Mukarrib

Mukarrib (Old South Arabian: , romanized: ) is a title used by rulers in ancient South Arabia. It is attested as soon as continuous epigraphic evidence is available and it was used by the kingdoms of Saba, Hadhramaut, Qataban, and Awsan. The title is also found on Sabaic inscriptions from Ethiopia. The title ''mukarrib'' has no equivalent in other Near Eastern societies and it was not used in the Christian era. The ''mukarrib'' is only cited when he is the author of the document, but not on legal documents, where the issuer is called the "king of Saba" or the "king of Qataban" instead.

The title occurs very early both in Saba and Awsan, and it is not clear which one borrowed it from the other. In Qataban, the ''mukarrib'' title only occurs in territories on the southern plateau. Qatabanian ''mukarribs'' carried out many functions: they performed holy hunting in the valleys of the kingdom, they guided the army during war, they built the walls and gates of the capital, conquered and walled neighbouring cities, and cut mountains to create passes between important wadis.

In Ethiopia, the use of the ''mukarrib'' title reflects a cultural diffusion from the Kingdom of Saba that came about from the Sabaean colonization of the area from which the Ethio-Sabaean kingdom known as Di'amat was set up. At the capital of Di'amat, Yeha, the title "Mukarrib of Diʿamat and Saba" (''mkrb Dʿmt s-S¹bʾ'') has been attested, to signify rulership over the Ethiopians in addition to the local Sabaeans that had migrated into the area.

Definitions

The term ''mukarrib'' has been variously defined as "priest-kings" or "federators"; the mukarribs may have been the first rulers of the early South Arabian states. Sometime in the fourth century BCE, the title was replaced by malik "king".

Stuart Munro-Hay writes that the title of mukarrib "indicates something like 'federator', and in southern Arabia was assumed by the ruler who currently held the primacy over a group of tribes linked by a covenant." Thus, the mukarrib can be regarded as a South Arabian hegemon, the head of confederation of South Arabian shaʿbs headed by "kings" (). In the 1st millennium BCE, there was usually one mukarrib in South Arabia, but many "kings".E.g. Korotayev A
Apologia for ‘the Sabaean cultural-political area’. ''Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies'', 57/3 (1994), 469-474.
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Joy McCorriston took a slightly different viewpoint:

Vocalization

The vocalization of ''mkrb'' remains uncertain. The reconstruction ''mukarrib'' is based on an active participle of a form 0/2: "he who united, the federator". A.J. Drews has instead proposed the vocalization ''makrūb'' based on the passive participle of a form 0/1: "the blessed (by God)".

See also

* List of rulers of Saba and Himyar

References

Bibliography

*
*{{cite book , last=Nebes , first=Norbert , title=The Oxford History of the Ancient Near East: The Age of Persia , publisher=Oxford University Press , year=2023 , isbn=978-0-19-068766-3 , editor-last=Radner , editor-first=Karen , volume=5 , pages=299–375 , chapter=Early Saba and Its Neighbors , editor-last2=Moeller , editor-first2=Nadine , editor-last3=Potts , editor-first3=D. T. , chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TPGxEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA299

Ancient history of Yemen
Mukaribs of Saba
Royal titles
Titles in Middle East