect since 1983 and has survived the addition of several other conferences thanks in part to the tournament expanding from eight to twelve to sixteen programs as of 2025.

Beginning in 1981, when at-large bids were first officially introduced, the selection of teams that were offered bids was based upon their national rankings in polls. These were primarily done by some combination of head coaches and sports writers and tended to favor more established programs. In the early 1990s, the selection committee began to try and compare teams objectively by instituting a new ranking system. Some of the initial rankings that resulted were decried as some of the tournament invitees possessed arguably subpar records and their inclusion pushed out teams that were widely regarded as superior, such as Brown in 1993. The system was constantly adjusted and modified and occasionally ignored until it became sole selection criteria around 2008.

Since then, at-large bids were offered to teams based upon their PairWise ranking which provided a single number for each program based upon several categories. The categories were altered and changed over time with each receiving different weights or priorities, however, by 2014 the system was largely seen by the committee as sufficient and went unchanged for several years afterwards. In 2024, the NCAA committee announced that it was abandoning the PairWise rankings for the Division III tournament in favor of the NCAA Power Index (NPI), the same system used for college basketball. A year later, the committee changed the selection process for the Division I tournament, fully adopting the NPI for all levels.

Results

Participation in the tournament vacated by the NCAA Committee on Infractions.

Team titles

Performance by team

The code in each cell represents the furthest the team made it in the respective tournament:
* First round (''12 teams starting in 1988, 16 teams starting in 2003'')
* Quarterfinals (''1 or 2 teams starting in 1977, 4 teams starting in 1980'')
* Frozen Four
* National Runner-up
* National Champion
* } } The team achieved the placement shown, but the participation was later vacated. These vacated appearances are not included in the total columns.

Starting in 2003, the four teams seeded No. 1 in the regions are shown with .

Records

Points in a championship game

Points in multiple championships

Championship hat tricks

* Was not a member of the winning team.

† Natural hat-trick.

‡ Tournament participation later vacated.

Tournament winning percentage

Minimum 2 tournaments

Tournament droughts

The following is a list of teams that have not made an NCAA tournament any time in the last 10 seasons.

† Alaska's only appearance in 2010 was later vacated due to NCAA rules violations.

‡ St. Lawrence received an automatic bid in 2021, however, the team had to decline the invitation due to a positive COVID-19 test from their head coach.

Awards

At the conclusion of each tournament both an all-tournament team and 'Most Outstanding Player in Tournament' is named. Both achievements have been in effect since the inaugural championship in 1948.

See also

* NCAA Division II Men's Ice Hockey Championship
* NCAA Division III Men's Ice Hockey Championship
* NCAA Women's Ice Hockey Tournament (National Collegiate division; de facto equivalent to Division I)

References

{{National Collegiate Athletic Association