Morane-Saulnier MS-880
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The SOCATA Rallye () is a
light aircraft A light aircraft is an aircraft that has a Maximum Takeoff Weight, maximum gross takeoff weight of or less.Crane, Dale: ''Dictionary of Aeronautical Terms, third edition'', page 308. Aviation Supplies & Academics, 1997. Light aircraft are use ...
that was manufactured by French aviation company
SOCATA SOCATA (later EADS Socata and DAHER-SOCATA) was a French producer of general aviation aircraft propelled by piston engines and turboprops, including business planes, small personal or training aircraft, as well as the production of aircraft stru ...
. It was originally developed during the 1950s by French aircraft manufacturer
Morane-Saulnier Aéroplanes Morane-Saulnier was a French aircraft manufacturing company formed in October 1911 by Raymond Saulnier and the Morane brothers, Léon and Robert. The company was taken over and diversified in the 1960s. History Model development ...
as the MS.880. On 10 June 1959, the prototype Rallye conducted the type's
maiden flight The maiden flight, also known as first flight, of an aircraft is the first occasion on which it leaves the ground under its own power. The same term is also used for the first launch of rockets. In the early days of aviation it could be dange ...
; on 21 November 1961, type certification for the first production versions of the aircraft, designated as the MS.880B and more powerful MS.885, was awarded. Successive models of the Rallye were developed and manufactured; changes typically involved the installation of more powerful engines, structural strengthening, and the expansion of some of the
flight control surfaces Flight control surfaces are aerodynamic devices allowing a pilot to adjust and control the aircraft's flight attitude. The primary function of these is to control the aircraft's movement along the three axes of rotation. Flight control surfaces ...
, culminating in the MS.890 Rallye Commodore series with higher
gross weight In science and engineering, the weight of an object is a quantity associated with the gravitational force exerted on the object by other objects in its environment, although there is some variation and debate as to the exact definition. Some st ...
and seating for four. As part of efforts to access the lucrative
North America North America is a continent in the Northern Hemisphere, Northern and Western Hemisphere, Western hemispheres. North America is bordered to the north by the Arctic Ocean, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, to the southeast by South Ameri ...
n market,
distributor A distributor is an electric and mechanical device used in the ignition system of older spark-ignition engines. The distributor's main function is to route electricity from the ignition coil to each spark plug at the correct time. Design ...
agreements were formed with multiple US-based companies, such as the
Waco Aircraft Company The Waco Aircraft Company (WACO) was an aircraft manufacturer located in Troy, Ohio, United States. Between 1920 and 1947, the company produced a wide range of civilian biplanes. The company initially started under the name Weaver Aircraft Co ...
and BFA Aviation, to market, sell, and service the Rallye. These efforts, while not being trouble-free, provided valuable sales of the type. During 1979, SOCATA (which Morane-Saulnier had previously merged into) decided to rename all of the Rallye series' various models, each being assigned their own individual '' Gallic'' names. During the early 1980s, the Rallye was eventually phased out of production in France in favour of the newer
Socata TB The Socata TB is a series of light single-engine piston aircraft developed and manufactured by French aircraft company Daher-Socata, SOCATA. The letters TB within the designation stand for Tarbes, the French city where the aircraft series is manu ...
series. During December 1984, the final SOCATA-built aircraft was delivered; the entire production run had covered approximately 3,300 aircraft. However, the Rallye continued to be produced under licence in Poland by aviation company
PZL PZL, may refer to: Places * PZL, an IATA airport code for Phinda Airfield in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa * PZL, a location code for the Złotów County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, Poland, in the system of the vehicle registration plates of Polan ...
, which marketed their own models under the PZL Koliber () name. On 18 April 1978, the first flight of a prototype Koliber occurred; quantity production of the type commenced in Poland during the following year.


Development

During 1958, in response to the launch of a French government competition seeking such an aircraft, French aviation company
Morane-Saulnier Aéroplanes Morane-Saulnier was a French aircraft manufacturing company formed in October 1911 by Raymond Saulnier and the Morane brothers, Léon and Robert. The company was taken over and diversified in the 1960s. History Model development ...
decided to commence work upon the design of a new single-engined light aircraft, initially designated as the ''MS.880 Rallye Club''. According to the aviation magazine ''Flying'', in comparison with other light aircraft of the era, was relatively slow-moving and cheap fixed-wing aircraft; specifically, the magazine lauded the Rallye as being available "for a price much lower than any true
STOL A short takeoff and landing (STOL) aircraft is a fixed-wing aircraft that can takeoff/land on short runways. Many STOL-designed aircraft can operate on airstrips with harsh conditions (such as high altitude or ice). STOL aircraft, including tho ...
hort takeoff and landing four-place aircraft". It featured a relatively simplistic design which enabled it to be provided at a highly affordable price to customers, which, along with the aircraft's capable STOL performance, was viewed as being a highly attractive selling point, particularly to customers within the
North America North America is a continent in the Northern Hemisphere, Northern and Western Hemisphere, Western hemispheres. North America is bordered to the north by the Arctic Ocean, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, to the southeast by South Ameri ...
n market.Trammell 1971, p. 35. On 10 June 1959, the prototype Rallye, powered by a engine, conducted its
maiden flight The maiden flight, also known as first flight, of an aircraft is the first occasion on which it leaves the ground under its own power. The same term is also used for the first launch of rockets. In the early days of aviation it could be dange ...
. On 21 November 1961, the first production versions of the aircraft, designated as the ''MS.880B'' and more powerful ''MS.885'', received their type certification, clearing them to perform operational flights.Taylor 1976, p. 64. Thereafter, a range of improvements and alterations were progressively made upon the design as new models of the Rallye were introduced; typical advances included the adoption of more powerful engines, improved payload capability, and strengthened structure, the addition of wheel fairings, increased ground clearance for the propeller, expanded
rudder A rudder is a primary control surface used to steer a ship, boat, submarine, hovercraft, airship, or other vehicle that moves through a fluid medium (usually air or water). On an airplane, the rudder is used primarily to counter adverse yaw ...
and
aileron An aileron (French for "little wing" or "fin") is a hinged flight control surface usually forming part of the trailing edge of each wing of a fixed-wing aircraft. Ailerons are used in pairs to control the aircraft in roll (or movement aroun ...
s, and changes to the cockpit canopy arrangement.Trammell 1971, p. 37. On 19 November 1962, Morane-Saulnier filed for
bankruptcy Bankruptcy is a legal process through which people or other entities who cannot repay debts to creditors may seek relief from some or all of their debts. In most jurisdictions, bankruptcy is imposed by a court order, often initiated by the deb ...
, and in January 1963 was placed under the control of
Potez Potez (pronounced ) was a French aircraft manufacturer founded as Aéroplanes Henry Potez by Henry Potez at Aubervilliers in 1919 in aviation, 1919. The firm began by refurbishing war-surplus SEA IV aircraft, but was soon building new examples of ...
, which established the (SEEMS) to manage its assets. On 20 May 1965,
Sud Aviation Sud Aviation (, 'Southern Aviation') was a French state-owned aircraft manufacturer, originating in the merger of Sud-Est ( SNCASE, or ''Société nationale des constructions aéronautiques du sud-est'') and Sud-Ouest ( SNCASO or ''Société nat ...
acquired SEEMS from Potez, forming (GEMS). In early 1966, Sud Aviation created another new subsidiary,
SOCATA SOCATA (later EADS Socata and DAHER-SOCATA) was a French producer of general aviation aircraft propelled by piston engines and turboprops, including business planes, small personal or training aircraft, as well as the production of aircraft stru ...
, to continue development and production of the Rallye series. SOCATA continued to manufacture the Rallye in large numbers through the remainder of the 1960s and through the 1970s. In the late 1960s, SOCATA pursued the development of an enlarged 7-seat version powered by a Lycoming IO-540-K engine, the ST.60 Rallye 7. Two prototypes were constructed: a version with retractable
tricycle landing gear Tricycle gear is a type of aircraft undercarriage, or ''landing gear'', that is arranged in a tricycle fashion. The tricycle arrangement has one or more nose wheels in a single front undercarriage and two or more main wheels slightly aft of th ...
, first flown on 3 January 1969, and an otherwise similar aircraft with fixed landing gear. However, SOCATA was not confident that a sufficient market for the aircraft existed, and no further production ensued. SOCATA subsequently introduced the enlarged ''MS.890 Rallye Commodore'' series with a heavier airframe and four seats; production and development of the MS.880 and MS.890 series continued in parallel, and the enlarged and strengthened
empennage The empennage ( or ), also known as the tail or tail assembly, is a structure at the rear of an aircraft that provides stability during flight, in a way similar to the feathers on an arrow.Crane, Dale: ''Dictionary of Aeronautical Terms, third ed ...
of the MS.890 was adapted to MS.880 variants using more powerful engines and those approved for
spins The spins (as in having "the spins") is an adverse reaction of Substance intoxication, intoxication that causes a state of vertigo and nausea, causing one to feel as if "spinning out of control", especially when lying down. It is most commonly as ...
. Also in the late 1960s, United States aviation entrepreneur Alexander Berger—whose Allied Aero Industries
holding company A holding company is a company whose primary business is holding a controlling interest in the Security (finance), securities of other companies. A holding company usually does not produce goods or services itself. Its purpose is to own Share ...
owned the
Franklin Engine Company The Franklin Engine Company was an American manufacturer of aircraft engines. Its designs were used primarily in the civilian market, both in fixed wing and helicopter designs. It was briefly directed towards automobile engines as part of the Tuc ...
and
Jacobs Aircraft Engine Company The Jacobs Aircraft Engine Company was an American aircraft engine manufacturer that existed from 1926 to 1956. History Early years The Jacobs Aircraft Engine Company was formed in 1926 in Philadelphia. Later the company moved to Pottstown, Pe ...
—formed a new venture to market European light aircraft under the banner of the defunct
Waco Aircraft Company The Waco Aircraft Company (WACO) was an aircraft manufacturer located in Troy, Ohio, United States. Between 1920 and 1947, the company produced a wide range of civilian biplanes. The company initially started under the name Weaver Aircraft Co ...
. Based in
Pottstown, Pennsylvania Pottstown is a Borough (Pennsylvania), borough in Montgomery County, Pennsylvania, United States. Pottstown was laid out in 1752–53 and named Pottsgrove in honor of its founder, John Potts (Pennsylvanian), John Potts. The old name was abando ...
, Waco made arrangements to market, sell, and service the Rallye throughout the sizable and attractive
North American North America is a continent in the Northern and Western hemispheres. North America is bordered to the north by the Arctic Ocean, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, to the southeast by South America and the Caribbean Sea, and to the sou ...
market, and introduced a licensed American-built version of the Rallye Commodore badged as the ''Waco MS.294A Minerva'', powered by a Franklin engine. Waco also sold the 150ST, 180CT and 235CT in the United States. However, the Rallye had little time to prove itself prior to Waco winding up its aviation activities following Berger's death in 1971. As a consequence of Waco's dissolution, third party aviation companies purchased the various leftover assets and continued to provide spare parts and services to American owners of the Rallye.Trammell 1971, pp. 35, 37. In the early 1970s,
New York New York most commonly refers to: * New York (state), a state in the northeastern United States * New York City, the most populous city in the United States, located in the state of New York New York may also refer to: Places United Kingdom * ...
-based company BFA Aviation was appointed as the type's new distributor within North America. BFA, via several subsidiaries of its parent company Aerocon Inc, performed the final assembly of the Rallye for those sold to American customers. The use of American suppliers within the aircraft's supply chain, such as the Franklin 6A-350-C1 engine, Hartzell or McCauley-built propellers, wheels, brakes, and some of the cockpit instrumentation, was made upon some models of the Rallye, such as the Minerva. Under the initial arrangement, US-built components would be shipped across the
Atlantic Ocean The Atlantic Ocean is the second largest of the world's five borders of the oceans, oceanic divisions, with an area of about . It covers approximately 17% of Earth#Surface, Earth's surface and about 24% of its water surface area. During the ...
to reach the facilities of Sud Aviation and its subsidiary companies in France for integration onto a French-built airframe which, following completion and initial test flights, would be disassembled into sections and conveyed to BFA Aviation in the United States for final assembly and sale; efforts to reduce unnecessary shipping and thus cost were explored. During 1979, SOCATA decided to embark upon a new production programme, one of the results of which being the renaming of the various models of Rallye series, each one receiving an individual, "more Gallic" name.Rallye History
. ''Fly Rallye''. Retrieved 3 August 2008.
During the 1980s, the type was gradually superseded and phased out of production in France by the newer
Socata TB The Socata TB is a series of light single-engine piston aircraft developed and manufactured by French aircraft company Daher-Socata, SOCATA. The letters TB within the designation stand for Tarbes, the French city where the aircraft series is manu ...
series. During December 1984, the final Rallye of approximately 3,300 aircraft, an armed R235 Guerrier model, was delivered.Taylor 1988, p. 84. SOCATA's decision to terminate production in France was not the end of all manufacturing activity for the type however. During the 1970s, SOCATA had sold a licence for production of the Rallye 100ST model to the Polish State aviation company
PZL PZL, may refer to: Places * PZL, an IATA airport code for Phinda Airfield in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa * PZL, a location code for the Złotów County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, Poland, in the system of the vehicle registration plates of Polan ...
, which led to the aircraft being independently constructed in its facilities in
Warsaw Warsaw, officially the Capital City of Warsaw, is the capital and List of cities and towns in Poland, largest city of Poland. The metropolis stands on the Vistula, River Vistula in east-central Poland. Its population is officially estimated at ...
as the ''PZL Koliber'' (''Humming Bird''). On 18 April 1978, the first PZL-built aircraft performed its maiden flight. During 1979, quantity production of the Koliber commenced; an initial batch of ten aircraft was produced that year.Taylor 1988, p. 193. During February 1994, type certification of the Koliber was granted by the American
Federal Aviation Administration The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) is a Federal government of the United States, U.S. federal government agency within the United States Department of Transportation, U.S. Department of Transportation that regulates civil aviation in t ...
, clearing the Polish derivatives to be sold and operated within the North American market.Benenson 1995, p. 67. Shortly thereafter, a distributor arrangement was formed with Cadmus Corporation to market and service the Koliber in the Americas. Among its uses, the aircraft proved to be a good trainer, in part due to the generous visibility provided from its cockpit and forgiving flight characteristics.Benenson 1995, pp. 67–68.


Design

The SOCATA Rallye is a single-engined, low-wing
monoplane A monoplane is a fixed-wing aircraft configuration with a single mainplane, in contrast to a biplane or other types of multiplanes, which have multiple wings. A monoplane has inherently the highest efficiency and lowest drag of any wing con ...
light aircraft, capable of
STOL A short takeoff and landing (STOL) aircraft is a fixed-wing aircraft that can takeoff/land on short runways. Many STOL-designed aircraft can operate on airstrips with harsh conditions (such as high altitude or ice). STOL aircraft, including tho ...
(short takeoff and landing) performance. The Rallye is considered to be sound and functional aircraft; efforts were made upon later-built aircraft to improve the type's visual appeal and to clean up the exterior. Composed of all metal construction, it is typically outfitted with a fixed
tricycle landing gear Tricycle gear is a type of aircraft undercarriage, or ''landing gear'', that is arranged in a tricycle fashion. The tricycle arrangement has one or more nose wheels in a single front undercarriage and two or more main wheels slightly aft of th ...
, complete with an offset free-castering nosewheel and relatively closely spaced main gear; however, an alternative landing gear configuration is used upon the 235 C model, which was provisioned with fixed tailwheel landing gear instead. Unusually, the landing gear of the Rallye is
articulated An articulated vehicle is a vehicle which has a permanent or semi-permanent coupling in its construction. This coupling works as a large pivot joint, allowing it to bend and turn more sharply. There are many kinds, from heavy equipment to buse ...
in order to better withstand the sharp forces that are imposed during STOL landings. Flying Magazine noted that the Rallye is "a ''very'' nice-landing aircraft". The Rallye is equipped with a
cantilever A cantilever is a rigid structural element that extends horizontally and is unsupported at one end. Typically it extends from a flat vertical surface such as a wall, to which it must be firmly attached. Like other structural elements, a cantilev ...
wing, which incorporated interconnected full-span automatic leading edge slats, wide-chord slotted
aileron An aileron (French for "little wing" or "fin") is a hinged flight control surface usually forming part of the trailing edge of each wing of a fixed-wing aircraft. Ailerons are used in pairs to control the aircraft in roll (or movement aroun ...
s, and wide-span Fowler-type
trailing edge The trailing edge of an aerodynamic surface such as a wing is its rear edge, where the airflow separated by the leading edge meets.Crane, Dale: ''Dictionary of Aeronautical Terms, third edition'', page 521. Aviation Supplies & Academics, 1997. ...
flap Flap may refer to: Arts, entertainment, and media * ''Flap'' (film), a 1970 American film * Flap, a boss character in the arcade game '' Gaiapolis'' * Flap, a minor character in the film '' Little Nemo: Adventures in Slumberland'' Biology and h ...
s. The combination of full-span slats and large Fowler flaps provided the aircraft with its capable slow-speed flight performance. Fuel is also internally carried within the wings.Benenson 1995, p. 68. According to Flying Magazine, the Rallye possessed a generous degree of controllability and was relatively forgiving to fly, being extremely difficult to mishandle to the point where effective control of the aircraft would be lost. The aircraft is safe to fly at practically any piloting skill level. While the Rallye has fair manoeuvrability, such as during loops and
roll Roll may refer to: Physics and engineering * Rolling, a motion of two objects with respect to each-other such that the two stay in contact without sliding * Roll angle (or roll rotation), one of the 3 angular degrees of freedom of any stiff bo ...
s, the execution of
aerobatic maneuver Aerobatic maneuvers are flight paths putting aircraft in unusual attitudes, in air shows, dogfights or competition aerobatics. Aerobatics can be performed by a single aircraft or in Formation flying, formation with several others. Nearly all a ...
s is not officially approved by the manufacturer.Trammell 1971, pp. 39–40. The aircraft's power was provided from one of a range of progressively more powerful air-cooled engines; such as the early Rallye Cub model, which was powered by a Continental O-200-A engine, while the newer Rallye 235 variant was furnished with a
Lycoming O-540 The Lycoming O-540 is a family of air-cooled six-cylinder, horizontally opposed fixed-wing aircraft and helicopter engines of displacement, manufactured by Lycoming Engines. The engine is a six-cylinder version of the four-cylinder Lycoming O- ...
engine. The Rallye was fitted with a bulbous cockpit, which was capable of accommodating two/three people in the basic lower-powered variants and up to four personnel within the more powerful models of the aircraft, some of which were designed to function as glider tugs and banner bearers.Trammell 1971, p. 39. The canopy slides rearwards to provide access to and from the cockpit, aided by a step located just underneath the wing's trailing edge; on the ground. On the ground, the canopy should remain slightly open when occupied to allow for adequate airflow; in flight, the canopy can be left open at speed up to a maximum of 94 knots. The cockpit has been described as being relatively noisy, but also often praised for the provision of excellent external visibility; Flight Magazine stated that "It is almost like being in a four-place open cockpit plane". Typically, the Rallye would be furnished with dual flying controls, each being complete with their own
control stick A joystick, sometimes called a flight stick, is an input device consisting of a stick that pivots on a base and reports its angle or direction to the device it is controlling. Also known as the control column, it is the principal control devic ...
, upon which controls for the
intercom An intercom, also called an intercommunication device, intercommunicator, or interphone, is a stand-alone voice communications system for use within a building, small collection of buildings or portably within a small coverage area, which funct ...
would be often mounted.Trammell 1971, p. 40. While fully featured cockpit instrumentation was an available option to be installed upon the Rallye, the additional weight of this equipment would noticeably impact the aircraft's performance; thus, customers would have to weigh up the benefits of having superior flight performance or being able to make use of greater amount of cockpit features.Benenson 1995, p. 69.


Variants


French production


Lightweight airframe (MS.880 series)

;MS.880 :Two-seat prototype powered by Continental C90-14F,
conventional landing gear Conventional landing gear, or tailwheel-type landing gear, is an aircraft Landing gear, undercarriage consisting of two main wheels forward of the Center of gravity of an aircraft, center of gravity and a small wheel or skid to support the tail ...
, 1 built. ;MS.880A :Three-seat prototype with enlarged cockpit, swept vertical fin, 1 built. ;MS.880B Rallye Club :Production version of MS.880B with Continental O-200-A, 1,100 built. ;MS.881 : Potez engine. 12 built. Two-seat aircraft. ;MS.883 : Lycoming engine. 77 built. Two-seat aircraft. ;MS.885 Super Rallye :Two/three-seat version; first flight 1 January 1961.Pilotfriend.com
Aerospatiale-Socata Rallye
retrieved 27 January 2014.
Continental O-300 The Continental O-300 and the C145 are a family of air-cooled flat-6 aircraft piston engines built by Teledyne Continental Motors.Christy, Joe: ''Engines for Homebuilt Aircraft & Ultralights'', pages 60-63. TAB Books, 1983. First produced in ...
engine. 212 built. ;MS.886 : Lycoming engine. Three built. ;Rallye 100S Sport :Two-seat trainer powered by Rolls-Royce Continental O-200-A, 55 built. ;MS.880B Rallye 100T :MS.880B with minor changes, 3 built. ;Rallye 100ST :100T with three or four seats, gross weight increase, 45 built. ;Rallye 125 :Four-seat version of 100-T, powered by
Lycoming O-235 The Lycoming O-235 is a family of four-cylinder, air-cooled, horizontally opposed, piston aircraft engines that produce , derived from the earlier O-233 engine.Textron Lycoming: ''Operator's Manual, Textron Lycoming Aircraft Engines, Series O-2 ...
. ;Rallye 150T :Four-seat Rallye 100ST, increased gross weight, enlarged tail, Lycoming 0-320-E2A, 25 built. ;Rallye 150ST :150T stressed for
spins The spins (as in having "the spins") is an adverse reaction of Substance intoxication, intoxication that causes a state of vertigo and nausea, causing one to feel as if "spinning out of control", especially when lying down. It is most commonly as ...
, 66 built, sold by Waco in US. ;SOCATA 110ST Galopin :Improved Rallye 100ST powered by Lycoming O-235-L2A,Taylor 1980, p. 74 76 built. Can be operated as a three/four-seat aircraft if spins are prohibited. ;SOCATA 150SV Garnement :Improved version of Rallye 150ST with Lycoming O-320-D2A, 5 built. ;SOCATA 180T Galerian :Improved version of Rallye 150T with Lycoming O-360-A3A, 5 built, sold by Waco in US.


Heavy airframe (MS.890 series)

All variants beginning with the MS.890 are full four-seat aircraft. ;MS.890 Rallye Commodore :The first version to incorporate four-place seating. Continental engine. Eight built. ;MS.892 Rallye Commodore 150 :Similar to the MS.890 but with Lycoming 0-320 engine. Later designated Rallye 150. ;MS.893 Rallye Commodore 180 :
Lycoming O-360 The Lycoming O-360 is a family of four-cylinder, direct-drive, horizontally opposed, air-cooled, piston aircraft engines. Engines in the O-360 series produce between , with the basic O-360 producing . The engine family has been installed in ...
engine. Later designated Rallye 180. Further redesignated SOCATA Gaillard or SOCATA Galérien (glider towing version). ;MS.894 Rallye Minerva : Franklin 6A-350 engine. Later designated Rallye 220. Some assembled and sold as Waco Minerva in US. 211 built. ;Rallye 235 :Powered by
Lycoming O-540 The Lycoming O-540 is a family of air-cooled six-cylinder, horizontally opposed fixed-wing aircraft and helicopter engines of displacement, manufactured by Lycoming Engines. The engine is a six-cylinder version of the four-cylinder Lycoming O- ...
. Redesignated SOCATA Gabier. ;SOCATA 235CA Gaucho :235 modified for
aerial application Aerial application, or crop dusting, involves spraying crops with crop protection products from an agricultural aircraft. Planting certain types of seed are also included in aerial application. The specific spreading of fertilizer is also known a ...
with tailwheel landing gear and chemical hopper in rear seat area; 9 built. ;SOCATA R235 Guerrier :Military version of Gabier/Rallye 235. ;SOCATA Gaillard :Rallye 180 renamed ;SOCATA Galérien :Glider tug or banner-towing version of the Rallye 180 ;SOCATA Gabier :renamed Rallye 235 ;SOCATA ST.60 Rallye 7 :Enlarged 7-seat version, Lycoming IO-540-K engine, two prototypes built. ;Waco Minerva :Sales of the Rallye Minerva in the USA


Polish production

;PZL-110 Koliber :Initial licence production version powered by PZL licensed Franklin 4A-235, based on Rallye 100 ST. Production 32 aircraft.Taylor, M.J.H. 1999, p. 453. ;PZL-110 Koliber 150 : Lycoming O-320 engine. ;PZL-110 Koliber 160 : Lycoming O-320 engine. ;PZL-111 Koliber 235 : Lycoming O-520 engine.


Operators


Military operators

; * Burkina Faso Air Force ; * ''Force Aérienne Centrafricaine'' ; *
Djibouti Air Force The Djiboutian Air Force (DAF) ( (FADD)), () is the Air Force of Djibouti. It was established as part of the Djibouti Armed Forces after the country obtained its independence on June 27, 1977. Its peacetime tasks are airspace surveillance, bord ...
; *
Dominican Air Force The Air Force of the Dominican Republic (), is one of the three branches of the Armed Forces of the Dominican Republic, together with the Army and the Navy. History At the end of the United States occupation of the Dominican Republic, whic ...
; *
Air Force of El Salvador The Salvadoran Air Force (, abbreviated FAS) is the air force branch of the Armed Forces of El Salvador. History Early history The Salvadoran Army Air Force was formed on 20 March 1923 during a period of heavy interest in aviation in El ...
; *
French Air Force The French Air and Space Force (, , ) is the air force, air and space force of the French Armed Forces. Formed in 1909 as the ("Aeronautical Service"), a service arm of the French Army, it became an independent military branch in 1934 as the Fr ...
*
French Navy The French Navy (, , ), informally (, ), is the Navy, maritime arm of the French Armed Forces and one of the four military service branches of History of France, France. It is among the largest and most powerful List of navies, naval forces i ...
; *
Israeli Air Force The Israeli Air Force (IAF; , commonly known as , ''Kheil HaAvir'', "Air Corps") operates as the aerial and space warfare branch of the Israel Defense Forces (IDF). It was founded on May 28, 1948, shortly after the Israeli Declaration of Indep ...
; *
Libyan Air Force The Libyan Air Force () is the branch of the Libyan Armed Forces responsible for aerial warfare. In 2010, before the Libyan Civil War, the Libyan Air Force personnel strength was estimated at 18,000, with an inventory of 374 combat-capable ai ...
; *
Malagasy Air Force The Malagasy Air Force () is the aerial warfare branch of the Madagascar Armed Forces. History The Malagasy Air Force was founded in 1960 with mainly former French aircraft such as Douglas DC-3s, Max Holste MH.1521 Broussards and Dassault MD ...
; * Military of Mauritania ; *
Royal Moroccan Gendarmerie The Royal Moroccan Gendarmerie (, ) is the national gendarmerie force of the Kingdom of Morocco, and comes under the joint-authority of the Minister Delegate to the Head of Government in charge of the administration of National Defense, Ministr ...
; *
Rwandan Defence Forces The Rwandan Defence Force (RDF, , , ) is the military of Rwanda. Prior to 1994, Rwanda's military was officially known as the Rwandan Armed Forces (FAR), but following the Rwandan Civil War and the Rwandan genocide, the Rwandan Patriotic Front ( ...
Hatch ''Flight International'' 5–11 December 1990, p. 68. ; * Senegalese Air Force ; * Seychelles Air Force


Government civil operators

; *
Directorate-General of Customs and Indirect Taxes The Directorate-General of Customs and Indirect Taxes (), commonly known as ''les douanes'' (Customs), is the customs service of the French Republic. It is responsible for levying indirect taxes, preventing smuggling, surveilling borders and inve ...


Aircraft on display

*
City of Norwich Aviation Museum The City of Norwich Aviation Museum is a volunteer-run museum and charitable trust dedicated to the preservation of the aviation history of the county of Norfolk, England. The museum is located on the northern edge of Norwich International ...
– Morane-Saulnier 880B Rallye Club


Specifications (180 GT)


References


Citations


Bibliography

* Benenson, Tom
"PLZ's Kolibers Join Fleet."
''
Flying Flying may refer to: * Flight, the process of flying * Aviation, the creation and operation of aircraft Music Albums * '' Flying (Cody Fry album)'', 2017 * ''Flying'' (Grammatrain album), 1997 * ''Flying'' (Jonathan Fagerlund album), 2008 * ...
'', May 1995. Vol. 122, No. 5. ISSN 0015-4806. pp. 67–69. * * Donald, David (editor). ''The Encyclopedia of World Aircraft''. Leicester, UK: Blitz, 1997. . * Gaines, Mike
"World's Air Forces 1982"
''
Flight International ''Flight International'', formerly ''Flight'', is a monthly magazine focused on aerospace. Published in the United Kingdom and founded in 1909 as "A Journal devoted to the Interests, Practice, and Progress of Aerial Locomotion and Transport", i ...
'', 6 November 1982. Vol. 122, No. 3835. pp. 1327–1388. * Hatch, Paul
"World's Air Forces 1990"
''Flight International'', 5–11 December 1990. Vol. 138, No. 4245. pp. 35–81. * Mondey, David. ''Encyclopedia of The World's Commercial and Private Aircraft''. New York: Crescent Books, 1981. . * * Taylor, John W. R. (editor). ''Jane's All the World's Aircraft 1976–77''. London: Jane's Yearbooks, 1976. . * Taylor, John W. R. (editor). ''Jane's All the World's Aircraft 1980–81''. London: Jane's Publishing Company, 1980. . * Taylor, John W. R. (editor). ''Jane's All the Worlds Aircraft 1988–89''. Coulsdon, Surrey, UK: Jane's Information Group, 1988. . * Taylor, Michael J. H. (editor). ''Brassey's World Aircraft & Systems Directory 1999/2000 Edition''. London: Brassey's, 1999. . * Trammell, Archie
"Pilot Report: The Minerva."
''
Flying Flying may refer to: * Flight, the process of flying * Aviation, the creation and operation of aircraft Music Albums * '' Flying (Cody Fry album)'', 2017 * ''Flying'' (Grammatrain album), 1997 * ''Flying'' (Jonathan Fagerlund album), 2008 * ...
'', August 1971. Vol. 89, No. 2. ISSN 0015-4806. pp. 34–40. * Wheeler, Mike
"World's Air Forces 1983"
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Further reading

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External links

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