HOME

TheInfoList



OR:

The Mongolia–Russia border is the international border between
Mongolia Mongolia is a landlocked country in East Asia, bordered by Russia to the north and China to the south and southeast. It covers an area of , with a population of 3.5 million, making it the world's List of countries and dependencies by po ...
and the
Russian Federation Russia, or the Russian Federation, is a country spanning Eastern Europe and North Asia. It is the list of countries and dependencies by area, largest country in the world, and extends across Time in Russia, eleven time zones, sharing Borders ...
. It runs from west to east between the two
tripoint A triple border, tripoint, trijunction, triple point, or tri-border area is a geography, geographical point at which the boundaries of three countries or Administrative division, subnational entities meet. There are 175 international tripoints ...
s with
China China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. With population of China, a population exceeding 1.4 billion, it is the list of countries by population (United Nations), second-most populous country after ...
for 3485 km. The boundary is the third longest border between Russia and another country, behind the
Kazakhstan–Russia border The Kazakhstan–Russia border is the international border between the Kazakhstan, Republic of Kazakhstan and the Russia, Russian Federation. It is the longest continuous international border in the world and the second longest by total length, ...
and the
China–Russia border The Chinese–Russian border or the Sino-Russian border is the Border, international border between China and Russia. After the final demarcation carried out in the early 2000s, it measures ,
.


Description

The border begins in the west at the western tripoint with China, located just 100 kilometres (62 miles) east of the China-Kazakhstan-Russia tripoint. It then proceeds overland in a broadly north-east direction through the
Altai Mountains The Altai Mountains (), also spelled Altay Mountains, are a mountain range in Central Asia, Central and East Asia, where Russia, China, Mongolia, and Kazakhstan converge, and where the rivers Irtysh and Ob River, Ob have their headwaters. The ...
, up to the vicinity of Mongolia's Uvs Lake, briefly cutting into the lake so as to leave the far north-eastern corner in Russia. The border then proceeds eastwards via a series of overland lines, angled slightly to the south-east; this section also cuts across Lake Tore-Khol. The border then turns north across the Ulaan Taiga mountains, forming a broad arc through the
Sayan Mountains The Sayan Mountains (, ; ) are a mountain range in southern Siberia spanning southeastern Russia (Buryatia, Irkutsk Oblast, Krasnoyarsk Krai, Tuva and Khakassia) and northern Mongolia. Before the rapid expansion of the Tsardom of Russia, the mou ...
around Mongolia's Lake Khövsgöl. The border continues overland eastwards, arching broadly north (a short part of which utilises the river Chikoy) and then south in two long arcs, before turning north-east and then east, skirting south of Russia's Lake Barun-Torey, to terminate at the eastern Chinese tripoint.


Tripoints

The eastern and western end points of the Mongolia–Russia border are
tripoint A triple border, tripoint, trijunction, triple point, or tri-border area is a geography, geographical point at which the boundaries of three countries or Administrative division, subnational entities meet. There are 175 international tripoints ...
s, i.e. junctions with the
China–Russia border The Chinese–Russian border or the Sino-Russian border is the Border, international border between China and Russia. After the final demarcation carried out in the early 2000s, it measures ,
and the China–Mongolia border. A special trilateral agreement, signed on January 27, 1994, in
Ulaanbaatar Ulaanbaatar is the Capital (political), capital and List of cities in Mongolia, most populous city of Mongolia. It has a population of 1.6 million, and it is the coldest capital city in the world by average yearly temperature. The municipa ...
, determines the location of these two tripoints. The agreement is based on earlier bilateral treaties between the parties involved.Соглашение между Правительством Российской Федерации, Правительством Китайской Народной Республики и Правительством Монголии об определении точек стыков государственных границ трех государств (Заключено в г. Улан-Баторе 27 января 1994 года)
(The Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation, the Government of the People's Republic of China, and the Government of Mongolia on the determination of the points of junction of the national borders of the three states)
The trilateral agreement specifies that a border monument was to be erected at the eastern tripoint, called Tarbagan-Dakh (Ta'erbagan Dahu, Tarvagan Dakh); a later trilateral protocol determined the tripoint's geographic coordinates as . The border monument and the access roads for it are visible on Google Maps, at approximately ). The trilateral agreement states that no marker will be erected at the western tripoint, which was defined as the peak of the mountain Tavan-Bogdo-Ula (Kuitunshan 奎屯山, Tavan Bogd Uul; elevation approx. 4081–4104 m, location, ,ПРОТОКОЛ-ОПИСАНИЕ ТОЧКИ ЗАПАДНОГО СТЫКА ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫХ ГРАНИЦ ТРЕХ ГОСУДАРСТВ МЕЖДУ ПРАВИТЕЛЬСТВОМ Российской Федерации, ПРАВИТЕЛЬСТВОМ МОНГОЛИИ и ПРАВИТЕЛЬСТВОМ КИТАЙСКОЙ НАРОДНОЙ РЕСПУБЛИКИ (ПОДПИСАН в г. ПЕКИНЕ 24.06.1996)
(Protocol between the Government of the Russian Federation, the Government of Mongolia, and the Government of the People's Republic of China, describing the western junction point of the borders of the three states. Signed in Beijing, June 24, 1996)
due to its remote and hard to access location, on a mountain covered with perpetual snows.


History

Russia had expanded far into Siberia during the course of the 17th century, bringing it into conflict with
Qing China The Qing dynasty ( ), officially the Great Qing, was a Manchu-led imperial dynasty of China and an early modern empire in East Asia. The last imperial dynasty in Chinese history, the Qing dynasty was preceded by the Ming dynasty ...
, which at that time ruled Mongolia (called 'Outer' Mongolia, to differentiate it from
Inner Mongolia Inner Mongolia, officially the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, is an Autonomous regions of China, autonomous region of China. Its border includes two-thirds of the length of China's China–Mongolia border, border with the country of Mongolia. ...
which was under more effective Chinese control). Much of the line of today's Mongolia–Russia border was set by the Treaty of Kyakhta (1727) between Russia and China; however, the treaty left
Tuva Tuva (; ) or Tyva (; ), officially the Republic of Tyva,; , is a Republics of Russia, republic of Russia. Tuva lies at the geographical center of Asia, in southern Siberia. The republic borders the Federal subjects of Russia, federal sub ...
on the Chinese side of the border. The line was confirmed via the Treaty of Saint Petersburg in 1881. With China engulfed in chaos following the collapse of the Qing dynasty in 1911, Mongolian nationalists seized the opportunity to declare Outer Mongolia independent, with the support of Russia. Russia also took advantage of China's weakness to annex
Tuva Tuva (; ) or Tyva (; ), officially the Republic of Tyva,; , is a Republics of Russia, republic of Russia. Tuva lies at the geographical center of Asia, in southern Siberia. The republic borders the Federal subjects of Russia, federal sub ...
, thereby creating the modern Mongolia–Russia border. In 1915 the Second Treaty of Kyakhta was signed, by which Russia acknowledged formal Chinese suzerainty over Mongolia, albeit with Russia maintaining significant influence, leaving the country in effect as a semi-autonomous condominium. Following the
Russian Revolution The Russian Revolution was a period of Political revolution (Trotskyism), political and social revolution, social change in Russian Empire, Russia, starting in 1917. This period saw Russia Dissolution of the Russian Empire, abolish its mona ...
in 1917, China invaded Mongolia in an attempt to re-assert full control; however, they were ultimately repulsed by Mongol and Soviet Russian forces, with Mongolia declaring independence in 1921, which was not recognised by China until 1946. Although an independent
Tuvan People's Republic The Tuvan People's Republic (TPR), known simply as Tannu Tuva, was a partially recognized socialist republic that existed between 1921 and 1944 in North Asia. It was located in the same territory as the former Imperial Russian protectorate of ...
was declared in 1921, this small country became fully annexed into the Soviet Union in 1944, whereupon the former Mongolia–Tuva border became a section of the Mongolia–Soviet border. The latter remained stable for the rest of the Soviet Union's existence, and continued as the Mongolia–Russia border after the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991.


Border crossings

At the border there are ten official crossing points. Two of them are railway crossings, but only one ( Naushki) has passenger traffic. Three highway border crossing points are designated as "multilateral", for any passport holders ( Tashanta-TcagaanNur, Kyakhta-Aganbulag, Solovjovsk - Erentsav). Another five highway border crossing points are designated as "bilateral", meaning that they are only open to the citizens of the two bordering countries, and not to third-country nationals. The border crossing point near the famous Khövsgöl lake ( Mondy- Khankh) is bilateral.


Border violations

According to an article published in 2005, the main problems at the Russian-Mongolian border, specifically in its
Republic of Tuva Tuva (; ) or Tyva (; ), officially the Republic of Tyva,; , is a republic of Russia. Tuva lies at the geographical center of Asia, in southern Siberia. The republic borders the federal subjects of the Altai Republic, Buryatia, Irkutsk O ...
section, were cross-border livestock theft (in both directions) and
smuggling Smuggling is the illegal transportation of objects, substances, information or people, such as out of a house or buildings, into a prison, or across an international border, in violation of applicable laws or other regulations. More broadly, soc ...
of
meat Meat is animal Tissue (biology), tissue, often muscle, that is eaten as food. Humans have hunted and farmed other animals for meat since prehistory. The Neolithic Revolution allowed the domestication of vertebrates, including chickens, sheep, ...
.


Administrative divisions


Federal subjects of Russia bordered by Mongolia

Four
federal subjects of Russia The federal subjects of Russia, also referred to as the subjects of the Russian Federation () or simply as the subjects of the federation (), are the administrative division, constituent entities of Russia, its top-level political division ...
border Mongolia: *
Altai Republic The Altai Republic, also known as the Gorno-Altai Republic, is a republic of Russia located in southern Siberia. The republic borders Kemerovo Oblast to the north, Khakassia to the northeast, Tuva to the east, Altai Krai to the west, as well ...
*
Tuva Republic Tuva (; ) or Tyva (; ), officially the Republic of Tyva,; , is a republic of Russia. Tuva lies at the geographical center of Asia, in southern Siberia. The republic borders the federal subjects of the Altai Republic, Buryatia, Irkutsk ...
*
Republic of Buryatia Buryatia, officially the Republic of Buryatia, is a Republics of Russia, republic of Russia located in the Russian Far East. Formerly part of the Siberian Federal District, it has been administered as part of the Far Eastern Federal District sin ...
*
Zabaykalsky Krai Zabaykalsky Krai is a federal subjects of Russia, federal subject of Russia (a krai), located in the Russian Far East. Its administrative center is Chita, Zabaykalsky Krai, Chita. As of the Russian Census (2010), 2010 Census, the population was ...


Provinces of Mongolia bordered by Russia

Eight
provinces of Mongolia __NOTOC__ Mongolia is divided into 21 provinces or aimags () and one provincial municipality. Each aimag is subdivided into several Districts of Mongolia, districts.Montsame News Agency. ''Mongolia''. 2006, Foreign Service office of Montsame N ...
border Russia: * Bayan-Ölgii * Uvs * Zavkhan * Khövsgöl * Bulgan * Selenge * Khentii * Dornod


Settlements near the border


Mongolia

* Qara modun * Züünxövöö * Tooromt * Altay * Burğaasa * Zelter * Sükhbaatar * Altanbulag * Çuluunkhoroot/Ereencav


Russia

* Qızıl-Xaya * Sagly * Xandağaytı * Dus-Dag * Ça-Sur * Aq-Erik * Xol-Ooju * Erzin * Tarıs-Arjan * Ush Bel-dyr * Mondy * Moğoytı *
Turan Turan (; ; , , ) is a historical region in Central Asia. The term is of Iranian origin and may refer to a particular prehistoric human settlement, a historic geographical region, or a culture. The original Turanians were an Iranian tribe of th ...
*
Kyren Kyren may refer to: * Kyren, Republic of Buryatia, Russia, a rural locality * Kyren (name), includes a list of people with the name See also *Kirin (disambiguation) Kirin may refer to: Mythology and fiction * Qilin or Kirin, a mythical creature ...
* Sanaga * Yengorboy * Şara-Azarğa * Dutulur *
Zakamensk Zakamensk (; , ''Zahaamin''; before 1959 – Gorodok) is a city of a regional significance in Russia, administration center of Zakamensky District of the Buryatia, Republic of Buryatia. Since 2015 the city has an honorary international title "Th ...
* Xoltısın * Khamney * Yeke-Cäkir * Mikhaylovka * Ulekchin * Naryn * Nizhny Torey * Oyor * Nizhny Burgaltay * Petropavlovka * Botsy * Naushki * Kyakhta * Chikoy * Kiran * Bolshaya Kudara * Şarağol * Ust-Dunguy * Ust-Dunguy * Menzo * Baldzhikan * Ust Bukukun * Altın * Gavan * Tyrin * Verkhniy Ulkhun * Mikhaylo-Pavlovsk * Öpör-Toqtor * Buylesan * Solovyevsk


See also

* Mongolia–Russia relations


Notes


References

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mongolia-Russia border Borders of the Soviet Union Mongolia–Soviet Union relations Borders of Mongolia Borders of Russia International borders Mongolia–Russia relations