Monasterio de San Juan de los Reyes, Toledo 07

The Monastery of San Juan de los Reyes (English: Monastery of Saint John of the Monarchs) is an

Isabelline style The Isabelline style, also called the Isabelline Gothic ( es, Gótico Isabelino), or Castilian late Gothic, was the dominant architectural style of the Crown of Castile during the reign of the Catholic Monarchs, Queen Isabella I of Castile and ...

Franciscan , image = FrancescoCoA PioM.svg , image_size = 200px , caption = A cross, Christ's arm and Saint Francis's arm, a universal symbol of the Franciscans , abbreviation = OFM , predecessor = , ...

monastery A monastery is a building or complex of buildings comprising the domestic quarters and workplaces of monastics, monks or nuns, whether living in communities or alone ( hermits). A monastery generally includes a place reserved for prayer whi ...

in Toledo, in Castile-La Mancha,

Spain , image_flag = Bandera de España.svg , image_coat = Escudo de España (mazonado).svg , national_motto = ''Plus ultra'' (Latin)(English: "Further Beyond") , national_anthem = (English: "Royal March") , i ...

, built by the

Catholic Monarchs The Catholic Monarchs were Queen Isabella I of Castile and King Ferdinand II of Aragon, whose marriage and joint rule marked the ''de facto'' unification of Spain. They were both from the House of Trastámara and were second cousins, being bot ...

(1477–1504).

A monument to celebrate

This monastery was founded by King Ferdinand II of Aragon and Queen Isabella I of Castile to commemorate both the birth of their son, Prince John, and their victory at the

Battle of Toro The Battle of Toro was part of the War of the Castilian Succession, fought on 1 March 1476, near the city of Toro, between the Castilian-Aragonese troops of the Catholic Monarchs and the Portuguese-Castilian forces of Afonso V and Prince John ...

(1476) over the army of

Afonso V of Portugal Afonso V () (15 January 1432 – 28 August 1481), known by the sobriquet the African (), was King of Portugal from 1438 until his death in 1481, with a brief interruption in 1477. His sobriquet refers to his military conquests in Northern Afri ...

. Prince John of Portugal also celebrated _↓ Spanish historian Ana Carrasco Manchado: "...The battle f Torowas fierce and uncertain, and because of that both sides attributed themselves the victory. Prince John, the son of Alfonso of Portugal, sent letters to the Portuguese cities declaring victory. And Ferdinand of Aragon did the same. Both wanted to take advantage of the victory's propaganda." I
''Isabel I de Castilla y la sombra de la ilegitimidad: propaganda y representación en el conflicto sucesorio (1474-1482)''
2006, p.195, 196. his victory over the Castilian army of the Catholic monarchs with a solemn procession on each anniversary of the battle. _↓ Spanish historian Cesáreo Fernández Duro: "...For those who ignore the background of these circumstances it will certainly seem strange that while the Catholic Monarchs raised a temple in Toledo in honour of the victory that God grant them on that occasion, the same fact he Battle of Torowas festively celebrated with solemn processions on its anniversary in Portugal” i
''La batalla de Toro (1476). Datos y documentos para su monografía histórica''
in Boletín de la Real Academia de la Historia, tome 38, Madrid, 1901,p. 250. _↓ Manchado
''Isabel I de Castilla y la sombra de la ilegitimidad: propaganda y representación en el conflicto sucesorio (1474-1482)''
2006, p.199 (foot note nr.141) This apparent contradiction was a consequence of the indecisive _↓ Spanish academic António M. Serrano: " From all of this it is deductible that the battle '' f Toro/nowiki>'' was inconclusive, but Isabella and Ferdinand made it fly with wings of victory. (...) Actually, since this battle transformed in victory; since March 1, 1476, Isabella and Ferdinand started to rule in the Spain's throne. (...) The inconclusive wings of the battle became the secure and powerful wings of San Juan's eagle''

he commemorative temple of the Battle of Toro He or HE may refer to: Language * He (pronoun), an English pronoun * He (kana), the romanization of the Japanese kana へ * He (letter), the fifth letter of many Semitic alphabets * He (Cyrillic), a letter of the Cyrillic script called ''He'' ...

/nowiki>'' ." I
''San Juan de los Reyes y la batalla de Toro''
revist
Toletum
, 1979 (9), segunda época
pp. 55-70
Real Academia de Bellas Artes y Ciencias Históricas de Toledo, Toledo.

ISSN An International Standard Serial Number (ISSN) is an eight-digit serial number used to uniquely identify a serial publication, such as a magazine. The ISSN is especially helpful in distinguishing between serials with the same title. ISSNs ...

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_↓ historian Justo L. González: " Both armies faced each other at the camps of Toro resulting in an indecisive battle. But while the Portuguese King reorganized his troops, Ferdinand sent news to all the cities of Castile and to several foreign kingdoms informing them about a huge victory where the Portuguese were crushed. Faced with these news, the party of “la Beltraneja" '' uana/nowiki>'' was dissolved and the Portuguese were forced to return to their kingdom." i
''Historia del Cristianismo''
, Editorial Unilit, Miami, 1994, Tome 2, Parte II (La era de los conquistadores), p.68. military outcome of the battle: the troops under Afonso V broke _↓ Pulgar
''Crónica de los Señores Reyes Católicos Don Fernando y Doña Isabel de Castilla y de Aragón''
chapter XLV. _↓ Garcia de Resende- ''Vida e feitos d’El Rei D.João II'', chapter XIII. while the forces led by Prince John of Portugal defeated _↓ chronicler

Hernando del Pulgar Hernando del Pulgar (1436 – c. 1492) was a Castilian royal secretary, historian, and writer. He first served in the administration of Enrique IV of Castile and later was appointed by Isabel I to serve as her royal chronicler. His best known wor ...

(Castilian): "...promptly, those 6 Castilian captains, which we already told were at the right side of the royal battle, and were invested by the prince of Portugal and the bishop of Évora, turned their backs and put themselves on the run." i
''Crónica de los Señores Reyes Católicos Don Fernando y Doña Isabel de Castilla y de Aragón''
chapter XLV. _↓ chronicler

Garcia de Resende Garcia de Resende (14703 February 1536) was a Portuguese poet and editor. He served John II as a page and private secretary. After John's death, he continued to enjoy the same favour with Manuel I, whom he accompanied to Castile in 1498, and fr ...

(Portuguese): "... And being the battles of both sides ordered that way and prepared to attack by nearly sunshine, the King ordered the prince to attack the enemy with his and God's blessing, which he obeyed (…). (…) and after the sound of the trumpets and screaming all for S. George invested so bravely the enemy battles, and in spite of their enormous size, they could not stand the hard fight and were rapidly beaten and put on the run with great losses." In ''Vida e feitos d’El Rei D.João II'', chapter XIII. the Castilian right wing and remained in possession of the battlefield. _↓ chronicler

Juan de Mariana Juan de Mariana, , also known as Father Mariana (25 September 1536 – 17 February 1624), was a Spanish Jesuit priest, Scholastic, historian, and member of the Monarchomachs. Life Juan de Mariana was born in Talavera, Kingdom of Toledo. He st ...

(Castilian): "...the enemy led by prince D. John of Portugal, who without suffering defeat, stood on a hill with his forces in good order until very late (...). Thus, both forces '' astilian and Portuguese/nowiki>'' remained face to face for some hours; and the Portuguese kept their position during more time (...)" i
''Historia General de España''
tome V, book XXIV, chapter X, p. 299,300. _↓ chronicler

Rui de Pina Rui (or Ruy) de Pina (1440–1522) was a Portuguese chronicler. Biography Rui (or Ruy) de Pina was a native of Guarda. He acted as secretary of the embassy sent by King John II of Portugal to Castile in the spring of 1482, and in the followin ...

(Portuguese): "And being the two enemy battles face to face, the Castilian battle was deeply agitated and showing clear signs of defeat if attacked as it was without King and dubious of the outcome.(...) And without discipline and with great disorder they went to Zamora. So being the Prince alone on the field without suffering defeat but inflicting it on the adversary he became heir and master of his own victory" i
''Chronica de El- rei D.Affonso V...''
3rd book, chapter CXCI. Undoubtedly, the battle represented a decisive political victory for the Catholic Monarchs, _↓ A. Ballesteros Beretta: "His moment is the inconclusive Battle of Toro.(...) both sides attributed themselves the victory (...). The letters written by the King '' erdinand/nowiki>'' to the main cities ... are a model of skill. (...) what a powerful description of the battle! The nebulous transforms into light, the doubtful acquires the profile of a certain triumph. The politic '' erdinand/nowiki>'' achieved the fruits of a discussed victory.” I
''Fernando el Católico, el mejor rey de España''
''Ejército'' revue, nr 16, p. 56, May 1941. _↓ Vicente Álvarez Palenzuela
''La guerra civil Castellana y el enfrentamiento con Portugal (1475-1479)''
"That is the battle of Toro. The Portuguese army had not been exactly defeated, however, the sensation was that D. Juana`s cause had completely sunk. It made sense that for the Castilians Toro was considered as the divine retribution, the compensation desired by God to compensate the terrible disaster of Aljubarrota, still alive in the Castilian memory". assuring them the throne and paving the way for the future united kingdoms of Spain. As summarized by the Spanish academic historian Rafael Casas: "...San Juan de los Reyes resulted from the royal will to build a monastery to commemorate the victory in a battle with an uncertain outcome but decisive, the one fought in Toro in 1476, which consolidated the union of the two most important Peninsular Kingdoms." _↓ Rafael Dominguez Casas i
''San Juan de los reyes: espacio funerário y aposento régio''
in ''Boletín del Seminário de Estúdios de Arte y Arqueologia, number 56, p.364, 1990. Toledo was chosen as the site for building the monastery due to its central geographic location and because it had been the capital of the ancient Visigoth kingdom, symbolically reconstituted by Isabella and Ferdinand with the restoration of the lost unity of Spain, through the union of Castile with Aragon.

History

This monastery was initially named "San Juan de la Reyna" _↓ Manchado
''Isabel I de Castilla y la sombra de la ilegitimidad: propaganda y representación en el conflicto sucesorio (1474-1482)''
2006, p.283. and was conceived to be the mausoleum _↓ Serrano
''San Juan de los Reyes y la batalla de Toro''
, revista Toletum, 1979(9) p.55-70. Real Academia de Bellas Artes y Ciencias Históricas de Toledo, Toledo.

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of the Catholic Monarchs. They would change their plans later, choosing Granada as their burial place, after its reconquest in 1492. The monastery's construction began in 1477 following plans drawn by architect

Juan Guas Juan Guas (c. 1430-33 – c. 1496) was a Spanish artist and architect of French origin. He worked in a group of architects to create the Isabelline style. Born in Saint-Pol-de-Léon, he moved to Spain when he was young, and is often thought ...

, and was completed in 1504. It was dedicated to

Saint John the Evangelist John the Evangelist ( grc-gre, Ἰωάννης, Iōánnēs; Aramaic: ܝܘܚܢܢ; Ge'ez: ዮሐንስ; ar, يوحنا الإنجيلي, la, Ioannes, he, יוחנן cop, ⲓⲱⲁⲛⲛⲏⲥ or ⲓⲱ̅ⲁ) is the name traditionally given t ...

for use by

friars. In 1809 the monastery was badly damaged by

Napoleon Napoleon Bonaparte ; it, Napoleone Bonaparte, ; co, Napulione Buonaparte. (born Napoleone Buonaparte; 15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821), later known by his regnal name Napoleon I, was a French military commander and political leader who ...

's troops during their occupation of Toledo, and abandoned in 1835. Restoration began in 1883 but was not completed until 1967. The monastery was restored to the Franciscan order in 1954. San Juan de los Reyes, Toledo (Jenaro Pérez Villaamil)

San Juan de los Reyes, Toledo (Jenaro Pérez Villaamil)

Description

San Juan de los Reyes - Toledo, Spain - 04

The monastery is an example of the

. Its church is in the form of a

Latin cross A Latin cross or ''crux immissa'' is a type of cross in which the vertical beam sticks above the crossbeam, with the three upper arms either equally long or with the vertical topmost arm shorter than the two horizontal arms, and always with a mu ...

, with short arms, an elongated nave (approximately 50 metres in length, and 30 metres high), and side chapels situated between the domed arches – three chapels on either side of the nave, and two more under the choir. The church is notable for its decoration of the coats of arms of the

held by eagles. Its chancel is decorated with an altar (mid-16th century) from the former Santa Cruz Hospital by sculptor

Felipe Bigarny Felipe Bigarny (c. 1475 – 10 November 1542), also known as Felipe Vigarny, Felipe Biguerny or Felipe de Borgoña, etc. and sometimes referred to as ''El Borgoñón'' (the Burgundian), was a sculptor born in Burgundy (France) but who made his ...

and painter Francisco de Comontes, depicting scenes from the Passion and the Resurrection, as well as two scenes of the Santa Cruz legend. Its cloister has a small garden. The ground floor's ceiling is formed of German cross vaults set with figures of saints interspersed with animal and plant motifs, all created by the Toledo sculptor Cecilio Béjar in the 20th century. Its upper cloisters, first completed in 1526 and restored in the 19th century, contain

Mudéjar Mudéjar ( , also , , ca, mudèjar , ; from ar, مدجن, mudajjan, subjugated; tamed; domesticated) refers to the group of Muslims who remained in Iberia in the late medieval period despite the Christian reconquest. It is also a term for ...

ornamentation, including a ceiling of

larch Larches are deciduous conifers in the genus ''Larix'', of the family Pinaceae (subfamily Laricoideae). Growing from tall, they are native to much of the cooler temperate northern hemisphere, on lowlands in the north and high on mountains fur ...

wood, painted with the motifs and coats of arms of the

, and the motto '' Tanto monta, monta tanto''. The monastery building is traditionally said to have been commissioned by Queen Isabel and King Ferdinand II to commemorate their victory over the Portuguese-Castilian forces of

Afonso V Afonso V () (15 January 1432 – 28 August 1481), known by the sobriquet the African (), was King of Portugal from 1438 until his death in 1481, with a brief interruption in 1477. His sobriquet refers to his military conquests in Northern Africa ...

and Prince John at the

in 1476. To symbolize the victory of the Christians in the years-long Granada campaign, its

granite Granite () is a coarse-grained ( phaneritic) intrusive igneous rock composed mostly of quartz, alkali feldspar, and plagioclase. It forms from magma with a high content of silica and alkali metal oxides that slowly cools and solidifies under ...

exterior facade is festooned, as per the Queen's order of 1494, with the manacles and shackles worn by Christian prisoners from Granada held by the Moors and released during the Reconquista.

Notes

Monasterio de San Juan de los Reyes, Toledo (6466912791)

References

Articles * , Antonio Ballesteros
''Fernando el Católico''
''Ejército'' revue, Ministerio del Ejercito, Madrid, nr 16, p. 54-66, May, 1941. *, Rafael Dominguez (1990
''San Juan de los reyes: espacio funerário y aposento régio''
– in ''Boletín del Seminário de Estúdios de Arte y Arqueologia'', number 56, p. 364-383, University of Valladolid. *, Cesáreo Fernández (1901
''La batalla de Toro (1476). Datos y documentos para su monografía histórica''
Madrid: Boletín de la Real Academia de la Historia, tomo 38. *,Vicente Ángel Alvarez (2006
''La guerra civil castellana y el enfrentamiento con Portugal (1475-1479)''
*, António Macia
''San Juan de los Reyes y la batalla de Toro''
revista Toletum, 1979(9) pag. 55-70. Toledo: Real Academia de Bellas Artes y Ciencias Históricas de Toledo.

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* ''Spanish Wikipedia article'' Books *, Jean (1993
''La “imcomparable” Isabel la Catolica''
(The “imcomparable” Isabella, the Catholic), Madrid: Encuentro Editiones, printed by Rogar-Fuenlabrada (Spanish edition). *, Justo L. (1994
''Historia del Cristianismo''
Miami: Editorial Unilit, Tome 2. *, Ana Isabel Carrasco (2006
''Isabel I de Castilla y la sombra de la ilegitimidad. Propaganda y representación en el conflicto sucesorio (1474–1482)''
Madrid: Sílex ediciones. *, Manuela (2007) ''O Sonho da União Ibérica - guerra Luso-Castelhana 1475/1479'', Lisboa: Quidnovi
book description
Chronicles * , Juan de (1839
''Historia General de España''
tome V Barcelona: printing press of D. Francisco Oliva. * , Ruy de (1902
''Chronica de El- rei D. Affonso V''
Project Gutenberg Ebook, Biblioteca de Clássicos Portugueses, 3rd book, Lisboa. * , Hernando del (1780
''Crónica de los Señores Reyes Católicos Don Fernando y Doña Isabel de Castilla y de Aragón''
(Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes), Valencia: edited by Benito Monfort. * , Garcia de - ''Vida e feitos d’El Rei D.João II'' electronic version, wikisource.

External links

Description of the Monastery of San Juan de los Reyes in toledomonumental.com

Website of the Monastery San Juan de los Reyes
{{Authority control Juan de Los Reyes Juan de los Reyes Isabelline architecture Monasteries in Castilla–La Mancha Roman Catholic churches completed in 1504 16th-century Roman Catholic church buildings in Spain