Mutassarifate Of Jerusalem

The Mutasarrifate of Jerusalem ( ota, مُتَصَرِّف قدسی مُتَصَرِّفلغ, ; ar, متصرفية القدس الشريف, ), also known as the Sanjak of Jerusalem, was an Ottoman district with special administrative status established in 1872.Büssow (2011), p
5
Abu-Manneh (1999), p
39
Jankowski & Gershoni (1997), p
174
The district encompassed Jerusalem as well as Hebron, Jaffa, Gaza City, Gaza and Beersheba.Beshara (2012), pp
23
During the late Ottoman period, the Mutasarrifate of Jerusalem, together with the Sanjak of Nablus and Sanjak of Acre, Sanjak of Akka (Acre), formed the region that was commonly referred to as "Palestine".The 1915 ''Filastin Risalesi'' ("Palestine Document") is a country survey of the VIII Corps (Ottoman Empire), VIII Corps of the Ottoman Army, which identified Palestine as a region including the sanjaqs of Akka (the Galilee), the Sanjaq of Nablus, and the Sanjaq of Jerusalem (Kudus Sherif), se
Ottoman Conceptions of Palestine-Part 2: Ethnography and Cartography, Salim Tamari
/ref> It was the 7th most population density, heavily populated region of the Administrative divisions of the Ottoman Empire#Vilayets (1864–1922), Ottoman Empire's 36 provinces.Karpat (1985), p
210

The district was separated from Damascus Eyalet and placed directly under the Ottoman central government in Ottoman Constantinople, Constantinople (now Istanbul) in 1841, and formally created as an independent province in 1872 by Grand Vizier Mahmud Nedim Pasha.Abu-Manneh (1999), p
38
Scholars provide a variety of reasons for the separation, including increased European interest in the region, and strengthening of the southern border of the Empire against the Khedivate of Egypt. Initially, the Acre Sanjak, Mutasarrifate of Acre and Nablus Sanjak, Mutasarrifate of Nablus were combined with the province of Jerusalem, with the combined province being referred to in the register of the court of Jerusalem as the "Jerusalem Eyalet", and referred to by the British consul as creation of "Palestine (region), Palestine into a separate eyalet". However, after less than two months, the sanjaks of Nablus and Acre were separated and added to the Vilayet of Beirut, leaving just the Mutasarrifate of Jerusalem.Büssow (2011), pp
41
��44. In 1906, the Nazareth Subdistrict, Ottoman Empire, Kaza of Nazareth was added to the Jerusalem Mutasarrifate, as an Enclave and exclave, exclave,Kark (1994), p
131
primarily in order to allow the issuance of a single tourist permit to Christian pilgrimage, Christian travellers.Büssow (2011), p
70
The area was conquered by the Allies of World War I, Allied Forces in 1917 during World War IPowles & Wilkie (1922), p
167-168
and a military Occupied Enemy Territory Administration (OETA South) set up to replace the Ottoman administration.Macmunn & Falls, p
607
OETA South consisted of the Ottoman sanjaks of Jerusalem, Nablus and Acre. The military administration was replaced by a British civilian administration in 1920 and the area of OETA South was incorporated into the Mandatory Palestine, British Mandate of Palestine in 1923.

The political status of the Mutasarrifate of Jerusalem was unique from other Ottoman provinces as it was under the direct authority of the Ottoman capital Constantinople. The inhabitants identified themselves primarily on religious terms, 84% being Muslim Arabs.El-Hasan (2010), p. 38. The district's villages were normally inhabited by farmers while its towns were populated by merchants, artisans, landowners and money-lenders. The elite consisted of the religious leadership, wealthy landlords and high-ranking civil servants.

History

In 1841, the district was separated from Damascus Eyalet and placed directly under Constantinople and formally created as an independent Mutasarrifate in 1872. Before 1872, the Mutasarrifate of Jerusalem was officially a ''sanjak'' within the Syria Vilayet (created in 1864, following the Tanzimat reforms).

The southern border of the Mutasarifate of Jerusalem was redrawn in 1906, at the instigation of the British, who were interested in safeguarding their imperial interests and in making the border as short and patrollable as possible.Gardus & Shmueli, eds. (1978–79), pp. 369–370.

In the mid-19th century the inhabitants of Palestine identified themselves primarily in terms of religious affiliation. The population was 84% Muslim Arabs, 10% Christian Arabs, 5% Jewish, and 1% Druze Arabs. Towards the end of the 19th century, the idea that the region of Palestine or the Mutasarifate of Jerusalem formed a separate political entity became widespread among the district's educated Arab classes. In 1904, former Jerusalem official Najib Azuri formed in Paris, France the ''Ligue de la Patrie Arabe'' ("Arab Fatherland League") whose goal was to free Ottoman Syria and Iraq from Turkish domination. In 1908, Azuri proposed the elevation of the ''mutassarifate'' to the status of ''vilayet'' to the Ottoman Parliament after the 1908 Young Turk Revolution.

The area was conquered by the Allies of World War I, Allied Forces in 1917 during the Sinai and Palestine campaign, Palestine campaign of World War I and a military Occupied Enemy Territory Administration (OETA South) set up to replace the Ottoman administration. OETA South consisted of the Ottoman sanjaks of Jerusalem, Nablus and Acre. The military administration was replaced by a British civilian administration in 1920 and the area of OETA South became the territory of the Mandatory Palestine, British Mandate of Palestine in 1923, with some border adjustments with Lebanon and Syria.

Boundaries

The division was bounded on the west by the Mediterranean, on the east by the River Jordan and the Dead Sea, on the north by a line from the mouth of the Yarkon River, river Auja to the Allenby Bridge, bridge over the Jordan near Jericho, and on the south by a line from midway between Gaza City, Gaza and Arish to Aqaba.

Maps

Below are a series of contemporary Ottoman maps showing the "Quds Al-Sharif Sancağı" or "Quds Al-Sharif Mutasarrıflığı". The 1907 maps show the 1860 borders between Ottoman Syria and the Khedivate of Egypt, although the border was moved to the current Israel-Egypt border in 1906, and the area north of the Negev Desert is labelled "Filastin" (Palestine).

Image:Ottoman map of the Mutasarrifate of Jerusalem, from 1882-83 (1300 AH).jpg, 1883
File:Mutasarrifate of Jerusalem in 1889.jpg, 1889
Image:1889 Modern Palestine, shewing Turkish provinces.jpg, 1889
Image:Ottoman Syria, 1893 map.jpg, 1893
Image:Map of the Jerusalem Sanjak.jpg, c.1900
Image:Jerusalem Sanjak — Memalik-i Mahruse-i Shahane-ye Mahsus Mukemmel ve Mufassal Atlas (1907).jpg, 1907
Image:Beirut Vilayet and Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate — Memalik-i Mahruse-i Shahane-ye Mahsus Mukemmel ve Mufassal Atlas (1907).jpg, 1907
Image: 1913 Ottoman Geography Textbook Showing the Sanjak of Jerusalem and Palestine.jpeg, 1912-13

Administrative divisions

Administrative divisions of the Mutasarrifate (1872-1909):

# Beersheba Subdistrict, Ottoman Empire, Beersheba Kaza ( ota, قضا بءرالسبع; tr, Birüsseb' kazası; ar, قضاء بئر السبع), which included two sub-districts and a municipality:
#*Auja al-Hafir, a-Hafir ( ota, ناحيه حفير; tr, Hafır nahiyesı; ar, ناحية عوجة الحفير), created in 1908 as a middle point between Beersheba and Aqaba, close to the newly agreed border with Sinai Peninsula, SinaiKushner (2005), p
96

#*al-Mulayha, created in 1908 as a midway point between Hafir and Aqaba
#*Beersheba ( ota, بلدية بءرالسبع; tr, Birüsseb' belediyesı; ar, بلدية بئر السبع), created in 1901
# Gaza Subdistrict, Ottoman Empire, Gaza Kaza ( ota, قضا غزّه; tr, Gazze kazası ; ar, قضاء غزة), which included three sub-districts and a municipality:
#*Al-Faluja ( ota, ناحيه فلوجه; tr, Felluce nahiyesı; ar, ناحية الفالوجة), created in 1903
#*Khan Yunis ( ota, ناحيه خان يونس; tr, Hanyunus nahiyesı; ar, ناحية خان يونس), created in 1903 and became a municipality in 1917
#*Ashkelon, al-Majdal ( ota, ... ناحيه; tr, Mücdel nahiyesı; ar, ناحية المجدل), created in 1880
#*Gaza City, Gaza ( ota, بلدية غزّه; tr, Gazze belediyesı ; ar, بلدية غزة), created in 1893
#Hebron Subdistrict, Ottoman Empire, Hebron Kaza ( ota, قضا خليل الرحمن; tr, Halilü'r Rahman kazası; ar, قضاء الخليل), which included two sub-districts and a municipality:
#*Bayt 'Itab ( ota, ناحيه بيت اعطاب; tr, Beyt-i a'tâb nahiyesı; ar, ناحية بيت عطاب), created in 1903
#*Bayt Jibrin ( ota, ناحيه بيت جبرين; tr, Beyt-i Cireyn nahiyesı; ar, ناحية بيت جبرين), created in 1903
#*Hebron ( ota, بلدية خليل الرحمن; tr, Halilü'r Rahman belediyesı; ar, بلدية الخليل), created in 1886
# Jaffa Subdistrict, Ottoman Empire, Jaffa Kaza ( ota, قضا يافه; tr, Yafa kazası ; ar, قضاء يَافَا), which included two sub-districts and a municipality:
#*Ni'lin ( ota, ناحيه نعلين; tr, Na’leyn nahiyesı; ar, ناحية نعلين), created in 1903
#*Ramla ( ota, ناحيه رمله; tr, Remle nahiyesı; ar, ناحية الرملة), created in 1880, became municipality before 1888 and re-established as sub-district in 1889
#*Lod, Lydda ( ota, ... بلدية; tr, Lod belediyesı ; ar, ... بلدية)
# Jerusalem Subdistrict, Ottoman Empire, Jerusalem Kaza ( ota, قضا قدس; tr, Kudüs-i Şerif kazası; ar, قضاء القدس الشريف), which included four sub-districts and two municipalities:
#*Abwein ( ota, ... ناحيه; tr, Abaveyn nahiyesı; ar, ناحية عبوين), created in 1903;
#*Bethlehem ( ota, ناحيه بيت اللحم; tr, Beytü'l lahim nahiyesı; ar, ناحية بيت لحم), created in 1883 and became a municipality in 1894;
#*Ramallah ( ota, ناحيه رام الله; tr, Ramallah nahiyesı; ar, ناحية رام الله), created in 1903 and became a municipality in 1911,
#*Saffa, Ramallah, Saffa ( ota, ناحيه صفا; tr, Safa nahiyesı; ar, ناحية صفّا),
#*Jerusalem ( ota, بلدية قدس; tr, Kudüs-i Şerif belediyesı; ar, بلدية القدس الشريف), created in 1867 and
#*Beit Jala ( ota, ... بلدية; tr, ... belediyesı; ar, بلدية بيت جالا), created in 1912.
#Nazareth Subdistrict, Ottoman Empire, Nazareth Kaza ( ota, قضا الْنَاصِرَة; tr, Nasra kazası; ar, قضاء الْنَاصِرَة), established 1906.

Mutasarrıfs of Jerusalem

The Mutasarrıfs of Jerusalem were appointed by the Sublime Porte to govern the district. They were usually experienced civil servants who spoke little or no Arabic, but knew a European language - most commonly French - in addition to Ottoman Turkish language, Ottoman Turkish.Kushner (July 1987).

Pre-separation from Damascus

* Sureyya Pasha 1857–63
* Izzet Pasha 1864–67
* Nazif Pasha 1867–69
* Kamil Pasha 1869–71
* Ali Bey 1871–72

Post-separation from Damascus

* Nazif Pasha (same as above) 1872–73
* Kamil Pasha (same as above) 1873–75
* Ali Bey (same as above) 1874–76
* Faik Bey 1876–77
* Mehmed Rauf Pasha 1877–89
* Resad Pasha 1889–90
* Ibrahim Hakki Pasha 1890–97
* Mehmet Tevfik Biren 1897–01
* Mehmet Cavit Bey 1901–02
* Osman Kazim Bey 1902–04
* Ahmed Resid Bey 1904–06
* Ali Ekrem Bolayır 1906–08

Post-Young Turk Revolution

List of mutasarrıfs after the 1908 Young Turk Revolution:
* Subhi Bey 1908–09
* Nazim Bey 1909–10
* Azmi Bey 1910–11
* Cevdet Bey 1911–12
* Mehdi Frashëri (Muhdi Bey) 1912
* Tahir Hayreddin Bey 1912–13
* Ahmed Macid Bey 1913–15

See also

* Ottoman Syria
* History of Jerusalem
* Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate
* Timeline of the name "Palestine"

Notes

References

Bibliography

*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*

{{coord missing, Asia

Late modern history of Jerusalem
1872 establishments in Ottoman Syria
1917 disestablishments in the Ottoman Empire
Land of Israel
History of Jordan
Ottoman Palestine
Sanjaks of the Ottoman Empire in Asia, Jerusalem