The multifidus (multifidus spinae; : ''multifidi'') muscle consists of a number of fleshy and tendinous
fasciculi, which fill up the groove on either side of the
spinous processes of the
vertebrae
Each vertebra (: vertebrae) is an irregular bone with a complex structure composed of bone and some hyaline cartilage, that make up the vertebral column or spine, of vertebrates. The proportions of the vertebrae differ according to their spinal ...
, from the
sacrum
The sacrum (: sacra or sacrums), in human anatomy, is a triangular bone at the base of the spine that forms by the fusing of the sacral vertebrae (S1S5) between ages 18 and 30.
The sacrum situates at the upper, back part of the pelvic cavity, ...
to the
axis
An axis (: axes) may refer to:
Mathematics
*A specific line (often a directed line) that plays an important role in some contexts. In particular:
** Coordinate axis of a coordinate system
*** ''x''-axis, ''y''-axis, ''z''-axis, common names ...
. While very thin, the multifidus muscle plays an important role in stabilizing the joints within the spine. The multifidus is one of the
transversospinales.
Located just superficially to the spine itself, the multifidus muscle spans three joint segments and works to stabilize these joints at each level.
The stiffness and stability makes each
vertebra
Each vertebra (: vertebrae) is an irregular bone with a complex structure composed of bone and some hyaline cartilage, that make up the vertebral column or spine, of vertebrates. The proportions of the vertebrae differ according to their spina ...
work more effectively, and reduces the degeneration of the joint structures caused by friction from normal physical activity.
These fasciculi arise:
* ''in the
sacral region:'' from the back of the sacrum, as low as the fourth
sacral foramen, from the
aponeurosis
An aponeurosis (; : aponeuroses) is a flattened tendon by which muscle attaches to bone or fascia. Aponeuroses exhibit an ordered arrangement of collagen fibres, thus attaining high tensile strength in a particular direction while being vulnerable ...
of origin of the
sacrospinalis, from the medial surface of the
posterior superior iliac spine, and from the
posterior sacroiliac ligaments.
* ''in the
lumbar
In tetrapod anatomy, lumbar is an adjective that means of or pertaining to the abdominal segment of the torso, between the diaphragm (anatomy), diaphragm and the sacrum.
Naming and location
The lumbar region is sometimes referred to as the lowe ...
region:'' from all the
mamillary processes.
* ''in the
thoracic
The thorax (: thoraces or thoraxes) or chest is a part of the anatomy of mammals and other tetrapod animals located between the neck and the abdomen.
In insects, crustaceans, and the extinct trilobites, the thorax is one of the three main ...
region:'' from all the
transverse processes.
* ''in the
cervical region:'' from the articular processes of the lower four vertebrae.
Each fasciculus, passing obliquely upward and medially, is inserted into the whole length of the
spinous process
Each vertebra (: vertebrae) is an irregular bone with a complex structure composed of bone and some hyaline cartilage, that make up the vertebral column or spine, of vertebrates. The proportions of the vertebrae differ according to their spina ...
of one of the vertebræ above.
These fasciculi vary in length: the most superficial, the longest, pass from one vertebra to the third or fourth above; those next in order run from one vertebra to the second or third above; while the deepest connect two adjacent vertebrae.
The multifidus lies deep relative to the
spinal erectors,
transverse abdominis,
abdominal internal oblique muscle
The abdominal internal oblique muscle, also internal oblique muscle or interior oblique, is an abdominal muscle in the abdominal wall that lies below the external oblique muscle and just above the transverse abdominal muscle.
Structure
Its fib ...
and
abdominal external oblique muscle.
Atrophy and association with low back pain
Dysfunction in the lumbar multifidus muscles is strongly associated with
low back pain
Low back pain or wiktionary:lumbago#Etymology, lumbago is a common musculoskeletal disorders, disorder involving the muscles, nerves, and bones of the back, in between the lower edge of the ribs and the lower fold of the buttocks. Pain can var ...
. The dysfunction can be caused by inhibition of pain by the spine. The dysfunction frequently persists even after the pain has disappeared. Such persistence may help explain the high recurrence rates of low back pain. Persistent lumbar multifidus dysfunction is diagnosed by
atrophic replacement of the multifidus with fat, as visualized by
magnetic resonance imaging
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a medical imaging technique used in radiology to generate pictures of the anatomy and the physiological processes inside the body. MRI scanners use strong magnetic fields, magnetic field gradients, and ...
or
ultrasound
Ultrasound is sound with frequency, frequencies greater than 20 Hertz, kilohertz. This frequency is the approximate upper audible hearing range, limit of human hearing in healthy young adults. The physical principles of acoustic waves apply ...
.
One way to help recruit and strengthen the lumbar multifidus muscles is by tensing the
pelvic floor muscles for a few seconds "as if stopping urination midstream".
Additional images
File:Gray803.png, The posterior divisions of the sacral nerves
File:1111 Posterior and Side Views of the Neck Deep Posterior.png, The multifidus muscles (labeled left) as seen in a posterior view of the neck
See also
*
Rotatores muscles
References
External links
*
PTCentralDissection at ithaca.edu
{{Authority control
Muscles of the torso