Psychodidae, also called drain flies, sink flies, filter flies,
sewer flies, or sewer gnats, is a
family
Family (from ) is a Social group, group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or Affinity (law), affinity (by marriage or other relationship). It forms the basis for social order. Ideally, families offer predictabili ...
of
true flies. Some genera have short, hairy bodies and wings, giving them a "furry" moth-like appearance, hence one of their common names, moth flies.
Members of the sub-family
Phlebotominae
The Phlebotominae are a subfamily of the family Psychodidae. In several countries, their common name is sandfly, but that name is also applied to other flies. The Phlebotominae include many genera of blood-feeding ( hematophagous) flies, includi ...
, which are
hematophagous
Hematophagy (sometimes spelled haematophagy or hematophagia) is the practice by certain animals of feeding on blood (from the Greek words αἷμα ' "blood" and φαγεῖν ' "to eat"). Since blood is a fluid tissue rich in nutritious pr ...
(feed on blood), may be called sand flies in some countries, although this term is also used for other unrelated flies, such as
horse flies (Tabanidae) and
no-see-ums (Ceratopogonidae).
There are more than 2,600 described species worldwide, most of them native to the humid tropics. This makes them one of the most diverse families of their order. Drain flies sometimes inhabit plumbing drains and sewage systems, where they are harmless, but may be a persistent annoyance.
Life cycle
The larvae of the subfamilies
Psychodinae
The Psychodinae are the nominate subfamily of moth flies (Psychodidae), also known as drain flies. Like most of their relatives, they are usually found in damp habitats; some occur in caves. The small larvae are aquatic or semi-terrestrial; the ...
,
Sycoracinae and
Horaiellinae
The Horaiellinae is subfamily of moth flies in the order Diptera
Flies are insects of the order Diptera, the name being derived from the Greek δι- ''di-'' "two", and πτερόν ''pteron'' "wing". Insects of this order use only a s ...
live in aquatic to semi-terrestrial or sludge-based habitats, including bathroom sinks, where they feed on bacteria and can become problematic. The larvae of the most commonly encountered species are nearly transparent with a non-retractable black head and can sometimes be seen moving along the moist edges of crevices in shower stalls or bathtubs or submerged in toilet water. The larval form of the fly is usually between long, and is shaped like a long, thin, somewhat flattened cylinder. The body lacks prolegs, but the body segments are divided into a series of rings called ''annuli'' (singular is ''annulus''). Some of these rings will have characteristic plates on the dorsal side. The larval thorax is not significantly larger than the abdomen, giving the larvae a more "worm-like" appearance than those of most aquatic insects.
In some species, the larvae can secure themselves to surfaces of their environment using "attachment disks" on their ventral side. Like
mosquito
Mosquitoes, the Culicidae, are a Family (biology), family of small Diptera, flies consisting of 3,600 species. The word ''mosquito'' (formed by ''Musca (fly), mosca'' and diminutive ''-ito'') is Spanish and Portuguese for ''little fly''. Mos ...
larvae, they cannot absorb oxygen through water, and instead breathe via a small dark tube (a
spiracle) on their posterior end — they must regularly reach the surface to obtain oxygen. The larval stage lasts for between 9 and 15 days, depending on species, temperature, and environment. There are four
instar
An instar (, from the Latin '' īnstar'' 'form, likeness') is a developmental stage of arthropods, such as insects, which occurs between each moult (''ecdysis'') until sexual maturity is reached. Arthropods must shed the exoskeleton in order to ...
stages.
In small numbers, the larvae are sometimes considered beneficial, as their strong jaws can cut through the hair and sludge waste in drains which might otherwise form clogs. However, unless this sludge layer is removed entirely, the adult flies will continue to find it and lay more eggs.
While the
biting midges also have larvae that have no prolegs and which also have attachment disks, the larvae of the netwinged midges can be distinguished from those of the moth fly by the multiple deep lateral constrictions of the latter.
The pupal stage lasts between 20 and 40 hours. During this stage, the insect does not feed, but stays submerged near the water surface, still breathing through a spiracle, and soon metamorphoses into an adult fly, which bursts through a seam in the pupal casing and emerges onto the water's surface.
The adults are half as long as the larvae, but are much broader in appearance, with a pair of hairy wings held pitched-roof-like over the body. The wings have the most elementary
venation
Venation may refer to:
* Venation (botany), the arrangement of veins in leaves
* Wing venation, the arrangement of veins in insect wings
See also
*
* Vernation
Vernation or leafing is the formation of new leaves or fronds. In plant anatomy, it ...
of any of the Diptera, having little more than a series of parallel veins without crossveins.
The adults are typically nocturnal, though they orient themselves around lights and may appear to be attracted to light and odors. They are erratic fliers, and are often seen walking or running rapidly as well as taking flight.
They are most active at night, but may also be seen during daylight, or near windows, lights, or illuminated display panels.
The adults live for about 20 days, during which they will breed only once, often within hours of emerging from their pupal casings. Females will lay their eggs (between 30 and 100) just above the water line inside moist drains. Within 48 hours these eggs hatch into drain worms, the larval form.
File:Psychodidae SEM top view.tif, Psychodidae SEM top view
File:Psychodidae SEM rear view.tif, Psychodidae SEM rear view
File:Psychodidae SEM view from left.tif, Psychodidae SEM view from left
File:Psychodidae SEM front view.tif, high resolution SEM image of Psychodidae (drain- or moth flies), front view
File:Psychodidae SEM whiskers.tif, high resolution SEM image of Psychodidae (drain- or moth flies) whiskers segments
File:Psychodidae leg.tif, high resolution SEM image of Psychodidae (drain- or moth flies) leg
Health effects
The drain flies which are commonly found in bathrooms, ''
Clogmia albipunctata
''Clogmia albipunctata'' is a species of drain fly, a member of the family Psychodidae commonly known as the bathroom moth midge, bathroom moth fly or drain fly.
Distribution
This very common species has a worldwide distribution in tropical and ...
'', are not known to carry any human diseases, but have been known to be an opportunistic agent of
myiasis
Myiasis ( ), also known as flystrike or fly strike, is the parasitic infestation of the body of a live animal by fly larvae (maggots) that grow inside the host while feeding on its Biological tissue, tissue. Although flies are most commonly attr ...
. However, the subfamily of
Phlebotominae
The Phlebotominae are a subfamily of the family Psychodidae. In several countries, their common name is sandfly, but that name is also applied to other flies. The Phlebotominae include many genera of blood-feeding ( hematophagous) flies, includi ...
does feed on blood with the ability to transmit (tropical) diseases, and ''
Sycorax silacea'' can transmit
microfilaria
The microfilaria (plural microfilariae, sometimes abbreviated mf) is an early stage in the life cycle of certain parasitic nematodes in the family Onchocercidae. In these species, the adults live in a tissue or the circulatory system of vertebr ...
. Inhalation of insect fragments may cause
asthma
Asthma is a common long-term inflammatory disease of the airways of the lungs. It is characterized by variable and recurring symptoms, reversible airflow obstruction, and easily triggered bronchospasms. Symptoms include episodes of wh ...
.
Taxonomy
up'' ''">Mandalayia beumersorum''
This family has seven subfamilies that contain more than 2600 described species.
*
Horaiellinae
The Horaiellinae is subfamily of moth flies in the order Diptera
Flies are insects of the order Diptera, the name being derived from the Greek δι- ''di-'' "two", and πτερόν ''pteron'' "wing". Insects of this order use only a s ...
Enderlein, 1937
**''
Horaiella''
Tonnoir, 1933
**''
Protohoraiella''
Curler, Krzeminski & Skibinska, 2019 Burmese amber
Burmese amber, also known as Burmite or Kachin amber, is amber from the Hukawng Valley in northern Myanmar. The amber is dated to around 100 million years ago, during the latest Albian to earliest Cenomanian ages of the mid-Cretaceous period. Th ...
, Myanmar Late Cretaceous (
Cenomanian
The Cenomanian is, in the International Commission on Stratigraphy's (ICS) geological timescale, the oldest or earliest age (geology), age of the Late Cretaceous epoch (geology), Epoch or the lowest stage (stratigraphy), stage of the Upper Cretace ...
)
*
Bruchomyiinae
The subfamily Bruchomyiinae contains genera of moth flies in the order Diptera, was originally described by the American entomologist Charles Paul Alexander.
Circumscription
For many years the Bruchomyiinae consisted of just three genera, disti ...
Alexander
Alexander () is a male name of Greek origin. The most prominent bearer of the name is Alexander the Great, the king of the Ancient Greek kingdom of Macedonia who created one of the largest empires in ancient history.
Variants listed here ar ...
, 1921 - selected genera:
**''
Alexanderia''
Wagner & Kvifte, 2018 (Oriental)
**''
Boreofairchildia''
Wagner & Stuckenberg, 2016 (
Americas
The Americas, sometimes collectively called America, are a landmass comprising the totality of North America and South America.''Webster's New World College Dictionary'', 2010 by Wiley Publishing, Inc., Cleveland, Ohio. When viewed as a sing ...
)
**''
Bruchomyia''
Alexander
Alexander () is a male name of Greek origin. The most prominent bearer of the name is Alexander the Great, the king of the Ancient Greek kingdom of Macedonia who created one of the largest empires in ancient history.
Variants listed here ar ...
, 1921 (South America):
**''
Eutonnoiria''
Alexander
Alexander () is a male name of Greek origin. The most prominent bearer of the name is Alexander the Great, the king of the Ancient Greek kingdom of Macedonia who created one of the largest empires in ancient history.
Variants listed here ar ...
, 1940 (Central Africa)
**''
Laurenceomyia''
Wagner & Stuckenberg, 2016 (South America)
**''
Nemopalpus''
Macquart, 1838
**''
Notofairchildia''
Wagner & Stuckenberg, 2016
**''
Hoffeinsodes''
Wagner, 2017 Baltic amber
Baltic amber or succinite is amber from the Baltic region, home of its largest known deposits. It was produced sometime during the Eocene epoch, but exactly when is controversial. It has been estimated that this forested region provided the re ...
, Eocene
**''
Palaeoglaesum''
Wagner, 2017 Burmese amber, Myanmar
*
Phlebotominae
The Phlebotominae are a subfamily of the family Psychodidae. In several countries, their common name is sandfly, but that name is also applied to other flies. The Phlebotominae include many genera of blood-feeding ( hematophagous) flies, includi ...
Rondani, 1840
**''
Australophlebotomus''
Theodor
Theodor is a masculine given name. It is a German form of Theodore. It is also a variant of Teodor.
List of people with the given name Theodor
* Theodor Adorno, (1903–1969), German philosopher
* Theodor Aman, Romanian painter
* Theodor Bluege ...
, 1948
**''
Bichromomyia''
Artemiev, 1991
**''
Brumptomyia''
França & Parrot, 1921 (Mexico to South America)
**''
Chinius''
Leng, 1985 (2 species: China, Thailand)
**''
Dampfomyia''
Addis, 1945
**''
Datzia''
Stebner et al., 2015 (Burmese amber, Cenomanian)
**''
Deanemyia''
Galati, 1995
**''
Evandromyia''
Mangabeira, 1941
**''
Edentomyia''
Galati, Andrade-Filho, da Silva & Falcão, 2003 (Brazil)
**''
Expapillata''
Galati, 1995
**''
Hertigia''
Fairchild Fairchild may refer to:
Organizations
* Fairchild Aerial Surveys, operated in cooperation with a subsidiary of Fairey Aviation Company
* Fairchild Camera and Instrument
* List of Sherman Fairchild companies, "Fairchild" companies
* Fairchild ...
, 1949
**''
Idiophlebotomus''
Quate & Fairchild Fairchild may refer to:
Organizations
* Fairchild Aerial Surveys, operated in cooperation with a subsidiary of Fairey Aviation Company
* Fairchild Camera and Instrument
* List of Sherman Fairchild companies, "Fairchild" companies
* Fairchild ...
, 1961
**''
Libanophlebotomus''
Azar et al., 1999 Lebanese amber Early Cretaceous (
Barremian
The Barremian is an age in the geologic timescale (or a chronostratigraphic stage) between 125.77 Ma (million years ago) and 121.4 ± 1.0 Ma (Historically, this stage was placed at 129.4 million to approximately 125 million years ago) It is a ...
)
**''
Lutzomyia''
França, 1924 (North and South America)
**''
Mandalayia''
Stebner et al., 2015 (Burmese amber, Cenomanian)
**''
Martinsmyia''
Galati, 1995
**''
Mesophlebotomites''
Azar et al., 1999 Lebanese amber, Barremian
**''
Micropygomyia''
Barretto, 1962
**''
Migonemyia''
Galati, 1995
**''
Nyssomyia''
Barretto, 1962
**''
Oligodontomyia''
Galati, 1995
**''
Palaeomyia''
Poinar 2004 Burmese amber, Albian
**''
Phlebotomites''
Stebner et al., 2015 Lebanese amber, Barremian,
Burmese amber
Burmese amber, also known as Burmite or Kachin amber, is amber from the Hukawng Valley in northern Myanmar. The amber is dated to around 100 million years ago, during the latest Albian to earliest Cenomanian ages of the mid-Cretaceous period. Th ...
,
Cenomanian
The Cenomanian is, in the International Commission on Stratigraphy's (ICS) geological timescale, the oldest or earliest age (geology), age of the Late Cretaceous epoch (geology), Epoch or the lowest stage (stratigraphy), stage of the Upper Cretace ...
**''
Phlebotoiella''
Solórzano Kraemer and Wagner 2009 Cambay amber, India, Eocene
**''
Phlebotomus''
Rondani& Berté, 1840 (Europe, Africa, Asia, Australia)
**''
Pintomyia''
Costa Lima, 1932
**''
Pressatia''
Mangabeira, 1942
**
Protopsychodinae Stebner et al., 2015
**''
Protopsychoda''
Azar et al., 1999 Lebanese amber, Barremian
**''
Psathyromyia''
Barretto, 1962
**''
Psychodopygus''
Mangabeira, 1941
**''
Sciopemyia''
Barretto, 1962
**''
Sergentomyia''
França & Parrot, 1920 (Europe, Africa, Asia, Australia)
**''
Trichophoromyia''
Barretto, 1962
**''
Viannamyia''
Mangabeira, 1941
**''
Warileya''
Hertig, 1948 (Central and South America)
*
Protopsychodinae Stebner et al., 2015
**''
Datzia'' S
tebner et al., 2015 (Burmese amber, Cenomanian)
**''
Mandalayia''
Stebner et al., 2015 (Burmese amber, Cenomanian)
**''
Protopsychoda''
Azar et al., 1999 Lebanese amber, Barremian
*
Psychodinae
The Psychodinae are the nominate subfamily of moth flies (Psychodidae), also known as drain flies. Like most of their relatives, they are usually found in damp habitats; some occur in caves. The small larvae are aquatic or semi-terrestrial; the ...
Newman, 1834
**''
Abcharis''
Tkoc and Jezek, 2013 (= ''
Notiocharis''
Eaton, 1913, preoccupied) (Australia)
**''
Alloeodidicrum''
Duckhouse, 1990 (Australia)
**''
Arisemus''
Satchell, 1955
**''
Atrichobrunettia''
Satchell, 1953
**''
Australopericoma''
Vaillant, 1975
**''
Balbagathis''
Quate, 1996
**''
Bazarella''
Vaillant, 1961
**''
Berdeniella''
Vaillant, 1976
**''
Boreoclytocerus''
Duckhouse, 1978
**''
Breviscapus''
Quate, 1955
**''
Brunettia''
Annandale, 1910
**''
Clogmia''
Enderlein, 1937
**''
Clytocerus''
Eaton, 1904
**''
Didicrum''
Enderlein, 1937
**''
Epacretron''
Quate, 1965
**''
Eremolobulosa''
Duckhouse, 1990 (Australia)
**''
Eurygarka''
Quate, 1959
**''
Feuerborniella''
Vaillant, 1974
**''
Gerobrunettia''
Quate & Quate, 1967
**''
Lepimormia''
Enderlein, 1937
**''
Lepidiella''
Enderlein, 1937
**''
Lobulosa''
Szabo, 1960
**''
Maruina''
Müller
Müller may refer to:
Companies
* Müller (company), a German multinational dairy company
** Müller Milk & Ingredients, a UK subsidiary of the German company
* Müller (store), a German retail chain
* GMD Müller, a Swiss aerial lift manufacturi ...
, 1895 (Americas)
**''
Matuna''
Stebner and Solórzano Kraemer 2014 Mexican amber,
Miocene
The Miocene ( ) is the first epoch (geology), geological epoch of the Neogene Period and extends from about (Ma). The Miocene was named by Scottish geologist Charles Lyell; the name comes from the Greek words (', "less") and (', "new") and mea ...
**''
Megapsychoda''
Azar and Nel 2002 Crato Formation
The Crato Formation is a geologic formation (stratigraphy), formation of Early Cretaceous (Aptian) age in northeastern Brazil's Araripe Basin. It is an important Lagerstätten, Lagerstätte (undisturbed fossil accumulation) for palaeontology, pa ...
, Brazil, Early Cretaceous (
Aptian
The Aptian is an age (geology), age in the geologic timescale or a stage (stratigraphy), stage in the stratigraphic column. It is a subdivision of the Early Cretaceous, Early or Lower Cretaceous epoch (geology), Epoch or series (stratigraphy), S ...
)
**''
Mormia''
Enderlein, 1937
**''
Neoarisemus''
Botosaneanu & Vaillant, 1970
**''
Paleopsychoda''
Azar et al., 1999 Lebanese amber, Barremian,
Jordanian amber,
Albian
The Albian is both an age (geology), age of the geologic timescale and a stage (stratigraphy), stage in the stratigraphic column. It is the youngest or uppermost subdivision of the Early Cretaceous, Early/Lower Cretaceous epoch (geology), Epoch/s ...
,
Taimyr amber, Russia, Albian
**''
Panimerus''
Eaton, 1913
**''
Paralibanopsychoda''
Azar and Nel 2002 Lebanese amber, Barremian
**''
Paramormia''
Enderlein, 1937
**''
Parasetomima''
Duckhouse, 1968 (South America)
**''
Paratelmatoscopus''
Satchell, 1953 (Australia)
**''
Pericoma''
Haliday, in Walker
Walker or The Walker may refer to:
People
*Walker (given name)
*Walker (surname)
*Walker (Brazilian footballer) (born 1982), Brazilian footballer
Places
In the United States
*Walker, Arizona, in Yavapai County
*Walker, Mono County, California
* ...
, 1856
**''
Peripsychoda''
Enderlein, 1937
**''
Philosepedon''
Eaton, 1904 (Europe, North and Central America)
**''
Pneumia''
Enderlein, 1937 (= ''
Satchelliella'' Vaillant, 1979)
**''
Psychoda''
Latreille, 1796
**''
Rotundopteryx''
Duckhouse, 1990 (Australia)
**''
Saraiella''
Vaillant, 1981
**''
Setomima''
Enderlein, 1937
**''
Stupkaiella''
Vaillant, 1973
**''
Succinarisemus''
Wagner, 2002 Mexican amber,
Dominican amber
Dominican amber is amber from the Dominican Republic derived from resin of the extinct tree '' Hymenaea protera''.
Dominican amber differentiates itself from Baltic amber by being nearly always transparent, and it has a higher number of fossil in ...
, Miocene
**''
Szaboiella''
Vaillant, 1979
**''
Telmatoscopus''
Eaton, 1904
**''
Thornburghiella''
Vaillant, 1982
**''
Threticus''
Eaton, 1904
**''
Tinearia''
Schellenberg, 1803
**''
Tonnoiriella''
Vaillant, 1982
**''
Trichopsychoda''
Tonnoir, 1922
**''
Ulomyia''
Walker
Walker or The Walker may refer to:
People
*Walker (given name)
*Walker (surname)
*Walker (Brazilian footballer) (born 1982), Brazilian footballer
Places
In the United States
*Walker, Arizona, in Yavapai County
*Walker, Mono County, California
* ...
, 1856 (= ''
Saccopterix''
Haliday, in Curtis
Curtis or Curtiss is a common English given name and surname of Anglo-Norman origin, deriving from the Old French ''curteis'' (Modern French">-4; we might wonder whether there's a point at which it's appropriate to talk of the beginnings of Fren ...
, 1839, preoccupied)
**''
Vaillantodes''
Wagner, 2002 ( = ''
Vaillantia''
Wagner, 1993, preoccupied)
**''
Wightipsychoda''
Azar 2019 Bembridge Marls, United Kingdom,
Priabonian
The Priabonian is, in the ICS's geologic timescale, the latest age or the upper stage of the Eocene Epoch or Series. It spans the time between . The Priabonian is preceded by the Bartonian and is followed by the Rupelian, the lowest stage ...
*
Sycoracinae Jung, 1954
**''
Aposycorax''
Duckhouse, 1972
**''
Palaeoparasycorax''
Stebner et al., 2015 (
Burmese amber
Burmese amber, also known as Burmite or Kachin amber, is amber from the Hukawng Valley in northern Myanmar. The amber is dated to around 100 million years ago, during the latest Albian to earliest Cenomanian ages of the mid-Cretaceous period. Th ...
, Cenomanian)
**''
Parasycorax''
Duckhouse, 1972
**''
Sycorax
Sycorax is an unseen character in William Shakespeare's play ''The Tempest'' (1611). She is a vicious and powerful witch and the mother of Caliban (character), Caliban, one of the few native inhabitants of the island on which Prospero, the he ...
''
Haliday, in Curtis
Curtis or Curtiss is a common English given name and surname of Anglo-Norman origin, deriving from the Old French ''curteis'' (Modern French">-4; we might wonder whether there's a point at which it's appropriate to talk of the beginnings of Fren ...
, 1839
*
Trichomyiinae Tonnoir, 1922
**''
Axenotrichomyia''
Azar et al., 2015 Burmese amber
Burmese amber, also known as Burmite or Kachin amber, is amber from the Hukawng Valley in northern Myanmar. The amber is dated to around 100 million years ago, during the latest Albian to earliest Cenomanian ages of the mid-Cretaceous period. Th ...
, Cenomanian
**''
Eatonisca''
Meunier, 1905 Baltic,
Bitterfeld amber, Eocene
**''
Eotrichomyia'' Meunier
Oise amber
Oise amber () is a type of amber found near the Oise river near Creil in northern France. Oise amber is around 53 million years old, dating to the Early Eocene (Ypresian). Oise amber is softer than Baltic amber, although Oise amber is older ...
, France Eocene (
Ypresian
In the geologic timescale the Ypresian is the oldest age (geology), age or lowest stage (stratigraphy), stratigraphic stage of the Eocene. It spans the time between , is preceded by the Thanetian Age (part of the Paleocene) and is followed by th ...
)
**''
Trichomyia''
Haliday, in Curtis
Curtis or Curtiss is a common English given name and surname of Anglo-Norman origin, deriving from the Old French ''curteis'' (Modern French">-4; we might wonder whether there's a point at which it's appropriate to talk of the beginnings of Fren ...
, 1839
**''
Xenotrichomyia''
Azar et al., 2015 New Jersey amber
New Jersey Amber, sometimes called Raritan amber, is amber found in the Raritan Formation, Raritan and Magothy Formations of the Mid-Atlantic states, Central Atlantic (Eastern) coast of the United States. It is dated to the Late Cretaceous, Turoni ...
, Late Cretaceous (
Turonian
The Turonian is, in the International Commission on Stratigraphy, ICS' geologic timescale, the second age (geology), age in the Late Cretaceous epoch (geology), Epoch, or a stage (stratigraphy), stage in the Upper Cretaceous series (stratigraphy), ...
)
*''
Incertae sedis
or is a term used for a taxonomy (biology), taxonomic group where its broader relationships are unknown or undefined. Alternatively, such groups are frequently referred to as "enigmatic taxa". In the system of open nomenclature, uncertainty ...
''
**''
Bamara''
Stebner et al., 2015 Burmese amber, Cenomanian
**''
Cretapsychoda''
Azar et al., 1999 Lebanese amber, Barremian
**''
Eochaoborites''
Hong, 2002 Fushun amber, China,
Ypresian
In the geologic timescale the Ypresian is the oldest age (geology), age or lowest stage (stratigraphy), stratigraphic stage of the Eocene. It spans the time between , is preceded by the Thanetian Age (part of the Paleocene) and is followed by th ...
**''
Eophlebotomus''
Cockerell, 1920 Lebanese amber, Barremian,
Charentese amber, France, Cenomanian, Burmese amber, Cenomanian
**''
Liassopsychodina''
Ansorge, 1994 Green Series, Germany, Early Jurassic (
Toarcian
The Toarcian is, in the International Commission on Stratigraphy, ICS' geologic timescale, an age (geology), age and stage (stratigraphy), stage in the Early Jurassic, Early or Lower Jurassic. It spans the time between 184.2 Megaannum, Ma (million ...
)
**''
Libanopsychoda''
Azar et al., 1999 Lebanese amber, Barremian
**''
Mesopsychoda''
Brauer et al., 1889 Cheremkhovskaya Formation, Russia, Toarcian
**''
Protopsychoda''
Azar et al., 1999 Lebanese amber, Barremian
**''
Tanypsycha''
Ansorge, 1994 Green Series, Germany, Toarcian
**''
Triassopsychoda''
Blagoderov and Grimaldi. 2007 Cow Branch Formation, North Carolina, Late Triassic (
Norian
The Norian is a division of the Triassic geological period, Period. It has the rank of an age (geology), age (geochronology) or stage (stratigraphy), stage (chronostratigraphy). It lasted from ~227.3 to Mya (unit), million years ago. It was prec ...
)
**''
Xenopsychoda''
Azar and Ziadé, 2005 Lebanese amber, Barremian
See also
*
Fungus gnat
Fungus gnats are small, dark, short-lived gnats, of the families Sciaridae, Diadocidiidae, Ditomyiidae, Keroplatidae, Bolitophilidae, and Mycetophilidae (order Diptera); they comprise six of the seven families placed in the superfamily Sc ...
* ''
Trichomyia lengleti''
References
Further reading
* Quate, L.W. & B.V. Brown (2004)
"Revision of Neotropical Setomimini (Diptera: Psychodidae: Psychodinae)" ''Contributions in Science'', 500: 1–117
BioStor .
* Vaillant, F. (1971). "Psychodidae–Psychodinae". In: E. Lindner, ed. ''Die Fliegen der Paläarktischen Region'', 9d, Lieferung 287: 1–48.
* Young, D.G. & P.V. Perkins (1984). "Phlebotomine sand flies of North America (Diptera: Psychodidae)". ''Mosquito News'', 44: 263–304.
External links
Wing venationDiptera.info GalleryWaarneming Gallery
{{Authority control
Nematocera families
Taxa named by Edward Newman
Extant Late Triassic first appearances
Norian first appearances