Morthouse

A morthouse or deadhouse was a specialised secure building usually located in a churchyard where bodies were temporarily interred before a formal funeral took place. These buildings date back to the time when bodysnatchers or resurrectionists frequently illegally exhumed dead bodies that were then sold for dissection as part of human anatomy training at universities, etc. Morthouses were alternatives to mortsafes, watch houses, watch towers, etc.

A morthouse differs from a mortuary or morgue, which is a facility for the storage of human corpses awaiting identification or autopsy prior to burial.

Graveyard security

The Christian tradition at the time was that resurrection after death and entry into the afterlife required the body of the deceased to be whole at burial so that person could enter the kingdom of Heaven for eternal life complete in body and soul. The dissection of the corpses of hanged criminals was viewed in this context as part of the punishment.Mort Stone – Great Witley Churchyard
/ref> The level of security depended upon the financial means of the deceased's family, the wealth of the parish, etc.

Simpler techniques than morthouses to protect the recently deceased included the family acting as lookouts, high graveyard walls with locked gates, especially deep graves and even using heather, turf, stones, etc. mixed in with the grave's soil to make digging difficult and time consuming. Heavy mortstones could be placed over the grave and even the gravestone itself could be used as a deterrent, such as the especially large solid cast-iron example at St Columba's in Stewarton, Ayrshire (see photograph).

Incentives for bodysnatching

The law had previously been ill-suited to deal with the problem as the crime of theft only applies to property and the deceased are not defined as property, special care being taken to leave behind rings, mortcloths, etc. Belatedly the Anatomy Act 1832 codified the use of bodies for dissection, etc. and morthouses, etc therefore ceased to have a distinct purpose, the peak time of body snatching being from the 1730s until 1832.

In the early 19th century bodysnatching was such a lucrative trade that devising of methods to prevent the taking of fresh corpses became essential. Large sums of money were paid for the recently deceased as the students were largely better off individuals at the time who could afford significant fees and university anatomy departments could otherwise only legally obtain corpses of criminals who had been hanged. Some of the poorer medical students were even involved in the supply of corpses to their colleagues.

The requirement for corpses to be in good anatomical condition lent itself to methods of delaying burial until the bodies were of no dissection value in buildings with prison-like security systems in place.Canmore - Crail morthouse
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Characteristics of morthouses

Morthouses usually did away with the expense of employing watchmen and money was therefore invested in making such buildings as secure as possible with thick stone walls, no windows, metal inner doors and outer doors with extra metal reinforcement to the locks and the wooden body of the door. A lack of ornamentation was common and few had inscriptions other than the date of construction.

The Culsalmond vault in Aberdeenshire had an iron door with four locks and the four keys were held by four annually elected individuals.

Some morthouses were built up against existing structures such as the graveyard wall to save on construction costs. A number of morthouses were built partly underground or were effectively subterranean to give added security, some were lead lined to prevent water seeping into the vault and air vents were a common feature. Massive walls were typical if the building was at ground level and one example was circular to make breaking through the wall more difficult. Many had shelves for the coffins and some had rollers for ease of movement of the heavy wooden coffins so that the least physical contact was required.

The cadavers in their coffins were generally left in the morthouse for up to six weeks in summer months and for as long as three months in winter.

At Udny Mort House in Scotland, rules stipulated the secure construction of coffins that had to be air-tight. Corpses that were "infectious or otherwise dangerous" were required to be enveloped in lead or tin plate.

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Some surviving examples of morthouses

In Scotland the morthouses are mainly located in the North-East in an area from Crail in the South to Marnock in the North. A few isolated examples are also found in places such as Edinburgh and two examples survive in Ayrshire at Mauchline and Dreghorn. Most old morthouses are used for storage or have been abandoned, whilst a few have been adapted for other purposes.

*Belhelvie

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