Magnum Opus (alchemy)

The Great Work (Latin: ''Magnum opus'') is an alchemical term for the process of working with the prima materia to create the philosopher's stone. It has been used to describe personal and spiritual transmutation in the Hermetic tradition, attached to laboratory processes and chemical color changes, used as a model for the individuation process, and as a device in art and literature. The magnum opus has been carried forward in New Age and neo-Hermetic movements which sometimes attached new symbolism and significance to the processes. The original process philosophy has four stages:

*''nigredo'', the blackening or melanosis
*''albedo'', the whitening or leucosis
*''citrinitas'', the yellowing or xanthosis
*''rubedo'', the reddening, purpling, or iosis

The origin of these four phases can be traced at least as far back as the first century. Zosimus of Panopolis wrote that it was known to Mary the Jewess. The development of black, white, yellow, and red can also be found in the Physika kai Mystika or Pseudo-Democritus, which is often considered to be one of the oldest books on alchemy. After the 15th century, many writers tended to compress ''citrinitas'' into ''rubedo'' and consider only three stages. Other color stages are sometimes mentioned, most notably the ''cauda pavonis'' (peacock's tail) in which an array of colors appear.

The magnum opus had a variety of alchemical symbols attached to it. Birds like the raven, swan, and phoenix could be used to represent the progression through the colors. Similar color changes could be seen in the laboratory, where for example, the blackness of rotting, burnt, or fermenting matter would be associated with nigredo.

Expansion on the four stages

Alchemical authors sometimes elaborated on the three or four color model by enumerating a variety of chemical steps to be performed. Though these were often arranged in groups of seven or twelve stages, there is little consistency in the names of these processes, their number, their order, or their description.

Various alchemical documents were directly or indirectly used to justify these stages. The ''Tabula Smaragdina'' is the oldest document said to provide a "recipe". Others include the ''Mutus Liber'', the twelve keys of Basil Valentine, the emblems of Steffan Michelspacher, and the twelve gates of George Ripley. Ripley's steps are given as:

In another example from the sixteenth century, Samuel Norton gives the following fourteen stages:

Some alchemists also circulated steps for the creation of practical medicines and substances, that have little to do with the magnum opus. The cryptic and often symbolic language used to describe both adds to the confusion, but it's clear that there is no single standard step-by-step recipe given for the creation of the philosopher's stone.

Magnum opus in literature and entertainment

Sometimes an artist's magnum opus is modeled around the alchemical magnum opus. More than simple mention of alchemy within the story, novels like ''Finnegans Wake'' follow the process of transmutation, weaving their entire narrative with alchemical symbolism. The scholarly journal ''Cauda Pavonis'', which had been published out of various universities since 1980, explored these connections in art and literature. Recently, John Granger has used the phrase ''literary alchemy'' to describe these trends in popular fiction, such as the ''Harry Potter'' series.John Granger. ''The Alchemist's Tale Harry Potter & the Alchemical Tradition in English Literature''
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The Magnum Opus features prominently in the television series ''Lodge 49'' and in the eponymous episode ( no. 32) of ''Lewis''.

''Opus Magnum'' is a video game which revolves around manipulating alchemical elements to solve puzzles.

References

{{Alchemy, state=expanded