Mohawk () or ('
anguageof the Flint Place') is an
Iroquoian language currently spoken by around 3,500 people of the
Mohawk nation
The Mohawk, also known by their own name, (), are an Indigenous peoples of the Americas, Indigenous people of North America and the easternmost nation of the Haudenosaunee, or Iroquois Confederacy (also known as the Five Nations or later the ...
, located primarily in current or former
Haudenosaunee
The Iroquois ( ), also known as the Five Nations, and later as the Six Nations from 1722 onwards; alternatively referred to by the Endonym and exonym, endonym Haudenosaunee ( ; ) are an Iroquoian languages, Iroquoian-speaking Confederation#Ind ...
territories, predominately
Canada
Canada is a country in North America. Its Provinces and territories of Canada, ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean and northward into the Arctic Ocean, making it the world's List of coun ...
(southern
Ontario
Ontario is the southernmost Provinces and territories of Canada, province of Canada. Located in Central Canada, Ontario is the Population of Canada by province and territory, country's most populous province. As of the 2021 Canadian census, it ...
and
Quebec
Quebec is Canada's List of Canadian provinces and territories by area, largest province by area. Located in Central Canada, the province shares borders with the provinces of Ontario to the west, Newfoundland and Labrador to the northeast, ...
), and to a lesser extent in the
United States
The United States of America (USA), also known as the United States (U.S.) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It is a federal republic of 50 U.S. state, states and a federal capital district, Washington, D.C. The 48 ...
(western and northern
New York
New York most commonly refers to:
* New York (state), a state in the northeastern United States
* New York City, the most populous city in the United States, located in the state of New York
New York may also refer to:
Places United Kingdom
* ...
). The word "Mohawk" is an
exonym
An endonym (also known as autonym ) is a common, name for a group of people, individual person, geographical place, language, or dialect, meaning that it is used inside a particular group or linguistic community to identify or designate them ...
. In the Mohawk language, the people say that they are from ('Mohawk Country' or 'Flint Stone Place') and that they are ('People of the Flint Stone Place' or 'People of the Flint Nation').
The Mohawks were extremely wealthy traders, as other nations in their confederacy needed their flint for tool-making. Their Algonquian-speaking neighbors (and competitors), the People of ''Muh-heck Heek Ing'' ('food-area place'), a people called by the Dutch "
Mohicans
The Mohicans ( or ) are an Eastern Algonquian Native American tribe that historically spoke an Algonquian language. As part of the Eastern Algonquian family of tribes, they are related to the neighboring Lenape, whose indigenous territory was ...
" or "Mahicans", called the People of Ka-nee-en Ka "Maw Unk Lin" or 'Bear People'. The Dutch heard and wrote that as "Mohawks" and so the People of Kan-ee-en Ka are often referred to as ''Mohawks''. The Dutch also referred to the Mohawk as ''Egils'' or ''Maquas''. The
French adapted those terms as ''Aigniers'' or ''Maquis'', or called them by the generic ''Iroquois''.
History
The Mohawks were the largest and most powerful of the original
Five Nations, controlling a vast area of land on the eastern frontier of the Iroquois Confederacy. The
North Country and
Adirondack region of present-day
Upstate New York
Upstate New York is a geographic region of New York (state), New York that lies north and northwest of the New York metropolitan area, New York City metropolitan area of downstate New York. Upstate includes the middle and upper Hudson Valley, ...
would have constituted the greater part of the Mohawk-speaking area lasting until the end of the 18th century.
Current status

The Mohawk language is currently classified as threatened, and the number of native speakers has continually declined over the past several years.
Mohawk has the largest number of speakers among the
Northern Iroquoian languages, and today it is the only one with more than a thousand remaining speakers. At
Akwesasne
The Mohawk Nation at Akwesasne ( ; ; ) is a Mohawk Nation (''Kanienʼkehá:ka'') territory that straddles the intersection of international (United States and Canada) borders and provincial (Ontario and Quebec) boundaries on both banks of the St ...
, residents have founded a language immersion school (pre-K to grade 8) in ''Kanienʼkéha'' to revive the language. With their children learning it, parents and other family members are taking language classes, too.
The radio station
CKON-FM (97.3 on-air in
Hogansburg, New York and
Saint Regis, Quebec
The Mohawk Nation at Akwesasne ( ; ; ) is a Mohawk Nation (''Kanienʼkehá:ka'') Territory (country subdivision), territory that straddles the intersection of international (United States and Canada) borders and provincial (Ontario and Quebec) bo ...
and widely available online through streaming), licensed by the Akwesasne Mohawk Nation, broadcasts portions of its programming in ''Kanienʼkéha''. The call sign is a reference to the Mohawk word "sekon" (or "she:kon"), which means "hello".
A Mohawk language immersion school was established. Mohawk parents, concerned with the lack of culture-based education in public and parochial schools, founded the Akwesasne Freedom School in 1979. Six years later, the school implemented a Mohawk language immersion curriculum based on a traditional cycle of fifteen seasonal ceremonies, and on the Mohawk
Thanksgiving Address, or Ohén꞉ton Karihwatékwen, "The words before all else." Every morning, teachers and students gather in the hallway to recite the Thanksgiving Address in Mohawk.
An adult immersion program was also created in 1985 to address the issue of intergenerational fluency decline of the Mohawk language.
Kanatsiohareke (Gah-nah-jo-ha-lay-gay), meaning "Place of the clean pot", is a small Mohawk community on the north bank of the
Mohawk River
The Mohawk River is a U.S. Geological Survey. National Hydrography Dataset high-resolution flowline dataThe National Map accessed October 3, 2011 river in the U.S. state of New York (state), New York. It is the largest tributary of the Hudson R ...
, west of
Fonda, New York
Fonda is a village in and the county seat of Montgomery County, New York, United States. The population was 668 at the 2020 census, down from 795 in 2010. The village is named after Douw Fonda, a Dutch-American settler who was killed and scalpe ...
.
">/sup> Kanatsiohareke was created to be a " Carlisle Indian Boarding School in Reverse", teaching Mohawk language and culture. ">/sup> Located at the ancient homeland of the Kanienkehaka (Mohawk), it was re-established in September 1993 under the leadership of Thomas R. Porter (Sakokwenionkwas-"The One Who Wins"). ">/sup> The community must raise their own revenue and frequently hold cultural presentations, workshops, and academic events, including an annual Strawberry Festival. ">/sup> A craft shop on site features genuine handmade Native crafts from all over North America.
The primary mission of the community is to try to preserve traditional values, culture, language and lifestyles in the guidance of the ''Kaienerekowa'' (Great Law of Peace). ">/sup> Kanatsiohareke, Inc. is a non-profit organization
A nonprofit organization (NPO), also known as a nonbusiness entity, nonprofit institution, not-for-profit organization, or simply a nonprofit, is a non-governmental (private) legal entity organized and operated for a collective, public, or so ...
under IRS code 501(c)(3).
In 2006, over 600 people were reported to speak the language in Canada, many of them elderly.[Statistics Canada, 2006 Census of Population, Statistics Canada catalogue no. 97-558-XCB2006015]
Kahnawake
The Kahnawake Mohawk Territory (, in the Mohawk language, ''Kahnawáˀkye'' in Tuscarora) is a First Nations reserve of the Mohawks of Kahnawà:ke on the south shore of the Saint Lawrence River in Quebec, Canada, across from Montreal. Establi ...
is located at a metropolitan location, near central Montreal
Montreal is the List of towns in Quebec, largest city in the Provinces and territories of Canada, province of Quebec, the List of the largest municipalities in Canada by population, second-largest in Canada, and the List of North American cit ...
, Quebec
Quebec is Canada's List of Canadian provinces and territories by area, largest province by area. Located in Central Canada, the province shares borders with the provinces of Ontario to the west, Newfoundland and Labrador to the northeast, ...
, Canada. As Kahnawake is located near Montreal, many individuals speak both English and French, and this has contributed to a decline in the use of Mohawk language over the past century. The Mohawk Survival School, the first immersion program was established in 1979. The school's mission was to revitalize Mohawk language. To examine how successful the program had been, questionnaire was given to the Kahnawake residents following the first year. The results indicated that teaching towards younger generation have been successful and showed an increase in the ability to speak the language in private settings, as well as an increase in the mixing of Mohawk in English conversations were found.
Current number of speakers
In 2011, there were approximately 3,500 speakers of Mohawk, primarily in Quebec, Ontario and western New York. Immersion (monolingual) classes for young children at Akwesasne
The Mohawk Nation at Akwesasne ( ; ; ) is a Mohawk Nation (''Kanienʼkehá:ka'') territory that straddles the intersection of international (United States and Canada) borders and provincial (Ontario and Quebec) boundaries on both banks of the St ...
and other reserves are helping to train new first-language speakers. The importance of immersion classes among parents grew after the passage of Bill 101
The ''Charter of the French Language'' (, ), also known as Bill 101 (, ), is a law in the Canadian province of Quebec defining French, the language of the majority of the population, as the official language of the provincial government. It is th ...
, and in 1979 the Mohawk Survival School was established to facilitate language training at the high school level. Kahnawake
The Kahnawake Mohawk Territory (, in the Mohawk language, ''Kahnawáˀkye'' in Tuscarora) is a First Nations reserve of the Mohawks of Kahnawà:ke on the south shore of the Saint Lawrence River in Quebec, Canada, across from Montreal. Establi ...
and Kanatsiohareke offer immersion classes for adults. In the 2016 Canadian census, 875 people said Mohawk was their only mother tongue.
Usage in popular culture
Mohawk dialogue features prominently in Ubisoft Montreal
Ubisoft Divertissements Inc., doing business as Ubisoft Montreal, is a Canadian video game developer and a studio of Ubisoft based in Montreal.
The studio was founded in April 1997 as part of Ubisoft's growth into worldwide markets, with subs ...
's 2012 action-adventure
An action-adventure game is a video game genre, video game hybrid genre that combines core elements from both the action game and adventure game genres.
Definition
An action adventure game can be defined as a game with a mix of elements f ...
open world
In video games, an open world is a virtual world in which the Gamer, player can approach objectives freely, as opposed to a world with more linear and structured gameplay. Notable games in this category include ''The Legend of Zelda (video game ...
video game '' Assassin's Creed III'', through the game's main character, the half-Mohawk, half-Welsh Ratonhnhaké꞉ton, also called Connor, and members of his native Kanièn꞉ke village around the times of the American Revolution
The American Revolution (1765–1783) was a colonial rebellion and war of independence in which the Thirteen Colonies broke from British America, British rule to form the United States of America. The revolution culminated in the American ...
. Ratonhnhaké꞉ton was voiced and modelled by Crow
A crow is a bird of the genus ''Corvus'', or more broadly, a synonym for all of ''Corvus''. The word "crow" is used as part of the common name of many species. The related term "raven" is not linked scientifically to any certain trait but is rathe ...
actor Noah Bulaagawish Watts. Hiawatha
Hiawatha ( , also : ), also known as Ayenwatha or Aiionwatha, was a precolonial Native American leader and cofounder of the Iroquois Confederacy. He was a leader of the Onondaga people, the Mohawk people, or both. According to some accounts, he ...
, the leader of the Iroquoian
The Iroquoian languages () are a language family of indigenous peoples of North America. They are known for their general lack of labial consonants. The Iroquoian languages are polysynthetic and head-marking.
As of 2020, almost all surviving I ...
civilization in ''Sid Meier's Civilization V
''Sid Meier's Civilization V'' is a 4X turn-based strategy video game developed by Firaxis Games and published by 2K (company), 2K. It is the sequel to Civilization IV, ''Civilization IV'', and was released for Microsoft Windows, Windows in Sep ...
'', voiced by Kanentokon Hemlock, speaks Mohawk.
The stories of Mohawk language learners are also chronicled in 'Raising The Words', a short documentary film released in 2016 that explores personal experiences with Mohawk language revitalization in Tyendinaga, a Mohawk community roughly 200 kilometres east of Toronto
Toronto ( , locally pronounced or ) is the List of the largest municipalities in Canada by population, most populous city in Canada. It is the capital city of the Provinces and territories of Canada, Canadian province of Ontario. With a p ...
, Ontario, Canada. The film was set to be shown at the 4th annual Ethnografilm festival in Paris, France
Paris () is the Capital city, capital and List of communes in France with over 20,000 inhabitants, largest city of France. With an estimated population of 2,048,472 residents in January 2025 in an area of more than , Paris is the List of ci ...
.
The Mohawk language is used in the 2017 film '' Mohawk'', the 1991 film '' Black Robe'', and the 2020 television series '' Barkskins''.
The language was used throughout in the Marvel Studios
Marvel Studios, LLC, formerly known as Marvel Films, is an American film and television production company. Marvel Studios is the creator of the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU), a media franchise and shared universe of films and television ser ...
animated series '' What If...?'', in the season 2 episode " What If... Kahhori Reshaped the World?", where they introduce an original Mohawk superhero named Kahhori.
Dialects
Mohawk has three major dialects: Western ( and ), Central (), and Eastern ( and ); the differences between them are largely phonological. These are related to the major Mohawk territories since the eighteenth century. The pronunciation of and several consonant clusters may differ in the dialects.
Phonology
The phoneme inventory of Mohawk is as follows (using the International Phonetic Alphabet
The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) is an alphabetic system of phonetic notation based primarily on the Latin script. It was devised by the International Phonetic Association in the late 19th century as a standard written representation ...
).
Consonants
A typologically uncommon feature of Mohawk (and Iroquoian) phonology is that there are no labials (m, p, b, f, v), except in a few adoptions from French and English, where and appear (e.g., "matches" and "Abraham"); these sounds are late additions to Mohawk phonology and were introduced after widespread European contact.
Consonant clusters
The Central () dialect has the following consonant clusters.
All clusters can occur word-medially; those on a tinted background can also occur word-initially.
Note that /th/ and /sh/ are pronounced individually in consonant clusters, ''not'' single sounds like in English ⟨th⟩ and ⟨sh⟩ in ''thing'' and ''she''.
Consonant voicing
The consonants and the clusters are pronounced voiced before any voiced sound (i.e. a vowel or ). They are voiceless at the end of a word or before a voiceless sound. is voiced word initially and between vowels.
: "car"
: "that"
: "still"
Vowels
Mohawk has oral and nasalized vowels
A nasal vowel is a vowel that is produced with a lowering of the soft palate (or velum) so that the air flow escapes through the nose and the mouth simultaneously, as in the French vowel /ɑ̃/ () or Amoy []. By contrast, oral vowels are prod ...
; four vowel qualities occur in oral phonemes , and two only occur as nasalized vowels (). Vowels can be long or short.
Suprasegmentals
Stress, length, and tone
Mohawk words have both stress and Tone (linguistics), tone, and it can be classified as a restricted tone system (aka pitch-accent system). Stressed vowels carry one of four tonal configurations, two of which are contour tones: high, low, rising and falling tones. Contour tones only occur in syllables with long vowels.
*High tone usually appears in closed syllables containing a short vowel, or before . It is written with an acute accent: , .
*Rising tone generally occurs in open syllables. It is written with a combination acute accent and colon: /kaˈnáːta/ , /ˈrṹːkwe/ . Notice that when it is one of the nasal vowels which is long, the colon appears after the .
*Long-falling tone is the result of the word stress falling on a vowel which comes before a or + a consonant (there may be, of course, exceptions to this and other rules). The underlying or reappears when stress is placed elsewhere. It is written with a grave accent and colon: .
Orthography
Mohawk orthography was standardized in 1993. The orthography uses the following letters: ⟨Aa Ee Hh Ii Kk Ll Nn Rr Ss Tt Ww Yy⟩ and . It uses diacritics for tone, stress, and vowel duration, along with three digraphs: ⟨ts en on⟩ for /d͡ʒ ʌ̃ ũ/, respectively.
The standard allows for some variation of how the language is represented, and the clusters , , and are written as pronounced in each community. The orthography matches the phonological analysis as above except:
*The glottal stop is written with an apostrophe , but is often omitted at the end of words, especially in Eastern dialect where it is typically not pronounced.
*
**Written in the Eastern dialect (reflecting pronunciation), as in "seven".
**Written in the Central dialect, as in "seven".
**Written in the Western dialect, as in "seven".
*
**Typically written with in the Central and Eastern dialects, as in "six".
**Typically written with a in the Western dialect, as in "six".
*The nasalized vowel is written as , as in "one".
*The nasalized vowel is written , as in "eight".
*In cases where the vowel or is followed by an in the same syllable, the is written with an under-macron diacritic: "I am closing a door". If the did not have the diacritic, the sequence would be pronounced . Another convention is to write the nasal vowel with an ogonek
The tail or ( ; Polish: , "little tail", diminutive of ) is a diacritic hook placed under the lower right corner of a vowel in the Latin alphabet used in several European languages, and directly under a vowel in several Native American langu ...
, e.g. .
The low-macron accent is not a part of standard orthography and is not used in the Central or Eastern dialects. In standard orthography, is written before to create the or : 'I am closing it'.
Grammar
Mohawk words tend to be longer on average than words in English, primarily because they consist of a large number of morphemes
A morpheme is any of the smallest meaningful constituents within a linguistic expression and particularly within a word. Many words are themselves standalone morphemes, while other words contain multiple morphemes; in linguistic terminology, this ...
.
Mohawk expresses a number of distinctions on its pronominal elements: person (1st, 2nd, 3rd), number (singular, dual, plural), gender (masculine, feminine/indefinite, feminine/neuter) and inclusivity/exclusivity on the first person dual and plural. Pronominal information is encoded in prefixes on the verbs; separate pronoun words are used for emphasis. There are three main paradigms of pronominal prefixes: subjective (with dynamic verbs), objective (with stative verbs), and transitive.
There are three core components to the Mohawk proposition: the noun, the predicate, and the particle.
Mohawk words can be composed of many morphemes. What is expressed in English in many words can often be expressed by just one Mohawk word, a phenomenon known as polysynthesis.
Nouns
Nouns are given the following form in Mohawk:
Noun prefixes give information relating to gender, animacy, number and person, and identify the word as a noun.
For example:
1) oʼnenste "corn"
2) oienʼkwa "tobacco"
Here, the prefix ''o-'' is generally found on nouns found in natural environments. Another prefix exists which marks objects that are made by humans.
3) kanhoha "door"
4) kaʼkhare "slip, skirt"
Here, the prefix ''ka-'' is generally found on human-made things. Phonological variation amongst the Mohawk dialects also gives rise to the prefix ''ga-''.
Noun roots are similar to nouns in English in that the noun root in Mohawk and the noun in English have similar meanings.
(Caughnawaha)
5) –eri- "heart"
6) –hi- "river"
7) –itshat- "cloud"
These noun roots are bare. There is no information other than the noun root itself. Morphemes cannot occur individually. That is, to be well-formed and grammatical, ''-eri-'' needs pronominal prefixes, or the root can be incorporated into a predicate phrase.
Nominal suffixes are not necessary for a well-formed noun phrase. The suffixes give information relating to location and attributes. For example:
Locative Suffix:
8) i. onuʼtaʼ "hill"
ii. onutaʼke "on the hill"
9) i. onekwvhsaʼ "blood"
ii. onekwvhsaʼke "in the blood"
Here the suffix < -ke > denotes location.
Attributive Suffix:
10) kvjyʼ "fish"
11) kvjaʼkoʼwa "sturgeon" or "big fish"
Here, the suffix ''-koʼwa'' denotes an augmentative suffix, which increases the attribute of the noun in question.
Verbs
Mohawk verbs are one of the more complex parts of the language, composed of many morphemes that describe grammatical relations. The verb takes the following structure:
Mohawk grammar allows for whole prepositions to be expressed by one word, which we classify as a verb. The other core elements (subjects, objects, etc.) can be incorporated into the verb. Well-formed verb phrases contain at the bare minimum a verb root and a pronominal prefix. The rest of the elements are not necessary.
Tense, aspect and modality
Modality may refer to:
Humanities
* Modality (theology), the organization and structure of the church, as distinct from sodality or parachurch organizations
* Modality (music), in music, the subject concerning certain diatonic scales
* Modalit ...
are expressed via suffixes on the verb phrase as well.
Some examples:
This is composed of three parts; the pronominal prefix, the verb root and a suffix which marks aspect. Mohawk seems to prefer aspect markers to tense to express grammaticalisation in time.
This example shows multiple prefixes that can be affixed to the verb root, but certain affixes are forbidden from coexisting together. For example, the aorist and the future tense affix will not be found on the same well-formed sentence.
Here, different prefixes and suffixes are used that mark tense, aspect and modality.
Most grammatical relations in Mohawk are expressed through various different affixes onto a verb. Subjects, objects, and relationships between subjects and objects are given their own affixes. In Mohawk, each transitive relationship between subjects and objects are given their own prefix. For example:
Each of these affixes are denoting a transitive relationship between two things. There are more affixes for denoting transitive relationships like "we-they", they-us (inclusive/exclusive), etc.
Noun incorporation
One of the features of Mohawk called ''noun incorporation'' allows a verb to absorb a noun into it. When incorporation happens, an epenthetic ''a'' can appear between the noun root and the verb root. For example:
With noun incorporation:
Most of these examples take the epenthetic vowel ''a''; it can be omitted if the incorporated noun does not give rise a complex consonant cluster in the middle of the word.
Education
Six Nations Polytechnic in Ohsweken, Ontario, offers Ogwehoweh language diploma and degree programs in Mohawk or Cayuga.
Since September 2017, the University of Waterloo
The University of Waterloo (UWaterloo, UW, or Waterloo) is a Public university, public research university located in Waterloo, Ontario, Canada. The main campus is on of land adjacent to uptown Waterloo and Waterloo Park. The university also op ...
in Waterloo, Ontario
Waterloo is a city in the Canadian province of Ontario. It is one of three cities in the Regional Municipality of Waterloo (formerly Waterloo County, Ontario, Waterloo County). Waterloo is situated about west-southwest of Toronto, but it is n ...
, Offers a credit course in Mohawk; the classes are given at Renison University College in collaboration with the Waterloo Aboriginal Education Centre, St. Paul's University College.
Resources are available for self-study of Mohawk by a person with no or limited access to native speakers of Mohawk. Here is a collection of some resources currently s of when?available:
*''Talk Mohawk'', an iPhone app and Android app, includes words, phrases, and the Thanksgiving Address from Monica Peters
* ''Rosetta Stone levels 1 and 2'' (CD-ROM) edited by Frank and Carolee Jacobs and produced by th
Kanienʼkehá꞉ka Onkwawén꞉na Raotitióhkwa Language and Cultural Center at Kahnawà꞉ke
(secondary/high school level)
* A collection of 33 vocabulary lessons provided by the Mohawk Language Custodian Association
Lesson Collection at KanehsatakeVoices.com
* David Kanatawakhon Maracle, ''Kanyenʼkeha Tewatati (Let's Speak Mohawk)'', (book and 3 companion tapes are available fro
Audio Forum
(high school/college level)
* Nancy Bonvillain, ''A Grammar of Akwesasne Mohawk'' (professional level)
* Nancy Bonvillain and Beatrice Francis, ''Mohawk–English, English–Mohawk Dictionary'', 1971, University of the State of New York in Albany (word lists, by category)
* Chris W. Harvey, ''Sathahitáhkhe' Kanienʼkéha (Introductory Level Mohawk Language Textbook, Eastern Dialect)'', (high school/college level)
* Josephine S. Horne
''Kanienʼkéha Iakorihonnién꞉nis''
(book and 5 companion CDs are available from Kahnawà꞉ke Cultural Center) (secondary/high school level)
* Nora Deering and Helga Harries Delisle
''Mohawk: A Teaching Grammar''
(book and 6 companion tapes are available from Kahnawà꞉ke Cultural Center) (high school/college level)
* On October 8, 2013, Daryl Kramp, Member of Parliament for Prince Edward-Hastings announced, on behalf of Shelly Glover, Minister of Canadian Heritage and Official Languages, support for the Tsi Kionhnheht Ne Onkwawenna Language Circle (TKNOLC) to develop Mohawk language-learning tools.
* Tom Porter and Dorothy Lazore, ''Nobody Can Do It Better Than Wariso꞉se: Language Guide and Dictionary''
* FirstVoices, a free online learning tool, includes videos, text entries, pictures, games, an iPhone app and Android app to facilitate language learning, teaching and revitalization.
* ''Speak Mohawk'', an app that can be downloaded from iTunes or Google Play, facilitates language by teaching words and phrases
Keyboards
There are software packages available for both the Microsoft Windows
Windows is a Product lining, product line of Proprietary software, proprietary graphical user interface, graphical operating systems developed and marketed by Microsoft. It is grouped into families and subfamilies that cater to particular sec ...
and Mac
Mac or MAC may refer to:
Common meanings
* Mac (computer), a line of personal computers made by Apple Inc.
* Mackintosh, a raincoat made of rubberized cloth
* Mac, a prefix to surnames derived from Gaelic languages
* McIntosh (apple), a Canadi ...
operating systems to enable typing of the Mohawk language electronically. Both packages are available through FirstVoices, a web-based project to support Aboriginal peoples' teaching and archiving of language and culture.
See also
*Iroquoian languages
The Iroquoian languages () are a language family of indigenous peoples of North America. They are known for their general lack of labial consonants. The Iroquoian languages are polysynthetic and head-marking.
As of 2020, almost all surviving I ...
*Oneida language
Oneida ( , autonym:
/onʌjotaʔaːka/, /onʌjoteʔaːkaː/, People of the Standing Stone, Latilutakowa, Ukwehunwi, Nihatiluhta:ko) is an Iroquoian language spoken primarily by the Oneida people in the U.S. states of New York and Wisconsin, and ...
* Seneca language
*Mohawk Dutch
Mohawk Dutch is an extinct Dutch-based creole language mainly spoken during the 17th century west of Albany, New York, in the area around the Mohawk River, by the Dutch colonists who traded with or to a lesser extent mixed with the local populat ...
References
Further reading
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
External links
*
*
Mohawk Language API
for developers of software, websites, mobile apps, video games (AR, VR and mixed reality).
Mohawk Language Profile
The Endangered Languages Project
The Endangered Languages Project (ELP) is a worldwide collaboration between indigenous Language planning, language organizations, linguists, institutions of higher education, and key industry partners to strengthen endangered languages. The foun ...
kah.kawennonnis.ca
"Kanien'kéha Verb Conjugator" (Kahnawa'kéha, Kahnawà:ke Dialect) from Kahnawà:ke and National Research Council.
kawennonnis.ca
"Kanyen'kéha Verb Conjugator" (Ohswekèn:'a, Ohswé:ken Dialect) from Okwawenna Kentyohkwa and National Research Council.
kanienkeha.net
"Mohawk Dictionary" Endangered Language Initiative.
Kanehsatake Voices, online lessons
Bilingual Mohawk course in English and French
Mohawk - English Dictionary
Websters Online Dictionary
Omniglot
* Marianne Mithun, "A grammar sketch of Mohawk", Conseil Supérieur de la Langue Française, Quebec
Mohawk Language Texts
from th
Boston Athenæum: Schoolcraft Collection of Books in Native American Languages. Digital Collection.
{{DEFAULTSORT:Mohawk Language
+
Northern Iroquoian languages
Indigenous languages of the North American eastern woodlands
First Nations languages in Canada
Languages of the United States
Native American language revitalization
Languages of New York (state)