Muñoz, Nueva Ecija
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Muñoz, officially the Science City of Muñoz (, Ilocano: ''Siudad ti Siensia ti Muñoz''), (American Spanish: , European Spanish: ), is a component city in the
province A province is an administrative division within a country or sovereign state, state. The term derives from the ancient Roman , which was the major territorial and administrative unit of the Roman Empire, Roman Empire's territorial possessions ou ...
of Nueva Ecija,
Philippines The Philippines, officially the Republic of the Philippines, is an Archipelagic state, archipelagic country in Southeast Asia. Located in the western Pacific Ocean, it consists of List of islands of the Philippines, 7,641 islands, with a tot ...
. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 84,308 people. From its lowly origins as “Sitio Papaya”, it was renamed as Muñoz in 1886 in honor of Spanish Governor Don Francisco Muñoz. It was in 1913, under Executive Order No. 72, when Muñoz was declared as a new and independent municipality. By the virtue of Republic Act 8977 signed on November 7, 2000, Muñoz formally elevated to a city and country's only city with "Science" in its formal name.


Etymology

The town got its name in honor of Don Francisco Muñoz, being the alcalde mayor and gobernadorcillo. Science City of Muñoz, located in Nueva Ecija, Philippines, is known for its agricultural research and scientific institutions. It was officially declared a Science City in 2000 because it houses several major research and educational institutions specializing in agriculture, biotechnology, and aquaculture. Some key institutions in Muñoz that contribute to its "Science City" status include: Philippine Rice Research Institute (PhilRice) – Focuses on rice science and development. Central Luzon State University (CLSU) – A top agricultural university. Philippine Carabao Center (PCC) – Conducts research on water buffalo genetics and dairy production. Bureau of Postharvest Research and Extension (BPRE) – Works on improving postharvest technologies. National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) – Researches alternative energy sources.


History


Early history

The present-day city was formerly a ''
barrio ''Barrio'' () is a Spanish language, Spanish word that means "Quarter (urban subdivision), quarter" or "neighborhood". In the modern Spanish language, it is generally defined as each area of a city delimited by functional (e.g. residential, comm ...
'' known as Papaya. In 1886, the name was changed to Muñoz in honor of Don Francisco Muñoz, the first appointed ''
gobernadorcillo The (, literally "little governor") was a municipal judge or governor in the Captaincy General of the Philippines, Philippines during the History of the Philippines (1565–1898), Spanish colonial period, who carried out in a town the combined ...
''. The ''barrio'' was once a forested area. During the American occupation, in 1907, part of it was selected for the establishment of a government agricultural school—the present-day Central Luzon State University (CLSU). Residents of ''barrios'' Muñoz and San Anton in San Juan de Guimba, and of Palusapis in
Santo Domingo Santo Domingo, formerly known as Santo Domingo de Guzmán, is the capital and largest city of the Dominican Republic and the List of metropolitan areas in the Caribbean, largest metropolitan area in the Caribbean by population. the Distrito Na ...
, later petitioned for them, along with the '' sitios'' in Talavera—Kabisukulan, Rangayan, Rizal, Mataas-na-lupa, Siniguelas, Pukoc, Agricultura, and Pulong-maragol—to be organized into a separate
municipality A municipality is usually a single administrative division having municipal corporation, corporate status and powers of self-government or jurisdiction as granted by national and regional laws to which it is subordinate. The term ''municipality' ...
. On October 18, 1912, Newton W. Gilbert, the island's acting Governor General, issued ''Executive Order No. 72'' which created Muñoz as the twenty-fourth municipality of Nueva Ecija, with Barrio Muñoz designated as the
seat of government The seat of government is (as defined by ''Brewer's Politics'') "the building, complex of buildings or the city from which a government exercises its authority". In most countries, the nation's Capital city, capital is also seat of its governmen ...
; the order took effect on January 1, 1913. As mandated, a municipal hall and a school building was constructed. In the aftermath of a typhoon that hit
Luzon Luzon ( , ) is the largest and most populous List of islands in the Philippines, island in the Philippines. Located in the northern portion of the List of islands of the Philippines, Philippine archipelago, it is the economic and political ce ...
on October 9–11, 1936, and caused floods, affecting the central and southwestern part with the province the hardest hit, 20 bodies were found at the agricultural school.


Japanese period

In January 1945, the
United States Army The United States Army (USA) is the primary Land warfare, land service branch of the United States Department of Defense. It is designated as the Army of the United States in the United States Constitution.Article II, section 2, clause 1 of th ...
landed at
Lingayen Gulf Lingayen Gulf is a large gulf on northwestern Luzon in the Philippines, stretching . It is framed by the provinces of Pangasinan and La Union and sits between the Zambales Mountains and the Cordillera Central (Luzon), Cordillera Central. The Agno ...
. This was opposed by the
Imperial Japanese Army The Imperial Japanese Army (IJA; , ''Dai-Nippon Teikoku Rikugun'', "Army of the Greater Japanese Empire") was the principal ground force of the Empire of Japan from 1871 to 1945. It played a central role in Japan’s rapid modernization during th ...
's 14th Army under the command of Gen.
Tomoyuki Yamashita was a Japanese general in the Imperial Japanese Army during World War II. Yamashita led Japanese forces during the invasion of Malaya and Battle of Singapore. His conquest of Malaya and Singapore in 70 days earned him the sobriquet "The Tig ...
; its 2nd Tank Division, which had been in
Luzon Luzon ( , ) is the largest and most populous List of islands in the Philippines, island in the Philippines. Located in the northern portion of the List of islands of the Philippines, Philippine archipelago, it is the economic and political ce ...
since July 1944, was involved in tank battles in
Pangasinan Pangasinan, officially the Province of Pangasinan (, ; ; ), is a coastal Provinces of the Philippines, province in the Philippines located in the Ilocos Region of Luzon. Its capital is Lingayen, Pangasinan, Lingayen while San Carlos, Pangasi ...
and Nueva Ecija, particularly Muñoz and Lupao. Gen. William Krueger, realizing the strategic importance of capturing San Jose (situated in the municipality's northeast), ordered units under the I Corps of the
United States Army The United States Army (USA) is the primary Land warfare, land service branch of the United States Department of Defense. It is designated as the Army of the United States in the United States Constitution.Article II, section 2, clause 1 of th ...
to liberate the area. The Japanese defense had eight strong points around the area, including that at Muñoz, which was ordered attacked by Gen. Innis Swift, commander of the I Corps, to the 6th Division. Filipinos also engaged the Japanese in a close-quarter battle—the battle of Muñoz—including Col. Cesar Pobre, a member of the
United States The United States of America (USA), also known as the United States (U.S.) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It is a federal republic of 50 U.S. state, states and a federal capital district, Washington, D.C. The 48 ...
98 Mortar Brigade.


Post-colonial period

Muñoz had its territory reduced on January 1, 1948, when ''barrios'' Alula, Calisitan, and Saverona were separated and, along with portions of Cuyapo, Guimba, and Lupao, were organized into the province's twenty-eighth municipality— Talugtug—by virtue of Executive Order No. 113. In late September of that year, a ten-hour battle, one of the bloodiest between the
Philippine Constabulary The Philippine Constabulary (PC; , ''HPP''; ) was a gendarmerie-type military police force of the Philippines from 1901 to 1991, and the predecessor to the Philippine National Police. It was created by the Insular Government, American occupat ...
(PC) and the
Hukbalahap The Hukbong Bayan Laban sa Hapon (), better known by the acronym Hukbalahap, was a Filipino communist guerrilla movement formed by the farmers of Central Luzon. They were originally formed to fight the Japanese, but extended their fight int ...
, occurred near the municipality where 83 people were killed. During the Marcos administration post-martial law, Jun Quimpo, an activist who had been working for an underground movement in the rural areas, was fatally shot by his former comrade who had surrendered to the PC, in Calisitan in December 1981. The municipality was affected by the 1990 Luzon earthquake; with 75 people died in the collapse of the library of the CLSU. In September 1993, through the initiatives of the leadership of the municipality and the CLSU, the agricultural town became the fifth in the country to be classified by the Department of Science and Technology (DOST) as a science community. This is due to the presence of various centers of excellence and
research and development Research and development (R&D or R+D), known in some countries as OKB, experiment and design, is the set of innovative activities undertaken by corporations or governments in developing new services or products. R&D constitutes the first stage ...
agencies; at the time of the cityhood, there were sixteen, most notably the CLSU, Philippine Rice Research Institute, Philippine Carabao Center, as well as the provincial offices of the DOST and the Agricultural Training Institute.


Cityhood

Mayor Efren Alvarez (who would be the first city mayor; served 1992–2001) later sought the conversion of the municipality into what would be the country's first ''"Science City."'' A master plan was then developed for the development into such agricultural entity. The Nueva Ecija Provincial Board endorsed the cityhood through a resolution. However, the province's second district representative Eleuterio Violago said that the requirements for cityhood were yet to be complied. Nevertheless, in 1998, the cityhood bill was sponsored in the
House of Representatives House of Representatives is the name of legislative bodies in many countries and sub-national entities. In many countries, the House of Representatives is the lower house of a bicameral legislature, with the corresponding upper house often ...
by Simeon Garcia (Violago's successor), being supported by provincial governor Tomas Joson III; and was co-introduced by Josefina Joson, also from the province. It was later sponsored in the
Senate A senate is a deliberative assembly, often the upper house or chamber of a bicameral legislature. The name comes from the ancient Roman Senate (Latin: ''Senatus''), so-called as an assembly of the senior (Latin: ''senex'' meaning "the el ...
by senators Sergio Osmeña III and
Vicente Sotto III Vicente Castelo Sotto, III (; born August 24, 1948), is a Filipino politician and television personality who is a senator-elect of the Philippines. He is the longest-serving senator in the history of the upper chamber, being the only one ele ...
. According to senator Aquilino Pimentel Jr., the chamber's local government chairperson, the bid was different as it was about the creation of a city of such kind, being passed by the House prior to adoption by the Senate of a ruling that was supposed to make the plan be rejected. On November 7, 2000, President Joseph Estrada signed Republic Act No. 8977, converting the town into a ''science city'', which is also the world's second after Tsukuba,
Japan Japan is an island country in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean off the northeast coast of the Asia, Asian mainland, it is bordered on the west by the Sea of Japan and extends from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea ...
. On December 9, the conversion was ratified in a plebiscite with about 12,468 voters favoring the bid, against 602 who voted against; hence becoming the province's fourth component city, officially bearing the name Science City of Muñoz—the only local government unit in the country holding such designation to date.


Contemporary

Muñoz is among those areas in the province's northwest whose rice fields are being reached by the Casecnan Multi-Purpose Irrigation and Power Project of the National Irrigation Administration; the project became operational in 2001. At the early morning of September 26, 2012, a
traffic collision A traffic collision, also known as a motor vehicle collision, or car crash, occurs when a vehicle collides with another vehicle, pedestrian, animal, road debris, or other moving or stationary obstruction, such as a tree, pole or building. Tr ...
occurred on Maharlika Highway in Barangay Bantug, killing the drivers of a Victory Liner bus and a fuel tanker, five bus passengers, and a couple on a motorcycle. In November 2012, mayor Alvarez and vice mayor Ester Lazaro had a dispute over the mayorship as the latter was designated as acting mayor. In February 2013, the
Supreme Court In most legal jurisdictions, a supreme court, also known as a court of last resort, apex court, high (or final) court of appeal, and court of final appeal, is the highest court within the hierarchy of courts. Broadly speaking, the decisions of ...
unseated Alvarez after affirming his 2009 conviction by the Sandiganbayan for graft. On August 22, 2023, Muñoz and Batac signed a sisterhood agreement.


Geography

Muñoz is situated from
Cabanatuan Cabanatuan, officially the City of Cabanatuan (; ; kapampangan language, Kapampangan: ''Lakanbalen/Ciudad ning Cabanatuan''), is a Cities of the Philippines#Legal classification, component city in the province of Nueva Ecija, Philippines. Acco ...
, from Palayan, and north of the capital
Manila Manila, officially the City of Manila, is the Capital of the Philippines, capital and second-most populous city of the Philippines after Quezon City, with a population of 1,846,513 people in 2020. Located on the eastern shore of Manila Bay on ...
. Due to its rich topography and tropical climate, it is now home to agricultural research and technology centers, committed to the production of information and technological breakthroughs to promote rural development, productivity, and
food security Food security is the state of having reliable access to a sufficient quantity of affordable, healthy Human food, food. The availability of food for people of any class, gender, ethnicity, or religion is another element of food protection. Simila ...
.


Barangays

Science City of Muñoz is politically subdivided into 37
barangay The barangay (; abbreviated as Brgy. or Bgy.), historically referred to as ''barrio'', is the smallest Administrative divisions of the Philippines, administrative division in the Philippines. Named after the Precolonial barangay, precolonial po ...
s. Each barangay consists of puroks and some have sitios.


Dispute

The National Government has an ongoing move to transfer the Talavera barangays of Matingkis (Talavera), Bakal 1, Bakal 2 and Bakal 3 to become part of Science City of Munoz for the reason that the said barangays are geographically and strategically within the said city. This was favored by most of the residents of the said barangays but opposed by the Municipal Government of Talavera. Also there is a proposed separation of Villa Pinili (Bantug West) and San Juan (CLSU) which will include PNR (CLSU), and Sawmill (CLSU) from Barangay Bantug into two independent separate barangays.


Climate


Demographics


Language

Tagalog and Ilocano are the main dialects spoken in Muñoz.


Religion

Churches: * The Church of Jesus Christ and Latter Day Saints *Sacred Heart of Jesus Shrine *San Sebastian parish Church *Christ the Worker Parish Church *Iglesia ni Cristo *Christian Churches *IIJMS Temples *United Pentecostal Church *The Apostolic Faith Church (Mission of Portland Oregon Inc.) *Jesus Christ the Living God Fellowship (Conservative Baptist) *Munoz Christian Church (FIFCOP) *Lakas Angkan Ministry *Muñoz Church of Christ


Economy

There are many new establishments in Munoz in the past few years. Notable are Jollibee Munoz, Mang Inasal Munoz, 7/11, BDO, Land Bank, Novo, Lucky 99, Friendship Supermarket, Inc (FSi), and the Villa-Mendoza Training Institute, are now major landmarks on the city. In terms of commercial and shopping sector, Robinsons, Savemore and Puregold has also initially identified locations in the city for future construction. Fast-food chain operator Jollibee already established their store in the city. With a bustling market center with rice trading as a major economic activity, it has transformed into its present status as a Science City by virtue of Republic Act 8977 on December 9, 2000. Being a science city, Muñoz was acknowledged as one of the members of League of Cities of the Philippines and became a pilot city of achieving the United Nation's
Millennium Development Goals In the United Nations, the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) were eight international development goals for the year 2015 created following the Millennium Summit, following the adoption of the United Nations Millennium Declaration. These w ...
. ;Research and development centers: *The Philippine Rice Research Institute (PhilRice) (formerly the Maligaya Rice Research and Training Center (MRRTC)) is found in Muñoz *Central Office and National Genepool of the Philippine Carabao Center (PCC). *National Freshwater and Fisheries Training and Research Center (NFFTRC) *The main offices of the Bureau of Postharvest Research and Extension (BPRE) now known as Philippine Center for Postharvest Development and Mechanization (PhilMech) *Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources (BFAR-NFFTC) are also based in Muñoz.


Government


Elected officials


Transportation

As with most towns in Central Luzon, inter-city transport is through the Pan-Philippine Highway (also known as Maharlika Highway/ Asian Highway 26), the country's principal transport backbone.


Land use


Education

* Central Luzon State University - a state university located on a 658-hectare campus. It serves as the lead agency of the Muñoz Science Community and hosts the Regional Research and Development Center in Central Luzon. CLSU is recognized for its significant contributions to agricultural research in Southeast Asia, particularly in areas such as aquatic culture (notably in the sex reversal of tilapia), ruminant studies, crop science, orchard management, and water management.


Notable personalities

* Alexis Belonio - inventor


References


External links

* * Philippine Standard Geographic Codebr>Philippine Census InformationLocal Governance Performance Management System
{{DEFAULTSORT:Munoz, Nueva Ecija Cities in Nueva Ecija Populated places established in 1913 1913 establishments in the Philippines Component cities in the Philippines